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ICSE Class 10 Hindi Solutions साहित्य सागर – मेघ आए [कविता]

February 2, 2024

ICSE Class 10 Hindi Solutions साहित्य सागर – मेघ आए [कविता]

ICSE Solutions Selina ICSE Solutions ML Aggarwal Solutions

प्रश्न क-i:
निम्नलिखित पद्यांश को पढ़कर नीचे दिए गए प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिए :
मेघ आये बड़े बन-ठन के, सँवर के।
आगे-आगे नाचती-गाती बयार चली
दरवाजे-खिड़कियाँ खुलने लगी गली-गली
पाहुन ज्यों आये हों गाँव में शहर के।
पेड़ झुक झाँकने लगे गरदन उचकाये
आँधी चली, धूल भागी घाघरा उठाये
बाँकी चितवन उठा नदी, ठिठकी, घूँघट सरकाए।
मेघ रूपी मेहमान के आने से वातावरण में क्या परिवर्तन हुए?

उत्तर:
मेघ रूपी मेहमान के आने से हवा के तेज बहाव के कारण आँधी चलने लगती है जिससे पेड़ कभी झुक जाते हैं तो कभी उठ जाते हैं। दरवाजे खिड़कियाँ खुल जाती हैं। नदी बाँकी होकर बहने लगी। पीपल का वृक्ष भी झुकने लगता है, तालाब के पानी में उथल-पुथल होने लगती है, अंत में आसमान से वर्षा होने लगती है।

प्रश्न क-ii:
निम्नलिखित पद्यांश को पढ़कर नीचे दिए गए प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिए :
मेघ आये बड़े बन-ठन के, सँवर के।
आगे-आगे नाचती – गाती बयार चली
दरवाजे-खिड़कियाँ खुलने लगी गली-गली
पाहुन ज्यों आये हों गाँव में शहर के।
पेड़ झुक झाँकने लगे गरदन उचकाये
आँधी चली, धूल भागी घाघरा उठाये
बाँकी चितवन उठा नदी, ठिठकी, घूँघट सरकाए।
‘बाँकी चितवन उठा, नदी ठिठकी, घूँघट सरकाए।’ पंक्ति का भाव स्पष्ट कीजिए।

उत्तर :
उपर्युक्त पंक्ति का भाव यह है कि मेघ के आने का प्रभाव सभी पर पड़ा है। नदी ठिठककर कर जब ऊपर देखने की चेष्टा करती है तो उसका घूँघट सरक जाता है और वह तिरछी नज़र से आए हुए आंगतुक को देखने लगती है।

प्रश्न क-iii:
निम्नलिखित पद्यांश को पढ़कर नीचे दिए गए प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिए :
मेघ आये बड़े बन-ठन के, सँवर के।
आगे-आगे नाचती – गाती बयार चली
दरवाजे-खिड़कियाँ खुलने लगी गली-गली
पाहुन ज्यों आये हों गाँव में शहर के।
पेड़ झुक झाँकने लगे गरदन उचकाये
आँधी चली, धूल भागी घाघरा उठाये
बाँकी चितवन उठा नदी, ठिठकी, घूँघट सरकाए।
मेघों के लिए ‘बन-ठन के, सँवर के’ आने की बात क्यों कही गई है?

उत्तर:
कवि ने मेघों में सजीवता लाने के लिए बन ठन की बात की है। जब हम किसी के घर बहुत दिनों के बाद जाते हैं तो बन सँवरकर जाते हैं ठीक उसी प्रकार मेघ भी बहुत दिनों बाद आए हैं क्योंकि उन्हें बनने सँवरने में देर हो गई थी।

प्रश्न क-iv:
निम्नलिखित पद्यांश को पढ़कर नीचे दिए गए प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिए :
मेघ आये बड़े बन-ठन के, सँवर के।
आगे-आगे नाचती – गाती बयार चली
दरवाजे-खिड़कियाँ खुलने लगी गली-गली
पाहुन ज्यों आये हों गाँव में शहर के।
पेड़ झुक झाँकने लगे गरदन उचकाये
आँधी चली, धूल भागी घाघरा उठाये
बाँकी चितवन उठा नदी, ठिठकी, घूँघट सरकाए।
शब्दार्थ लिखिए – बन ठन के, बाँकी चितवन, पाहून, ठिठकना

उत्तर:

शब्द	अर्थ
बन ठन के	सज-धज के
बाँकी चितवन	तिरछी नजर
पाहुन	अतिथि
ठिठकना	सहम जाना

प्रश्न ख-i:
निम्नलिखित पद्यांश को पढ़कर नीचे दिए गए प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिए :
बूढ़े़ पीपल ने आगे बढ़ कर जुहार की
‘बरस बाद सुधि लीन्ही’
बोली अकुलाई लता ओट हो किवार की
हरसाया ताल लाया पानी परात भर के।
क्षितिज अटारी गदरायी दामिनि दमकी
‘क्षमा करो गाँठ खुल गयी अब भरम की’
बाँध टूटा झर-झर मिलन अश्रु ढरके
मेघ आये बड़े बन-ठन के, सँवर के।
‘क्षितिज अटारी गहराई दामिनी दमकी, क्षमा करो गाँठ खुल गई अब भरम की’ – पंक्ति का आशय स्पष्ट कीजिए।

उत्तर:
उपर्युक्त पंक्ति का आशय यह है कि नायिका को यह भ्रम था कि उसके प्रिय अर्थात् मेघ नहीं आएँगे परन्तु बादल रूपी नायक के आने से उसकी सारी शंकाएँ मिट जाती है और वह क्षमा याचना करने लगती है।

प्रश्न ख-ii:
निम्नलिखित पद्यांश को पढ़कर नीचे दिए गए प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिए :
बूढ़े़ पीपल ने आगे बढ़ कर जुहार की
‘बरस बाद सुधि लीन्ही’
बोली अकुलाई लता ओट हो किवार की
हरसाया ताल लाया पानी परात भर के।
क्षितिज अटारी गदरायी दामिनि दमकी
‘क्षमा करो गाँठ खुल गयी अब भरम की’
बाँध टूटा झर-झर मिलन अश्रु ढरके
मेघ आये बड़े बन-ठन के, सँवर के।
लता ने बादल रूपी मेहमान को किस तरह देखा और क्यों?

उत्तर:
लता ने बादल रूपी मेहमान को किवाड़ की ओट में से देखा क्योंकि एक तो वह बादल को देखने के लिए व्याकुल हो रही थी और दूसरी ओर वह बादलों के देरी से आने के कारण रूठी हुई भी थी।

प्रश्न ख-iii:
निम्नलिखित पद्यांश को पढ़कर नीचे दिए गए प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिए :
बूढ़े़ पीपल ने आगे बढ़ कर जुहार की
‘बरस बाद सुधि लीन्ही’
बोली अकुलाई लता ओट हो किवार की
हरसाया ताल लाया पानी परात भर के।
क्षितिज अटारी गदरायी दामिनि दमकी
‘क्षमा करो गाँठ खुल गयी अब भरम की’
बाँध टूटा झर-झर मिलन अश्रु ढरके
मेघ आये बड़े बन-ठन के, सँवर के।
कवि ने पीपल के पेड़ के लिए किस शब्द का प्रयोग किया है और क्यों?

उत्तर:
कवि ने पीपल के पेड़ के लिए ‘बूढ़े’ शब्द का प्रयोग किया है क्योंकि पीपल का पेड़ दीर्घजीवी होता है। जिस प्रकार गाँव में मेहमान आने पर बड़े-बूढ़े आगे बढ़कर उसका अभिवादन करते हैं वैसे ही मेघ रूपी दामाद के आने पर गाँव के बुजुर्ग पीपल का पेड़ आगे बढ़कर उनका स्वागत करते हैं।

प्रश्न ख-iv:
निम्नलिखित पद्यांश को पढ़कर नीचे दिए गए प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिए :
बूढ़े़ पीपल ने आगे बढ़ कर जुहार की
‘बरस बाद सुधि लीन्ही’
बोली अकुलाई लता ओट हो किवार की
हरसाया ताल लाया पानी परात भर के।
क्षितिज अटारी गदरायी दामिनि दमकी
‘क्षमा करो गाँठ खुल गयी अब भरम की’
बाँध टूटा झर-झर मिलन अश्रु ढरके
मेघ आये बड़े बन-ठन के, सँवर के।
शब्दार्थ लिखिए – बरस, सुधि, अकुलाई, ढरके

उत्तर:

शब्द	अर्थ
बरस	वर्ष
सुधि	सुध
अकुलाई	व्याकुल
ढरके	ढलकना

ICSE Class 10 English Solutions A Psalm of Life [Poem]

February 2, 2024

ICSE Class 10 English Solutions A Psalm of Life [Poem]

Passage 1

Question 1.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow:

Tell me not, in mournful numbers,
Life is but an empty dream!
For the soul is dead that slumbers,
And things are not what they seem.

Life is real! Life is earnest!
And the grave is not its goal;
Dust thou art, to dust returnest,
Was not spoken of the soul.

Whom is the poem addressed to? What kind of approach does the poet have towards life? How do we know this?

Answer:
The poet HW Longfellow addresses this poem to all his readers in general. He has a positive and motivational approach towards life. He urges us to wake up from our slumbers and make our lives meaningful. He tries to explain to us that we have got the gift of life not to lay stagnant and take it to our graves. He further states that our lives will not unfold by itself and it is up to us what we make of it.

Question 2.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow:

Tell me not, in mournful numbers,
Life is but an empty dream!
For the soul is dead that slumbers,
And things are not what they seem.

Life is real! Life is earnest!
And the grave is not its goal;
Dust thou art, to dust returnest,
Was not spoken of the soul.

According to the speaker, what is not the goal of life? When will our soul really be dead?

Answer:
According to the speaker, dying without achieving anything is not the goal of life. Our soul will really be dead if we ignore our duties, not see things for what they really are and let ourselves slumber away to our ends.

Question 3.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow:

Tell me not, in mournful numbers,
Life is but an empty dream!
For the soul is dead that slumbers,
And things are not what they seem.

Life is real! Life is earnest!
And the grave is not its goal;
Dust thou art, to dust returnest,
Was not spoken of the soul.

Mention and explain the biblical references in the extract above.

Answer:
The word ‘numbers’ in the first line of the poem refer to verses in the bible. The phrase ‘Dust thou art, to dust returnest’ is also a biblical reference. In the book of Genesis, God reminded Adam that he was made from the dust of the ground and that he shall return to dust.

Question 4.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow:

Tell me not, in mournful numbers,
Life is but an empty dream!
For the soul is dead that slumbers,
And things are not what they seem.

Life is real! Life is earnest!
And the grave is not its goal;
Dust thou art, to dust returnest,
Was not spoken of the soul.

Is the poet’s view of life influenced by Christian ideologies? Support your answer with phrases from the poem.

Answer:
Yes. The poet makes direct references to words in the bible (the second last line of the extract) to support his ideas. Also, other ideas like doing one’s duties, suppressing laziness and helping ones brother etc are influenced by Christian ideologies.

Passage 2

Question 1.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow:

Not enjoyment, and not sorrow,
Is our destined end or way;
But to act, that each to-morrow
Find us farther than to-day.

Art is long, and Time is fleeting,
And our hearts, though stout and brave,
Still, like muffled drums, are beating
Funeral marches to the grave.

What should we aim to achieve as we live each day?

Answer:
As we live each day, we should aim to move forward on our paths towards our goals instead of wasting our time on enjoyment or sorrow.

Question 2.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow:

Not enjoyment, and not sorrow,
Is our destined end or way;
But to act, that each to-morrow
Find us farther than to-day.

Art is long, and Time is fleeting,
And our hearts, though stout and brave,
Still, like muffled drums, are beating
Funeral marches to the grave.

What does the speaker say about the human heart?

Answer:
The speaker says that though human hearts are stout and brave their beating is like a warning to each one of us that our end is nearing.

Question 3.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow:

Not enjoyment, and not sorrow,
Is our destined end or way;
But to act, that each to-morrow
Find us farther than to-day.

Art is long, and Time is fleeting,
And our hearts, though stout and brave,
Still, like muffled drums, are beating
Funeral marches to the grave.

Why does the poet call art ‘long’?

Answer:
The poet calls art ‘long’ because once it is created it will never perish. It is timeless and immortal unlike human lives which will decay or perish.

Question 4.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow:

Not enjoyment, and not sorrow,
Is our destined end or way;
But to act, that each to-morrow
Find us farther than to-day.

Art is long, and Time is fleeting,
And our hearts, though stout and brave,
Still, like muffled drums, are beating
Funeral marches to the grave.

Explain the line ‘Funeral marches to the grave.’?

Answer:
The steady beating of the human heart is likened to the constant beat of the drums in a funeral march in the line above.

Passage 3

Question 1.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow:

In the world’s broad field of battle,
In the bivouac of Life,
Be not like dumb, driven cattle!
Be a hero in the strife!

Trust no Future, how e’er pleasant!
Let the dead Past bury its dead!
Act,- act in the living Present!
Heart within, and God o’er head!

How does the poet want readers to face their battles?

Answer:
The poet wants readers to face life’s struggles like a soldier fights battles heroically. The poet calls life as the ‘world’s broad field of battle’.

Question 2.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow:

In the world’s broad field of battle,
In the bivouac of Life,
Be not like dumb, driven cattle!
Be a hero in the strife!

Trust no Future, how e’er pleasant!
Let the dead Past bury its dead!
Act,- act in the living Present!
Heart within, and God o’er head!

What does the phrase ‘bivouac of Life’ mean?

Answer:
The phrase ‘bivouac of Life’refers to life as a temporary shelter. It re-emphasises that we are on earth only for a limited period of time and whatever we wish for should be achieved while we are alive.

Question 3.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow:

In the world’s broad field of battle,
In the bivouac of Life,
Be not like dumb, driven cattle!
Be a hero in the strife!

Trust no Future, how e’er pleasant!
Let the dead Past bury its dead!
Act,- act in the living Present!
Heart within, and God o’er head!

What advice does the poet give about the past and the future?

Answer:
The poet advises us not to be tied up to our past or get mingled in worries or anticipations of the future. For this he says “Trust no Future, how e’er pleasant! Let the dead Past bury its dead!”

Question 4.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow:

In the world’s broad field of battle,
In the bivouac of Life,
Be not like dumb, driven cattle!
Be a hero in the strife!

Trust no Future, how e’er pleasant!
Let the dead Past bury its dead!
Act,- act in the living Present!
Heart within, and God o’er head!

Explain the following lines from the extract.
Act,- act in the living Present!
Heart within, and God o’er head!

Answer:
In the last two lines the poet urges us to live and act in the present and burn our past. He also advises us to stop worrying about the future. He says that our past or our future cannot help achieve our goals. We can only rely or trust the heart within our bodies and our God above to give us strength to live each day.

Passage 4

Question 1.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow:

Lives of great men all remind us
We can make our lives sublime,
And, departing, leave behind us
Footprints on the sands of time;

Footprints, that perhaps another,
Sailing o’er life’s solemn main,
A forlorn and shipwrecked brother,
Seeing, shall take heart again.

What do sublime lives indicate? How do we know that we can make our lives sublime?

Answer:
Sublime lives indicate lives of great worth; ‘Lives’ which have achieved so much that they are looked up to and praised for these things. Learning from the example of the lives of many great leaders and people who have lived before us, we can be sure that it is not impossible to make our lives sublime or worthy of respect.

Question 2.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow:

Lives of great men all remind us
We can make our lives sublime,
And, departing, leave behind us
Footprints on the sands of time;

Footprints, that perhaps another,
Sailing o’er life’s solemn main,
A forlorn and shipwrecked brother,
Seeing, shall take heart again.

How can our life experience be a source of inspiration to others?

Answer:
As we live, we should face the hardships in our path with determination. Only our will and persistence will help us overcome the obstacles. Also, when we overcome our perils confidently, others who face similar adversities will get courage through our example and succeed in life.

Question 3.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow:

Lives of great men all remind us
We can make our lives sublime,
And, departing, leave behind us
Footprints on the sands of time;

Footprints, that perhaps another,
Sailing o’er life’s solemn main,
A forlorn and shipwrecked brother,
Seeing, shall take heart again.

What does ‘Sailing o’er life’s solemn main’ indicate?

Answer:
The words ‘solemn main’ indicate tough times in life; times when a person is low and finds it difficult to cope with situations on his own.

Question 4.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow:

Lives of great men all remind us
We can make our lives sublime,
And, departing, leave behind us
Footprints on the sands of time;

Footprints, that perhaps another,
Sailing o’er life’s solemn main,
A forlorn and shipwrecked brother,
Seeing, shall take heart again.

What is the symbolic value of the word ‘brother’ used in the second stanza?

Answer:
The poet uses the word ‘brother’ to highlight that selflessness is one aspect of a good and healthy life. Only when we treat others the way we want to be treated will we be able to grow personally. Being happy for someone else’s success gives us a positive approach to life which in turn helps us in our strife.

Passage 5

Question 1.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow:

Let us, then, be up and doing,
With a heart for any fate;
Still achieving, still pursuing,
Learn to labor and to wait.

What should we prepare ourselves for when we are ‘up and doing’?

Answer:
While we are ‘up and doing’, in other words, when we are actively striving to achieve our goals we should also prepare our hearts for failure. We need to understand that not all efforts bear fruit. We have to accept this fact gracefully and take it in our stride as we move on in life.

Question 2.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow:

Let us, then, be up and doing,
With a heart for any fate;
Still achieving, still pursuing,
Learn to labor and to wait.

Explain the last two lines of the stanza.
Still achieving, still pursuing,
Learn to labor and to wait.

Answer:
In the last two lines, the poet says that we should work to achieve our goals in life and not while away time. We need to learn to work hard in life but also be patient enough to wait for the fruits of our labour.

Question 3.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow:

Let us, then, be up and doing,
With a heart for any fate;
Still achieving, still pursuing,
Learn to labor and to wait.

What kind of tone and language is used in the poem?

Answer:
In keeping with the name of the poem i.e. ‘A Psalm of life’ Longfellow uses a didactic tone to talk about life. The nine stanzas use allusions to the bible and different aspects of life which if kept in mind will help us live our lives more fruitfully.

ICSE Class 10 English Solutions If Thou Must Love Me …Sonnet XIV [Poem]

February 2, 2024

ICSE Class 10 English Solutions If Thou Must Love Me …Sonnet XIV [Poem]

Passage 1

Question 1.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow:

If thou must love me, let it be for nought
Except for love’s sake only. Do not say
I love her for her smile … her look … her way
Of speaking gently, … for a trick of thought
That falls in well with mine, and certes brought

Identify the poetic form used by Browning to frame this work and list some of its characteristics as visible here.

Answer:
Browning has written the poem in the form of a sonnet. The poem has two quatrains (four line stanzas) and one sestet (six line stanza). It is written in iambic pentameter. Its main theme is ‘love’. Browning elevates love by praising it for the purity of the feeling that it is.

Question 2.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow:

What according to Browning are the things that a woman should not be loved for?

Answer:
According to Browning, a woman should not merely be loved for her smile, her looks, her way of speaking or her way of thinking.

Question 3.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow:

What does ‘love’s sake only’ mean? What picture of love does the poet paint in this poem?

Answer:
The phrase ‘love’s sake only’ means loving a person only to nurture the feeling of love. It means giving love to someone with the aim of spreading the feeling rather than gaining something from the relation. This kind of love is unconditional and the qualities or limitations of the people involved are not measured.

Passage 2

Question 1.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow:

A sense of pleasant ease on such a day’-
For these things in themselves, Belovèd, may
Be changed, or change for thee,-and love, so wrought,
May be unwrought so. Neither love me for
Thine own dear pity’s wiping my cheeks dry,-

List the old English words used in the stanza. Whom are they used for?

Answer:
The poet uses the words ‘thou’, ‘thee’ and ‘thine’ in the stanza to refer to her lover and future husband Robert Browning.

Question 2.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow:

What does the poet mean by ‘Thine own dear pity’s wiping my cheeks dry,-‘

Answer:
The mentioned line means love should not be based on pity. A man should not love a woman because he feels sorry for her pitiable state and wishes to wipe her tears or rid her of her woes. This kind of feeling does not draw the true character of love.

Question 3.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow:

What reason does the poet give to opposing love based on outward aspects?

Answer:
The poet objects to love based on outward appearance as she believes that physical beauty is transient and may change as time goes by. When these things change, the love which once was so desired becomes undesired or unwanted.

Passage 3

Question 1.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow:

A creature might forget to weep, who bore
Thy comfort long, and lose thy love thereby!
But love me for love’s sake, that evermore
Thou may’st love on, through love’s eternity.

What is the connection made by the poet between weeping and love?

Answer:
The poet says love which feeds on sympathy or pity will not last for long because a person will not need sympathy forever. When the person who once wept overcomes his or her grief, he/she will no longer need the love of the person giving him/her comfort.

Question 2.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow:

A creature might forget to weep, who bore
Thy comfort long, and lose thy love thereby!
But love me for love’s sake, that evermore
Thou may’st love on, through love’s eternity.

State the rhyme scheme of the entire poem.

Answer:
The rhyme scheme of the poem is a-b-b-a/a-b-b-a/c-d-c-d-c.

Question 3.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow:

A creature might forget to weep, who bore
Thy comfort long, and lose thy love thereby!
But love me for love’s sake, that evermore
Thou may’st love on, through love’s eternity.

Explain the last two lines of the stanza.

Answer:
Throughout the poem, the poet emphasises that though love is just an emotion, it is the only thing constant in this world. Everything that is physical changes with the passage of time. If love is based on such transitory elements, it will not survive for too long and will wither away. However, if we hold on to love for support and give it to others unconditionally, it (love) will live on forever.

ICSE Class 10 Hindi Solutions साहित्य सागर – काकी

February 2, 2024

ICSE Class 10 Hindi Solutions साहित्य सागर – काकी

ICSE Solutions Selina ICSE Solutions ML Aggarwal Solutions

प्रश्न क-i:
निम्नलिखित गद्यांश को पढ़कर नीचे दिए गए प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिए :
उस दिन बड़े सबेरे श्यामू की नींद खुली तो उसने देखा घर भर में कुहराम मचा हुआ है।
बड़े सबेरे किसकी नींद किस कारणवश खुली?

उत्तर:
बड़े सबेरे श्यामू की नींद घर में मचे कोहराम के कारण खुली।

प्रश्न क-ii:
निम्नलिखित गद्यांश को पढ़कर नीचे दिए गए प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिए :
उस दिन बड़े सबेरे श्यामू की नींद खुली तो उसने देखा घर भर में कुहराम मचा हुआ है।
श्यामू ने उठने के बाद क्या देखा?

उत्तर :
उस दिन बड़े सबेरे श्यामू की नींद खुली तो उसने देखा कि उसके घर में कुहराम मचा हुआ है उसकी माँ ऊपर से नीचे तक एक कपड़ा ओढ़े हुए कंबल पर भूमि शयन कर रही है और घर के सब लोग उसे, घेरकर बैठे बड़े करुण ढंग से विलाप कर रहे हैं।

प्रश्न क-iii:
निम्नलिखित गद्यांश को पढ़कर नीचे दिए गए प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिए :
उस दिन बड़े सबेरे श्यामू की नींद खुली तो उसने देखा घर भर में कुहराम मचा हुआ है।
श्यामू ने उपद्रव क्यों मचाया?

उत्तर:
उस दिन बड़े सबेरे श्यामू की नींद खुली तो उसने देखा कि उसके घर में कुहराम मचा हुआ है। उसकी माँ ऊपर से नीचे तक एक कपड़ा ओढ़े हुए कंबल पर भूमि शयन कर रही है और घर के सब लोग उसे, घेरकर बैठे बड़े करुण ढंग से विलाप कर रहे हैं। उसके बाद जब उसकी माँ की श्मशान ले जाने के लिए ले जाने लगे तो श्यामू ने अपनी माँ को रोकने के लिए बड़ा उपद्रव मचाया।

प्रश्न क-iv:
निम्नलिखित गद्यांश को पढ़कर नीचे दिए गए प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिए :
उस दिन बड़े सबेरे श्यामू की नींद खुली तो उसने देखा घर भर में कुहराम मचा हुआ है।
श्यामू को सत्य का पता किस प्रकार चला?

उत्तर:
श्यामू अबोध बालक होने के कारण बड़े बुद्धिमान गुरुजनों ने उससे उसकी माँ की मृत्यु की बात यह कहकर छिपाई कि उसकी माँ मामा के यहाँ गई है परंतु जैसा कि कहा जाता है असत्य के आवरण में सत्य बहुत समय तक छिपा नहीं रह सकता ठीक उसी प्रकार श्यामू जब अपने हमउम्र दोस्तों के साथ खेलने जाता तो उनके मुख से यह बात उजागर हो गई कि उसकी माँ राम के यहाँ गई है और इस तरह श्यामू को पता चल ही गया कि उसकी माँ की मृत्यु हो गई है।

प्रश्न ख-i:
निम्नलिखित गद्यांश को पढ़कर नीचे दिए गए प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिए :
वर्षा के अनंतर एक दो दिन में ही पृथ्वी के ऊपर का पानी तो अगोचर हो जाता है, परंतु भीतर-ही-भीतर उसकी आर्द्रता जैसे बहुत दिन तक बनी रहती है, वैसे ही उसके अंतस्तल में वह शोक जाकर बस गया था।
उपर्युक्त कथन किससे संबंधित है? उसका परिचय दें।

उत्तर:
उपर्युक्त कथन इस कहानी के मुख्य पात्र श्यामू से संबंधित है। वह अपनी माँ से बहुत प्यार करता है। वह इतना अबोध बालक है कि सत्य और असत्य के ज्ञान से अपरिचित होने के कारण अपनी माँ की मृत्यु की बात भी नहीं समझ पाता। उसे लगता है उसकी माँ ईश्वर के पास गई है जिसे वह पतंग की डोर के सहारे नीचे ला सकता है।

प्रश्न ख-ii:
निम्नलिखित गद्यांश को पढ़कर नीचे दिए गए प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिए :
वर्षा के अनंतर एक दो दिन में ही पृथ्वी के ऊपर का पानी तो अगोचर हो जाता है, परंतु भीतर-ही-भीतर उसकी आर्द्रता जैसे बहुत दिन तक बनी रहती है, वैसे ही उसके अंतस्तल में वह शोक जाकर बस गया था।
उपर्युक्त पंक्तियों का संदर्भ स्पष्ट कीजिए।

उत्तर:
प्रस्तुत पंक्तियों का संदर्भ यह है कि श्यामू अपनी माँ की मृत्यु के बाद बहुत रोता था और उसे चुप कराने के लिए घर के बुद्‌धिमान गुरुजनों ने उसे यह विश्वास दिलाया कि उसकी माँ उसके मामा के यहाँ गई है। लेकिन आस-पास के मित्रों से उसे इस सत्य का पता चलता है कि उसकी माँ ईश्वर के पास गई है। इस प्रकार बहुत दिन तक रोते रहने के बाद उसका रुदन तो शांत हो जाता है लेकिन माँ के वियोग की पीड़ा उसके हृदय में शोक बनकर बस जाता है।

प्रश्न ख-iii:
निम्नलिखित गद्यांश को पढ़कर नीचे दिए गए प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिए :
वर्षा के अनंतर एक दो दिन में ही पृथ्वी के ऊपर का पानी तो अगोचर हो जाता है, परंतु भीतर-ही-भीतर उसकी आर्द्रता जैसे बहुत दिन तक बनी रहती है, वैसे ही उसके अंतस्तल में वह शोक जाकर बस गया था।
नन्हें बालक के लिए माँ का वियोग सबसे बड़ा वियोग होता है स्पष्ट करें।

उत्तर:
अबोध बालकों का सारा संसार अपनी माँ के आस-पास ही घूमता रहता है। उनके लिए माँ से बढ़कर कुछ भी नहीं होता। बालक की माँ बिना बोले ही उसकी सारी बातें समझ लेती है। साथ ही बालकों का हृदय अत्यंत कोमल, भावुक और संवेदनशील होता है और वे मातृ-वियोग की पीड़ा को सहन नहीं कर पाते हैं। और वैसे भी माँ का स्थान इस संसार में कोई नहीं ले सकता इसलिए अपनी माँ को खोना एक बालक के लिए सबसे बड़ा वियोग होता है।

प्रश्न ख-iv:
निम्नलिखित गद्यांश को पढ़कर नीचे दिए गए प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिए :
वर्षा के अनंतर एक दो दिन में ही पृथ्वी के ऊपर का पानी तो अगोचर हो जाता है, परंतु भीतर-ही-भीतर उसकी आर्द्रता जैसे बहुत दिन तक बनी रहती है, वैसे ही उसके अंतस्तल में वह शोक जाकर बस गया था।
श्यामू अकसर शून्य में क्यों ताका करता था?

उत्तर:
अबोध बालक होने के कारण श्यामू अपनी माँ की मृत्यु की वास्तविकता से अपरिचित था। बड़ों के समझाने पर उसे लगता था कि उसकी माँ उसके मामा के पास गईं हैं लेकिन हमउम्र के बच्चों से उसे पता चलता है कि उसकी माँ राम के पास गई है। वह पहले अपनी माँ के लिए बहुत रोता था परंतु धीरे उसका रोना तो कम हो गया परंतु फिर भी उसकी माँ नहीं लौटी अत:श्यामू अकसर अपनी माँ के वियोग दुःख को सहन न कर पाने के कारण शून्य में ताका करता था।

प्रश्न ग-i:
निम्नलिखित गद्यांश को पढ़कर नीचे दिए गए प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिए :
एक दिन उसने ऊपर आसमान में पतंग उड़ती देखी। न जाने क्या सोचकर उसका हृदय एकदम खिल उठा।
किसका ह्रदय क्यों खिल उठा?

उत्तर:
श्यामू अपनी माँ के जाने के बाद हमेशा दुखी रहा करता था। उसके हमउम्र बच्चों के अनुसार उसकी माँ राम के पास गई है इसलिए वह प्राय: शून्य मन से आकाश की ओर ताका करता था। एक दिन उसने ऊपर आसमान में पतंग उड़ती देखी और श्यामू ने सोचा कि पतंग की डोर को ऊपर रामजी के घर भेजकर वह अपनी माँ को वापस बुला लेगा और यही सोचकर उसका ह्रदय खिल उठा।

प्रश्न ग-ii:
निम्नलिखित गद्यांश को पढ़कर नीचे दिए गए प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिए :
एक दिन उसने ऊपर आसमान में पतंग उड़ती देखी। न जाने क्या सोचकर उसका हृदय एकदम खिल उठा।
श्यामू ने कौन-सी चीज किस उद्देश्य से मँगवाई थी?

उत्तर:
श्यामू ने एक दिन आसमान में एक पतंग उड़ती देखी तो उसके मन में यह विचार आया कि वह पतंग के सहारे अपनी माँ को रामजी के घर से वापस ले आएगा। इस तरह अपनी माँ को रामजी के घर से पुन:प्राप्त करने के उद्देश्य की पूर्ति के लिए उसने भोला से पतंग और रस्सी मँगवाई।

प्रश्न ग-iii:
निम्नलिखित गद्यांश को पढ़कर नीचे दिए गए प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिए :
एक दिन उसने ऊपर आसमान में पतंग उड़ती देखी। न जाने क्या सोचकर उसका हृदय एकदम खिल उठा।
इस कार्य में उसकी मदद किसने की उसका परिचय दें।

उत्तर:
पश्यामू की माँ को रामजी के घर से लाने में श्यामू की मदद भोला ने की।
भोला उसका समवयस्क साथी था। वह सुखिया दासी का पुत्र था। भोला चतुर समझदार था परंतु छोटा होने के कारण डरपोक भी था इसलिए विश्वेश्वर के डाँटने पर उसने चोरी संबंधित सारी बात उगल दी। वह भी श्यामू की तरह मासूम और भावुक बालक है।

प्रश्न ग-iv:
निम्नलिखित गद्यांश को पढ़कर नीचे दिए गए प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिए :
एक दिन उसने ऊपर आसमान में पतंग उड़ती देखी। न जाने क्या सोचकर उसका हृदय एकदम खिल उठा।
अपने उद्देश्य की पूर्ति के लिए श्यामू ने पैसों की व्यवस्था किस प्रकार की?

उत्तर:
श्यामू अपनी माँ को रामजी के घर से लाने के उद्देश्य की पूर्ति के लिए पहले अपने पिता से पतंग दिलवाने की प्रार्थना करता है परंतु जब उसके पिता उसे पतंग नहीं दिलवाते हैं तो वह खूँटी पर रखे पिता के कोट से चवन्नी चुरा लेता है और भोला से कहकर पतंग और डोर की व्यवस्था करता है। इस प्रकार अपनी माँ को वापस लाने के लिए वह चोरी करने से भी नहीं हिचकिचाता।

प्रश्न घ-i:
निम्नलिखित गद्यांश को पढ़कर नीचे दिए गए प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिए :
विश्वेश्वर हतबुद्धि होकर वही खड़े हो गए उन्होंने फटी पतंग उठाकर देखी उस चिपके हुए कागज़ पर लिखा हुआ था-काकी।
भोला ने श्यामू की योजना में क्या कमी बताई?

उत्तर:
भोला श्यामू से अधिक समझदार था। उसे श्यामू का उसकी माँ को लाने का सुझाव पसंद तो आया परंतु भोला ने श्यामू को बताया कि पतंग की डोर पतली होने के कारण टूट सकती है। इस कार्य के लिए उन्हें मोटी रस्सी की आवश्यकता होगी। इस प्रकार भोला ने श्यामू की योजना में डोर के पतले होने की कमी बताई।

प्रश्न घ-ii:
निम्नलिखित गद्यांश को पढ़कर नीचे दिए गए प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिए :
विश्वेश्वर हतबुद्धि होकर वही खड़े हो गए उन्होंने फटी पतंग उठाकर देखी उस चिपके हुए कागज़ पर लिखा हुआ था-काकी।
श्यामू को रात भर नींद क्यों नहीं आई?

उत्तर:
भोला द्वारा जब उसकी माँ को लाने की योजना में मोटी रस्सी की कमी बताई गई तो उसके सामने अब मोटी रस्सी लाने की कठिनता आ गई क्योंकि रस्सी खरीदने के लिए उसके पास पैसे नहीं थे और घर में भी ऐसा कोई नहीं था जो इस कार्य में उसकी मदद करता और यही सब सोचकर श्यामू को चिंता के मारे रात-भर नींद नहीं आई।

प्रश्न घ-iii:
निम्नलिखित गद्यांश को पढ़कर नीचे दिए गए प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिए :
विश्वेश्वर हतबुद्धि होकर वही खड़े हो गए उन्होंने फटी पतंग उठाकर देखी उस चिपके हुए कागज़ पर लिखा हुआ था-काकी।
श्यामू पतंग पर किससे, क्या लिखवाता है और क्यों?

उत्तर:
श्यामू लिखना नहीं जानता था इसलिए उसने जवाहर भैया से काकी लिखवाने में मदद माँगी। काकी लिखवाने का श्यामू का यह उद्देश्य था कि यदि चिट पर काकी लिखा होगा तो पतंग सीधे उसकी काकी के पास ही पहुँच जाएगी।

प्रश्न घ-iv:
निम्नलिखित गद्यांश को पढ़कर नीचे दिए गए प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिए :
विश्वेश्वर हतबुद्धि होकर वही खड़े हो गए उन्होंने फटी पतंग उठाकर देखी उस चिपके हुए कागज़ पर लिखा हुआ था-काकी।
विश्वेश्वर हतबुद्‌धि होकर क्यों खड़े रह गए?

उत्तर:
विश्वेश्वर अपनी कोट की जेब से एक रूपए की चोरी का पता लगाने जब भोला और श्यामू के पास पहुँचते हैं तो उन्हें भोला से सच्चाई का पता चलता है कि श्यामू ने ही एक रूपए की चोरी की है। इस पर वे बहुत अधिक क्रोधित हो उठते है और क्रोधवश श्यामू को धमकाने और मारने के बाद पतंग फाड़ देते हैं। लेकिन जब उन्हें भोला द्‌वारा यह पता चलता है कि श्यामू इस पतंग के द्‌वारा काकी को राम के यहाँ से नीचे लाना चाहता है, सुनकर विश्वेश्वर हतबुद्‌धि होकर वहीं खड़े रह जाते हैं।

ICSE Class 10 Hindi Solutions एकांकी-संचय – बहू की विदा

February 2, 2024

ICSE Class 10 Hindi Solutions एकांकी-संचय – बहू की विदा

ICSE Solutions Selina ICSE Solutions ML Aggarwal Solutions

प्रश्न क-i:
निम्नलिखित गद्यांश को पढ़कर नीचे दिए गए प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिए :
मेरे नाम पर जो धब्बा लगा, मेरी शान को जो ठेस पहुँची, भरी बिरादरी में जो हँसी हुई, उस करारी चोट का घाव आज भी हरा है। जाओ, कह देना अपनी माँ से कि अगर बेटी की विदा करना चाहती हो तो पहले उस घाव के लिए मरहम भेजें।
वक्ता और श्रोता कौन है?

उत्तर:
वक्ता जीवन लाल, कमला के ससुर है और श्रोता प्रमोद है जो अपनी बहन कमला की विदा के लिए उसके ससुराल आया है।

प्रश्न क-ii:
निम्नलिखित गद्यांश को पढ़कर नीचे दिए गए प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिए :
मेरे नाम पर जो धब्बा लगा, मेरी शान को जो ठेस पहुँची, भरी बिरादरी में जो हँसी हुई, उस करारी चोट का घाव आज भी हरा है। जाओ, कह देना अपनी माँ से कि अगर बेटी की विदा करना चाहती हो तो पहले उस घाव के लिए मरहम भेजें।
वक्ता का चरित्र चित्रण कीजिए।

उत्तर :
यहाँ वक्ता जीवन लाल है। जीवन लाल अत्यंत लोभी, लालची और असंवेदनशील व्यक्ति है।

प्रश्न क-iii:
निम्नलिखित गद्यांश को पढ़कर नीचे दिए गए प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिए :
मेरे नाम पर जो धब्बा लगा, मेरी शान को जो ठेस पहुँची, भरी बिरादरी में जो हँसी हुई, उस करारी चोट का घाव आज भी हरा है। जाओ, कह देना अपनी माँ से कि अगर बेटी की विदा करना चाहती हो तो पहले उस घाव के लिए मरहम भेजें।
जीवनलाल के अनुसार किस वजह से उनके नाम पर धब्बा लगा है?

उत्तर:
जीवनलाल के अनुसार बेटे की शादी में बहू कमला के परिवार वालों ने उनकी हैसियत के हिसाब से उनकी खातिरदारी नहीं की तथा कम दहेज दिया। इससे उनके मान पर धब्बा लगा है।

प्रश्न क-iv:
निम्नलिखित गद्यांश को पढ़कर नीचे दिए गए प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिए :
मेरे नाम पर जो धब्बा लगा, मेरी शान को जो ठेस पहुँची, भरी बिरादरी में जो हँसी हुई, उस करारी चोट का घाव आज भी हरा है। जाओ, कह देना अपनी माँ से कि अगर बेटी की विदा करना चाहती हो तो पहले उस घाव के लिए मरहम भेजें।
‘घाव के लिए मरहम भेजने’ का आशय स्पष्ट कीजिए।

उत्तर:
यहाँ पर ‘घाव के लिए मरहम भेजने’ का आशय दहेज से है। जीवन लाल शादी में कम दहेज मिलने के घाव को पाँच हजार रूपी मरहम देकर दूर करने कहते हैं।

प्रश्न ख-i:
निम्नलिखित गद्यांश को पढ़कर नीचे दिए गए प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिए :
अब शराफत और इन्सानियत की दुहाई देते हो। कुछ देर पहले तो …
इस कथन की वक्ता का चरित्र चित्रण कीजिए।

उत्तर:
इस कथन की वक्ता राजेश्वरी है। यह जीवन लाल की पत्नी है। वह एक नेक दिल औरत है। धैर्यवान तथा ममता की मूर्ति है। वह अन्याय का विरोध करती है। वह अपने पति जीवन लाल की उपर्युक्त कथन द्वारा आँखें खोल देती है।

प्रश्न ख-ii:
निम्नलिखित गद्यांश को पढ़कर नीचे दिए गए प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिए :
अब शराफत और इन्सानियत की दुहाई देते हो। कुछ देर पहले तो …
शराफत और इन्सानियत की दुहाई कौन दे रहा है? क्यों?

उत्तर:
जीवन लाल शराफत और इन्सानियत की दुहाई दे रहा है क्योंकि दहेज देने के बावजूद उसकी बेटी गौरी के ससुराल वालों उसे दहेज कम पड़ने की वजह से उसके भाई के साथ विदा न करके उसे अपमानित किया।

प्रश्न ख-iii:
निम्नलिखित गद्यांश को पढ़कर नीचे दिए गए प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिए :
अब शराफत और इन्सानियत की दुहाई देते हो। कुछ देर पहले तो …
वक्ता ने श्रोता की किस बात के लिए आलोचना की?

उत्तर:
वक्ता राजेश्वरी ने अपने पति जीवन लाल की लोभी प्रवृत्ति और दोगले व्यवहार के लिए उसकी आलोचना की। क्योंकि दहेज देने के बावजूद उसकी बेटी गौरी के ससुराल वालों के उसे दहेज कम पड़ने की वजह से उसके भाई के साथ विदा न करके उसे अपमानित करने पर जीवन लाल जीवन लाल शराफत और इन्सानियत की दुहाई देते है। जबकि खुद अपनी बहू को दहेज के पाँच हजार कम पड़ने की वजह से उसके भाई के साथ विदा नहीं करते और अपमानित करते हैं।

प्रश्न ख-iv:
निम्नलिखित गद्यांश को पढ़कर नीचे दिए गए प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिए :
अब शराफत और इन्सानियत की दुहाई देते हो। कुछ देर पहले तो …
वक्ता ने श्रोता की आँखे किस प्रकार खोली?

उत्तर:
दहेज देने के बावजूद उसकी बेटी गौरी के ससुराल वालों के उसे दहेज कम पड़ने की वजह से उसके भाई के साथ विदा न करके उसे अपमानित करने पर जीवन लाल जीवन लाल शराफत और इन्सानियत की दुहाई देते हैं। तब वक्ता राजेश्वरी ने अपने पति जीवन लाल की आँखें खोलने के लिए कहा अब तुम शराफत और इन्सानियत की दुहाई दे रहे हो जबकि खुद अपनी बहू को दहेज के पाँच हजार कम पड़ने की वजह से उसके भाई के साथ विदा नहीं करते और अपमानित कर रहे हो।

प्रश्न ग-i:
निम्नलिखित गद्यांश को पढ़कर नीचे दिए गए प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिए :
कभी-कभी चोट भी मरहम का काम कर जाती है, बेटा।
अरे, खड़ी-खड़ी हमारा मुँह क्या ताक रहो हो? अन्दर जाकर तैयारी क्यों नहीं करती है? बहू की विदा नहीं करनी है क्या?
‘कभी-कभी चोट भी मरहम का काम कर जाती है’ कथन से वक्ता का क्या अभिप्राय है?

उत्तर:
‘कभी-कभी चोट भी मरहम का काम कर जाती है’ कथन से वक्ता जीवन लाल का यह अभिप्राय है कि बहू भी बेटी होती है और इस बात का उन्हें अहसास हो गया है।

प्रश्न ग-ii:
निम्नलिखित गद्यांश को पढ़कर नीचे दिए गए प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिए :
कभी-कभी चोट भी मरहम का काम कर जाती है, बेटा। अरे, खड़ी-खड़ी हमारा मुँह क्या ताक रहो हो? अन्दर जाकर तैयारी क्यों नहीं करती है? बहू की विदा नहीं करनी है क्या?
वक्ता की बेटी के ससुराल वालों के किस काम से उनकी आँखें खुलीं?

उत्तर:
वक्ता जीवन लाल अपनी बेटी गौरी के ससुरालवालों को दहेज देने के बावजूद उसके ससुराल वालों ने उसे दहेज कम पड़ने की वजह से उसके भाई के साथ विदा न करके उसे अपमानित करने पर जीवन लाल की आँखें खुलीं।

प्रश्न ग-iii:
निम्नलिखित गद्यांश को पढ़कर नीचे दिए गए प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिए :
कभी-कभी चोट भी मरहम का काम कर जाती है, बेटा।
अरे, खड़ी-खड़ी हमारा मुँह क्या ताक रहो हो? अन्दर जाकर तैयारी क्यों नहीं करती है? बहू की विदा नहीं करनी है क्या?
उपर्युक्त कथन का श्रोता और उसकी बहन पर क्या प्रतिक्रिया हुई?

उत्तर:
उपर्युक्त कथन को सुनकर प्रमोद मुस्करा कर अपने जीजा रमेश की ओर देखने लगा तथा उसकी बहन कमला खुशी के आँसू पोंछती हुई अंदर चली गई।

प्रश्न ग-iv:
निम्नलिखित गद्यांश को पढ़कर नीचे दिए गए प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिए :
कभी-कभी चोट भी मरहम का काम कर जाती है, बेटा।
अरे, खड़ी-खड़ी हमारा मुँह क्या ताक रहो हो? अन्दर जाकर तैयारी क्यों नहीं करती है? बहू की विदा नहीं करनी है क्या?
क्या स्त्री शिक्षा दहेज प्रथा को समाप्त करने में सहायक हो सकती है? अपने विचार लिखिए।

उत्तर:
जी हाँ, स्त्री शिक्षा दहेज प्रथा को समाप्त करने में सहायक हो सकती है। शिक्षा से बेटियाँ खुद आत्मनिर्भर बनेंगी। समाज में बेटा-बेटी का फर्क मिट जाएगा तथा वे अपने अधिकार एंव अत्याचारों के प्रति सजग रहेंगी।

ICSE Class 10 Hindi Solutions एकांकी-संचय – महाभारत की एक साँझ

February 2, 2024

ICSE Class 10 Hindi Solutions एकांकी-संचय – महाभारत की एक साँझ

ICSE Solutions Selina ICSE Solutions ML Aggarwal Solutions

प्रश्न क-i:
निम्नलिखित गद्यांश को पढ़कर नीचे दिए गए प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिए :
कह नहीं सकता संजय किसके पापों का परिणाम है, किसकी भूल थी जिसका भीषण विष फल हमें मिला। ओह! क्या पुत्र-मोह अपराध है, पाप है? क्या मैंने कभी भी…कभी भी…
उपर्युक्त अवतरण के वक्ता कौन है? उनका परिचय दें।

उत्तर:
उपर्युक्त अवतरण के वक्ता धृतराष्ट्र हैं। धृतराष्ट्र जन्म से ही नेत्रहीन थे। वे कौरवों के पिता हैं। दुर्योधन उनका जेष्ठ पुत्र हैं। इस समय वे अपने मंत्री संजय के सामने अपनी व्यथा को प्रकट कर रहे हैं।

प्रश्न क-ii:
निम्नलिखित गद्यांश को पढ़कर नीचे दिए गए प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिए :
कह नहीं सकता संजय किसके पापों का परिणाम है, किसकी भूल थी जिसका भीषण विष फल हमें मिला। ओह! क्या पुत्र-मोह अपराध है, पाप है? क्या मैंने कभी भी…कभी भी…
यहाँ पर श्रोता कौन है? वह वक्ता को क्या सलाह देता है और क्यों?

उत्तर :
यहाँ पर श्रोता धृतराष्ट्र का मंत्री है। उन्हें दिव्य दृष्टि प्राप्त थी। अपनी दिव्य दृष्टि की सहायता से वे धृतराष्ट्र को महाभारत के युद्ध का वर्णन बताते रहते हैं। इस समय वे धृतराष्ट्र को शांत रहने की सलाह देते हैं। संजय के अनुसार जो हो चुका है उस पर शोक करना व्यर्थ है।

प्रश्न क-iii:
निम्नलिखित गद्यांश को पढ़कर नीचे दिए गए प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिए :
कह नहीं सकता संजय किसके पापों का परिणाम है, किसकी भूल थी जिसका भीषण विष फल हमें मिला। ओह! क्या पुत्र-मोह अपराध है, पाप है? क्या मैंने कभी भी…कभी भी…
यहाँ पर भीषण विष फल किस ओर संकेत करता है स्पष्ट कीजिए।

उत्तर:
यहाँ पर धृतराष्ट्र के अति पुत्र-मोह से उपजे महाभारत के युद्ध की ओर संकेत किया गया है। पुत्र-स्नेह के कारण दुर्योधन की हर अनुचित माँगों और हरकतों को धृतराष्ट्र ने उचित माना। धृतराष्ट्र ने पुत्र-मोह में बड़ों की सलाह, राजनैतिक कर्तव्य आदि सबको नकारते हुए अपने पुत्र को सबसे अहम् स्थान दिया और जिसकी परिणिति महाभारत के भीषण युद्ध में हुई।

प्रश्न क-iv:
निम्नलिखित गद्यांश को पढ़कर नीचे दिए गए प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिए :
कह नहीं सकता संजय किसके पापों का परिणाम है, किसकी भूल थी जिसका भीषण विष फल हमें मिला। ओह! क्या पुत्र-मोह अपराध है, पाप है? क्या मैंने कभी भी…कभी भी…
पुत्र-मोह से क्या तात्पर्य है?

उत्तर:
पुत्र-मोह से यहाँ तात्पर्य अंधे प्रेम से है। धृतराष्ट्र अपने जेष्ठ पुत्र दुर्योधन से अंधा प्रेम करते थे इसलिए वे उसकी जायज नाजायज सभी माँगों को पूरा करते थे। इसी कारणवश दुर्योधन बचपन से दंभी और अहंकारी होता गया।

प्रश्न ख-i:
निम्नलिखित गद्यांश को पढ़कर नीचे दिए गए प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिए :
जिस कालाग्नि को तूने वर्षों घृत देकर उभारा है, उसकी लपटों में साथी तो स्वाहा हो गए! उसके घेरे से तू क्यों बचना चाहता है? अच्छी तरह समझ ले, ये तेरी आहुति लिए बिना शांत न होगा।
दुर्योधन अपनी प्राण रक्षा के लिए क्या करता है?

उत्तर:
महाभारत के युद्ध में सभी मारे जाते हैं केवल एक अकेला दुर्योधन बचता है। युद्ध तब तक समाप्त नहीं माना जा सकता था जब तक कि दुर्योधन मारा नहीं जाता। इस समय दुर्योधन घायल अवस्था में है और अपने प्राण बचाने के लिए द्वैतवन के सरोवर में छिप जाता है।

प्रश्न ख-ii:
निम्नलिखित गद्यांश को पढ़कर नीचे दिए गए प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिए :
जिस कालाग्नि को तूने वर्षों घृत देकर उभारा है, उसकी लपटों में साथी तो स्वाहा हो गए! उसके घेरे से तू क्यों बचना चाहता है? अच्छी तरह समझ ले, ये तेरी आहुति लिए बिना शांत न होगा।
उपर्युक्त कथन किसका का है? कथन का संदर्भ स्पष्ट करें।

उत्तर:
उपर्युक्त कथन भीम का है। प्रस्तुत कथन का संदर्भ दुर्योधन को सरोवर से बाहर निकालने का है। दुर्योधन
महाभारत के युद्ध में घायल हो जाता है और भागकर द्वैतवन के सरोवर में छिप जाता है। वह उसमें से बाहर नहीं निकलता है। तब उसे सरोवर से बाहर निकालने के लिए भीम उसे उपर्युक्त कथन कहकर ललकारता है।

प्रश्न ख-iii:
निम्नलिखित गद्यांश को पढ़कर नीचे दिए गए प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिए :
जिस कालाग्नि को तूने वर्षों घृत देकर उभारा है, उसकी लपटों में साथी तो स्वाहा हो गए! उसके घेरे से तू क्यों बचना चाहता है? अच्छी तरह समझ ले, ये तेरी आहुति लिए बिना शांत न होगा।
उपर्युक्त कथन का दुर्योधन ने युधिष्ठिर को क्या उत्तर दिया?

उत्तर:
उपर्युक्त कथन का दुर्योधन ने उत्तर दिया कि वह सभी बातों को भली-भाँति जानता है लेकिन वह थककर चूर हो चुका है। उसकी सेना भी तितर-बितर हो गई है, उसका कवच फट गया है और उसके सारे शस्त्रास्त्र चूक गए हैं। उसे समय चाहिए और उसने भी पांडवों को तेरह वर्ष का समय दिया था।

प्रश्न ख-iv:
निम्नलिखित गद्यांश को पढ़कर नीचे दिए गए प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिए :
जिस कालाग्नि को तूने वर्षों घृत देकर उभारा है, उसकी लपटों में साथी तो स्वाहा हो गए! उसके घेरे से तू क्यों बचना चाहता है? अच्छी तरह समझ ले, ये तेरी आहुति लिए बिना शांत न होगा।
‘घृत देकर उभारा है’ से क्या तात्पर्य है स्पष्ट करें।

उत्तर:
घृत उभारा है से तात्पर्य दुर्योधन की ईर्ष्या से है। भीम दुर्योधन से कहता है कि वर्षों से तुमने इस ईर्ष्या का बीज बोया है तो अब फसल तो तुम्हें ही काटनी होगी। कितनों को उसने इस ईर्ष्या रूपी अग्नि में जलाया है लेकिन आज स्वयं उन आग की लपटों से बचना चाहता है।

प्रश्न ग-i:
निम्नलिखित गद्यांश को पढ़कर नीचे दिए गए प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिए :
जिस राज्य पर रत्ती भर भी अधिकार नहीं था, उसी को पाने के लिए तुमने युद्ध ठाना, यह स्वार्थ का तांडव नृत्य नहीं तो और क्या है? भला किस न्याय से तुम राज्याधिकार की माँग करते थे?
उपर्युक्त अवतरण के वक्ता तथा श्रोता के बारे में बताइए।

उत्तर:
उपर्युक्त अवतरण के वक्ता युधिष्ठिर और श्रोता दुर्योधन है। इस समय वक्ता युधिष्ठिर मरणासन्न श्रोता दुर्योधन को शांति प्रदान करने के उद्देश्य से आए हैं। इस समय दोनों के मध्य उचित अनुचित विचारों पर वार्तालाप चल रहा है।

प्रश्न ग-ii:
निम्नलिखित गद्यांश को पढ़कर नीचे दिए गए प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिए :
जिस राज्य पर रत्ती भर भी अधिकार नहीं था, उसी को पाने के लिए तुमने युद्ध ठाना, यह स्वार्थ का तांडव नृत्य नहीं तो और क्या है? भला किस न्याय से तुम राज्याधिकार की माँग करते थे?
उपर्युक्त अवतरण में किस अधिकार की बात की जा रही है?

उत्तर:
उपर्युक्त अवतरण में राज्य के वास्तविक उत्तराधिकारी के संदर्भ में बात की जा रही है। यहाँ पर युधिष्ठिर का कहना है कि राज्य पर उनका वास्तविक अधिकार था यह जानते हुए भी दुर्योधन यह मानने के लिए कभी तैयार नहीं हुआ और इस कारण परिवार में ईर्ष्या और और झगड़े बढ़कर अंत में महाभारत के युद्ध में तब्दील हो गए।

प्रश्न ग-iii:
निम्नलिखित गद्यांश को पढ़कर नीचे दिए गए प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिए :
जिस राज्य पर रत्ती भर भी अधिकार नहीं था, उसी को पाने के लिए तुमने युद्ध ठाना, यह स्वार्थ का तांडव नृत्य नहीं तो और क्या है? भला किस न्याय से तुम राज्याधिकार की माँग करते थे?
प्रस्तुत एकांकी का उद्देश्य लिखिए।

उत्तर:
प्रस्तुत एकांकी का उद्देश्य यह है कि आप चाहे कितने भी कूटनीतिज्ञ, बलवान और बुद्धिमान क्यों न हो परंतु यदि आप का रास्ता धर्म का नहीं है तो आपका अंत होना निश्चित है। साथ यह एकांकी मनुष्य को त्याग और सहनशीलता का पाठ भी पढ़ाती है। यही वे दो मुख्य कारण थे जिसके अभाव में महाभारत का युद्ध लड़ा गया। इसके अतिरिक्त इस एकांकी का एक और उद्देश्य यह भी दिखाना था कि इस युद्ध के लिए कौरव और पांडव दोनों ही पक्ष बराबर जिम्मेदार थे।

प्रश्न ग-iv:
निम्नलिखित गद्यांश को पढ़कर नीचे दिए गए प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिए :
जिस राज्य पर रत्ती भर भी अधिकार नहीं था, उसी को पाने के लिए तुमने युद्ध ठाना, यह स्वार्थ का तांडव नृत्य नहीं तो और क्या है? भला किस न्याय से तुम राज्याधिकार की माँग करते थे?
महाभारत के युद्ध से हमें कौन-सी सीख मिलती है?

उत्तर:
महाभारत का युद्ध तो शुरू से लेकर अंत तक सीखों से ही भरा पड़ा हैं परंतु मुख्य रूप से यह युद्ध हमें यह सीख देता है कि कभी भी पारिवारिक धन-संपत्ति के लिए अपने ही भाईयों से ईर्ष्या और वैमनस्य नहीं रखना चाहिए क्योंकि इस प्रकार के लड़ाई-झगड़े में जीत कर भी हार ही होती है।

ICSE Class 10 English Solutions Journey by Night

February 2, 2024

ICSE Class 10 English Solutions Journey by Night

Passage 1

Question 1.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

Sher Singh himself was only twelve years old, brown and cheerful, a child of the jungle, and his brother was several years younger. There had been other children of course, but they were dead, carried off by cholera and influenza and such, and by jungle accidents. Now there was only this Sher Singh, and the little brother Kunwar.

‘I will wring out rags in boiling water and lay them on his stomach,’ said their mother. She did not smile. She did not weep. She had lived through everything over and over again.

‘What shall I do? Asked Sher Singh, who was feeling ill inside him because of his brother. ‘I will get the sticks for the fire. And the dung. I will get the water. Let me tear up the rag’.

Why did the mother not smile or weep?
Answer:
Mother was worried about Kunwar’s failing health and thought that she’d lose him too like her other children. She was tired and alone and had lived through the deaths of many of her children before hence, she neither smiled nor wept.

Question 2.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

‘I will wring out rags in boiling water and lay them on his stomach,’ said their mother. She did not smile. She did not weep. She had lived through everything over and over again.

‘What shall I do? Asked Sher Singh, who was feeling ill inside him because of his brother. ‘I will get the sticks for the fire. And the dung. I will get the water. Let me tear up the rag’.

What happened to the other children?

Answer:
Sher Singh and Kunwar had many siblings but unfortunately they had died due to serious illnesses such as cholera and influenza and by jungle accidents.

Question 3.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

‘I will wring out rags in boiling water and lay them on his stomach,’ said their mother. She did not smile. She did not weep. She had lived through everything over and over again.

‘What shall I do? Asked Sher Singh, who was feeling ill inside him because of his brother. ‘I will get the sticks for the fire. And the dung. I will get the water. Let me tear up the rag’.

What was wrong with Kunwar?

Answer:
Sher Singh’s younger brother Kunwar was seriously ill. It was not clear what was wrong with him, but the child was constantly crying due to the pain in his stomach and fever.

Question 4.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

‘I will wring out rags in boiling water and lay them on his stomach,’ said their mother. She did not smile. She did not weep. She had lived through everything over and over again.

‘What shall I do? Asked Sher Singh, who was feeling ill inside him because of his brother. ‘I will get the sticks for the fire. And the dung. I will get the water. Let me tear up the rag’.

What does the sentence ‘She had lived through everything over and over again.’ mean?

Answer:
Sher Singh’s mother had other children apart from Kunwar and Sher Singh. However, they had all died due to illnesses such as influenza and cholera or forest mishaps.

Question 5.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

‘I will wring out rags in boiling water and lay them on his stomach,’ said their mother. She did not smile. She did not weep. She had lived through everything over and over again.

‘What shall I do? Asked Sher Singh, who was feeling ill inside him because of his brother. ‘I will get the sticks for the fire. And the dung. I will get the water. Let me tear up the rag’.

What does the phrase ‘carried off by’ mean?

Answer:
The phrase ‘carried off’ in the given context means ’caused the death of someone’.

Passage 2

Question 1.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

They used fuel recklessly to get the water hot soon. They laid steaming cloths on the child’s little belly. But after a bit Sher Singh’s mother said,’ He must be carried into hospital at Kalaghat.’

Then Sher Singh knew that his brother was dying. When she said the word ‘Hospital’ He knew it, For all jungle people are well aware that hospital is but the resort of the doomed. Something took him by her throat.

‘I will run for my father,’ he cried.

‘It may be days before you find him.’

Why was fuel being burned recklessly?

Answer:
Mother thought that if she wrung out rags in boiling water and laid them on Kunwar’s stomach, he would feel better. They used fuel recklessly so as to boil the water sooner.

Question 2.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

‘I will run for my father,’ he cried.

‘It may be days before you find him.’

What does the line ‘something took him by the throat’ mean?

Answer:
Mother said that Kunwar had to be taken to the hospital. Sher Singh knew that people from the village went to the hospital only to never return. In addition, the absence of his father, scared Sher Singh all the more and he felt choked under emotional stress which is expressed in the words ‘something took him by the throat’.

Question 3.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

‘I will run for my father,’ he cried.

‘It may be days before you find him.’

Would it be possible for Sher Singh to find his father so that he could take Kunwar to the hospital?

Answer:
Sher Singh’s father was out on a hunting expedition and it would not be possible for him to find his father in time to take his little brother to the hospital.

Question 4.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

‘I will run for my father,’ he cried.

‘It may be days before you find him.’

How did Sher Singh help his mother in making Kunwar feel better?

Answer:
Sher Singh ran around to collect the sticks and dung to set up the fire and the water to boil the rags in. He also tore up the rag so that Mother could wring out the rags in and lay them on Kunwar’s stomach.

Passage 3

Question 1.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

Kalaghat was at least fifty miles away, but Sher Singh hoped that if he could get through the jungle and cross the two rivers that lay between him and his goal, he might get a lift in a bullock cart or perhaps even a broken – down truck for the last part of his journey. Motors were now beginning to appear even on jungle roads where for immemorial centuries there had been nothing but ox and pony.

But not yet.

Here, where the path was rutted with cart wheels, and his bare toes disappeared into silk-soft dust, he was alone on the track that wound into forest, into night.

What all would Sher Singh have to cross before reaching the hospital in Kalaghat?

Answer:
Sher Singh would have to get through the jungle and cross two rivers to reach the hospital in Kalaghat.

Question 2.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

But not yet.

Here, where the path was rutted with cart wheels, and his bare toes disappeared into silk-soft dust, he was alone on the track that wound into forest, into night.

Why did Sher Singh have to go alone with Kunwar?

Answer:
Sher Singh’s father was not at home and it would be days before he returned from his hunting expedition. Therefore, Sher Singh had to take his sick brother Kunwar alone to the hospital.

Question 3.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

But not yet.

Here, where the path was rutted with cart wheels, and his bare toes disappeared into silk-soft dust, he was alone on the track that wound into forest, into night.

What mode of transport was Sher Singh hoping to get a lift in to reach the hospital?

Answer:
Sher Singh was hoping to get a lift in a bullock cart or perhaps even a broken-down truck for the last part of his journey to the hospital in Kalaghat.

Question 4.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

But not yet.

Here, where the path was rutted with cart wheels, and his bare toes disappeared into silk-soft dust, he was alone on the track that wound into forest, into night.

What can be said about Sher Singh’s determination to get his brother to the hospital?

Answer:
Sher Singh was not big enough to carry Kunwar on his back. However, this did not deter him from setting off from his village to Kalaghat nonetheless. He had mentally the ways he would take to get to the road that could get him a lift till the hospital. This shows that he was strongly determined to save his brother’s life.

Passage 4

Question 1.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

Kunwar, was twitching and groaning on his back, was already getting heavier. Oh, for a rest to let aching muscles draw up from the painful stretching and strain. But it was too soon to rest yet, and presently he got his second wind.

Around him lay primeval forest in which the struggle of vegetation and the struggle of life continued as they had done since the beginning of the world. Luxuriant bamboo sprang fast from its nodules; impenetrable thorn thickets fought for air; trees and undergrowth and scrub and grass, And in his jungle lived the animals of the forest, the monkeys and raucous peacocks, tiger and panther and bear and elephant. Since the deer were now so poached and decimated, the beasts of prey were obliged to kill domestic animals for food. Sometimes even man.

Why did Sher Singh feel that Kunwar was getting heavier?

Answer:
Sher Singh was only twelve years old, too young to carry another boy on his back. He was finding it difficult to carry Kunwar, who was burning with fever. His muscles got tired after carrying his brother and hence, he felt that the boy was getting heavier.

Question 2.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

Why has the author called the jungle primeval?

Answer:
The jungle was dense and full of flora and fauna. It had been there since the beginning of the world. This is the reason why the author calls the forest primeval or ‘ancient’.

Question 3.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

Describe the jungle as mentioned in the passage.

Answer:
The jungle was luxuriant with bamboo and thorn thickets. There was undergrowth and grass all around. There animals such as monkeys, raucous peacocks, tigers, panthers, bears and elephants too. The beasts of prey would not only kill domestic animals but also humans for food as the most of the deer in the forest were poached.

Question 4.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

Describe Kunwar’s discomfort.

Answer:
Kunwar was so ill that he was disoriented. He kept twitching and groaning on Sher Singh’s back. He had high fever and a severe pain in his stomach. It was not clear what was wrong with him, but his mother thought that he must have contracted cholera or influenza, diseases that had taken away lives of other villagers in the past.

Passage 5

Question 1.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

Their ears flapped, their tails swung, their shadows were brilliant on the white sand, much brighter than any shadow by day. They were so near he could smell elephant, hear the squeak of sand crushed under their feet, and the brush of rough hide, one against the other. He could see the toss and hustle of great heads and black backbones.

The tusker was playing his trunk to find fro to learn whatever the breeze could tell him; and suddenly he hesitated. The trunk came round towards the boys.

Sher Singh chilled with fright. With Kunwar to carry, he could neither climb nor run. If he shouted, it could not but bring the catastrophe upon them.

Prayer after prayer fled up like birds from is frightened spirit.

Where was Sher Singh and what was he doing when he heard the elephants approaching?

Answer:
Sher Singh had reached a cliff which was above a river-bed when he realised that he could not go any further without some rest. He slowly laid down his brother, supporting him against a tree when he heard the elephants approaching.

Question 2.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

The tusker was playing his trunk to find fro to learn whatever the breeze could tell him; and suddenly he hesitated. The trunk came round towards the boys.

Sher Singh chilled with fright. With Kunwar to carry, he could neither climb nor run. If he shouted, it could not but bring the catastrophe upon them.

Prayer after prayer fled up like birds from is frightened spirit.

Described the elephants mentioned in the passage as seen by Sher Singh?

Answer:
Sher Singh while on his way to the hospital Sher Singh came across a herd of elephants moving along a water body in the jungle. He saw their ears flapping, and their tails swinging as they moved. He also heard the crushing of sand under their feet and the brushing of their rough hide against each other.

Question 3.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

The tusker was playing his trunk to find fro to learn whatever the breeze could tell him; and suddenly he hesitated. The trunk came round towards the boys.

Sher Singh chilled with fright. With Kunwar to carry, he could neither climb nor run. If he shouted, it could not but bring the catastrophe upon them.

Prayer after prayer fled up like birds from is frightened spirit.

Why was Sher Singh frightened?

Answer:
Sher Singh saw a herd of elephants walking past the river bed below the cliff he was sitting on with Kunwar. Among the cows and the babies, there was a tusker whose cheeks were smeared with dark, oily musth. In that condition, if the elephant spotted him and Kunwar, they both could have been killed by him. This thought frightened Sher Singh.

Question 4.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

The tusker was playing his trunk to find fro to learn whatever the breeze could tell him; and suddenly he hesitated. The trunk came round towards the boys.

Sher Singh chilled with fright. With Kunwar to carry, he could neither climb nor run. If he shouted, it could not but bring the catastrophe upon them.

Prayer after prayer fled up like birds from is frightened spirit.

What does the expression ‘prayer after prayer fled up’ mean?

Answer:
Sher Singh knew the danger which the herd of elephants posed to him and his little brother. With Kunwar on his back, he could neither run nor climb if the tusker in the herd attacked them. Therefore, with cold fear in his heart, Sher Singh prayed fervently for some aid. The author uses the expression ‘prayers after prayers fled up’ to stress on his nervousness.

Passage 6

Question 1.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

Far away, in another world, there came the yap of pi-dogs heralding village.
Suddenly, somehow…….. people.
After that, the next he knew they were in a bullock cart, then a truck.
‘Where have you come from, boy?’
“Laldwani.’
‘You carried him alone? Across the river in flood?
They were at the hospital.

What was Sher Singh’s condition by the time he reached the road?

Answer:
Sher Singh was exhausted by the time he reached the road. The gushing river seemed to have sucked up all his strength. He neither knew what happened nor was in the condition to wring his dhoti dry. He stumbled as he walked, and his knees bent and trembled under the weight of his brother

Question 2.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

Why did the doctor call out Sher Singh ‘Bahadur’?

Answer:
Sher Singh Sher Singh travelled the entire way from Laldwani to the hospital in Kalaghat all alone on foot by night carrying his ailing little brother on his back. On his way he braved the dense forests and gushing ice-cold waters of the stormy river. When the doctor realised all that this twelve-year-old boy had gone through for his brother’s life, he added the title ‘Bahadur’ to his name.

Question 3.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

How did the boys finally reach the hospital?

Answer:
After carrying Kunwar on his back through the primeval forest and struggling through the cold river, Sher Singh reached a road from where he got a lift in a bullock cart and then a truck which finally took him to hospital at Kalaghat.

Question 4.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

What did Sher Singh eat while his brother was being treated in the hospital?

Answer:
Sher Singh had no money when he reached the hospital so he worked at the rail yard loading coal. He used the money that he got for his work to buy some coarse flour, mustard oil, and chillies. This he then used to prepare his own meal.

Rise of Assertive Nationalism Class 10 History and Civics ICSE Solutions

February 1, 2024

ICSE Class 10 History and Civics Chapter 10 Rise of Assertive Nationalism Solutions

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Very Short Questions

Question 1: When did the Congress split into two blocks?
Answer: The Congress split into Moderates and the Assertives at the Surat Session of the Congress held in 1907.

Question 2: Mention one difference between the Moderates and the Assertives.
Answer: The Moderates believed in giving petitions and memorandums, but the Assertives favoured vigorous mass movements to press the British Government to concede Indian demands.

Question 3: When did the conflict arise between the Moderates and the Assertives?
Answer: The conflict between the two came to the surface in the Congress session held in 1906.

Question 4: Why was one of the sections of the Congress called the ‘Assertives’?
Answer: A section of the Congress was called the Assertives because they were more radical in their demands and believed in a more Assertive form of nationalism.

Question 5: Which classes of people in general supported the Assertive?
Answer: The people of lower middle classes, the students, workers and farmers supported the Assertives.

Question 6: What impact did the wars in Tibet and Afghanistan have on the national movement?
Answer: The wars in Tibet and Afghanistan were expensive and they put pressure on the impoverished Indian economy. This created a strong reaction against them.

Question 7: What impact did the ill-treatment of Indians in Africa have on the, National Movement?
Answer: The unjust and cruel treatment of Indians in Africa ignited the fire of assertipm in the Nationalist Movement in India.

Question 8: What was the aim of the Assertives as far as the National Movement was concerned?
Answer: The main aim of the Assertives was to gain complete independence of India and not dominion status as claimed by the Moderates.

Question 9: Name the nationalist who said Swaraj is my birth right. Mention one of his contributions to the National Movement.
Answer: Bal Gangadhar Tilak. He established Home Rule Movement to infuse the nation with new strength and vigour.

Question 10: What method was used by the Assertives for attaining independence in the field of education?
Answer: Students were called upon to boycott schools and colleges run by the Government. Special institutions were established to impart education according to the needs of the nation.

Question 11: Name any three of the nationalists who were educated in special institutions established according to the philosophy of the Assertives.
Answer: (i) Bhagat Singh (ii) Rajguru (iii) B.K. Dutt.

Question 12: What was the slogan of the Assertives and who gave this slogan?
Answer: Bal Gangadhar Tilak gave the slogan, ‘Swaraj is my birthright and I shall have it’.

Question 13: What was the attitude of the British Government towards the Assertives?
Answer: The British Government followed the policy of repression against the Assertives.

Question 14: Name the two famous journals of Bal Gangadhar Tilak.
Answer: (i) The ‘Maratha’ in English, (ii) The ‘Kesari’ in Marathi.

Question 15: In what way was Tilak the forerunner of Gandhiji?
Answer: Tilak was the forerunner of Gandhiji. The policy of boycott of Government service, prohibition and swadeshi principles were preached and practiced by him.

Question 16: When and why did Tilak leave the Indian National Congress?
Answer: Tilak left the Indian National Congress in 1907 after there was a split in the Congress. Tilak assumed the leadership of the Assertives because he was against the policies of the Moderates.

Question 17: Who started the newspaper ‘TheYoung India’? Why did he start this paper?
Answer: Lala Lajpat Rai started the newspaper called ‘The Young India’. He used it as a channel to propagate his ideas of radical nationalism.

Question 18: Which class of people in general believed in the policy and programme of the Assertives?
Answer: Since the Assertives made their programme as a National Movement, the Indian masses in general supported the Assertives.

Question 19: What was the purpose of the Minto-Morley Reforms of 1909?
Answer: These reforms were introduced to appease the Moderates; hence they held the reins of the Indian National Congress in their hands.

Question 20: What did Lord Minto, the Viceroy, do to suppress the anti-nationalists?
Answer: Lord Minto issued certain ordinances banning processions, meetings and demonstrations against the British Government.

Question 21: Who were the important leaders of the Assertives?
Or
Name the leaders who constituted the Assertives trio in the early year of the twentieth century.
Answer: The Assertive were led by Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal, and Lala Lajpat Rai at the time of the Congress split. They were also called Lal-Bal-Pal.

Question 22: Name two of the books written by Lala Lajpat Rai.
Answer: The two books written by Lala Lajpat Rai were:
(i) The Arya Samaj (ii) England’s Debt to India.

Question 23: Why did Lala Lajpat Rai disagree witlj the programme of the Non-Cooperation Movement of Gandhiji?
Answer: Lala Lajpat Rai disagreed with the programmes of Non-Cooperation Movement because he was a fighter and not a satyagrahi.

Question 24: Which national leader Was called Sher-e-Punjab? Why was he called so?
Answer: Lala Lajpat Rai was called Sher-e-Punjab (Lion of Punjab). His courage and determination were the main reason why he earned the above title.

Question 25: Name any three important persons who led the Moderates at the time of the split.
Answer: The Moderates were led by Feroz Shah Mehta, Gopal Krishna Gokhale and Surendra Nath Banerjee.

Question 26: Mention one principal objective of the Assertives.
Answer: They wanted to oust the imperial regime by means of mass struggle, because they felt that the old mendicancy could not prove effective.

Question 27: Mention three methods of the Assertives proposed for attaining independence.
Answer: The Assertives proposed the following three methods for the attainment of independence,
(i) Swadeshi, (ii) Boycott, (iii) National Education.

Question 28: Mention any two principles of the Aggressive Nationalists.
Answer: (i) Freedom is the birth right of every Indian.
(ii) Supported the swadeshi goods against the use of imported goods.

Question 29: Give one example to show that while giving impetus to the national movement, the assertive nationalist presented one-sided picture of India’s composite culture?
Answer: The assertives nationalists in order to glorify India’s past presented one-sided picture of India’s composite culture. They praised Shivaji and Rana Pratap, while they remained silent on Akbar and Sher Shah Suri.

Short Questions – I

Question 1: State any two repressive policies of Lord Curzon which prepared the way for a assertive form of nationalism.
Answer: (i) The Act of 1898 made it an offence to provoke people against imperial rulers.
(ii) In 1899, Lord Curzon passed the Calcutta Corporation Act by which he increased the number of Englishmen on the list of official members of the Corporation.

Question 2: What impact did the bloody revolutions in China and Turkey have on the national movement?
Answer: The bloody revolutions in China and Turkey inspired the people of India. Indians thought they too could unite and put up a brave fight in order to liberate their country.

Question 3: What was the attitude of the Assertives towards Swadeshi?
Answer: The people were asked to use Swadeshi goods manufactured in India. They were discouraged from using goods made in England, so as to give a direct blow to the commercial interests of the British which alone kept them in India for so long.

Question 4: Explain how the famine and plague influenced the growth of Assertives Nationalism in India.
Answer: Towards the close of the nineteenth century there were two consecutive famines within a period of ten years. The people had to suffer untold miseries and hardships. After the famine: there was always an outbreak of some epidemic like plague, etc. The feelings of Indians were
extremely injured at the cold attitude of the English towards such ugly happenings in India. The people painfully realized the evils of the British rule.

Question 5: In what way did the economic backwardness foster communal feelings in India?
Answer: During the British rule in India there was acute unemployment problem. There were many people trying to get few jobs. This tempted people to ask for reservation in jobs on the basis of caste, creed or religion. Thus, economic backwardness helped in fostering communal feelings in India.

Question 6: What were the two reasons responsible for the Surat split in 1907 between the Early Nationalists and the Assertive Nationalists.
Answer: (i) The Early Nationalists believed in being diplomatic with the British Government to resolve minor issues but the Assertive Nationalists resorted to strikes, agitation and boycotts.
(ii) In the Surat session of 1907, a difference of opinion regarding the candidature for President of Congress arose between the Early Nationalists and the Assertive Nationalists.
These were the basic reasons responsible for the Surat Split in 1907.

Question 7: Give two measures adopted by the Radical Nationalists in the freedom struggle.
Answer: (i) They instilled self-confidence and self-reliance among the people and aroused national sentiments and united the whole nation in their struggle for freedom.
(ii) They broadened the social base of the movement by extending it to the masses – the workers, peasants, women and the youth.

Question 8: What were the aims of the Assertives?
Answer: The aims of the Assertives were:
(i) To achieve swaraj for the Indian people.
(ii) To prevent the deceit and treachery of the British which they had brought India under their control.

Question 9: Who organised Akharas and Lathi clubs? Why were they organised?
Answer: Bal Gangadhar Tilak organised Akharas and Lathi clubs. These clubs were organised to make the youth brave to enable them to fight for the freedom of their country.

Question 10: In what two ways can Tilak be called the “Fore-runner of Gandhi”?
Answer: (i) It was Tilak who went to South Africa and asked Mahatma Gandhi to return to India.
(ii) Tilak made innumerable sacrifices for the cause of the motherland which Mahatma Gandhi launched after Tilak’s death.

Question 11: What were the steps took by Bal Gangadhar Tilak in exposing’the causes of British Administration.
Answer: The British Government took all possible measures to repress all the activities of the Assertives.
(i) Their leaders were jailed, some of them without trait, Bal Gangadhar Tilak was jailed for six years.
(ii) His two journals, the ‘Maratha’ in English and the ‘Kesari’ in Marathi exposed the excesses of the British Government. These two journals gave the people new directions in their efforts to fight for the freedom of India. The people were able to learn about the glorious past of the Marathas, which helped them to stand united against the drastic measures to suppress the Assertives nationalism.

Question 12: Mention two important contributions of Lala Lajpat Rai.
Answer: (i) Lala Lajpart Rai led the Non Co-operation movement in Punjab after which he came to be known as ‘Punjab Kesri’.
(ii) He wrote books like ‘Young India’ which is very helpful in understanding true nature and contributions of freedom fighters of India. He was also a social reformer and started the ‘Lok Sewak Society’ that established new schools for depressed classes.

Question 13: What Assertives appeal to the masses?
Answer: The Assertives asked the people to use Swadeshi goods manufactured in India. They were asked not to use goods made in England and to boycott them, and they appealed to the students to join National Schools and Colleges instead of Government Schools and Colleges.

Question 14: Mention two achievements in the freedom movement of India, of Assertive Nationalists.
Answer: (i) The Assertives created self-confidence and self-reliance among the people.
(ii) By propagating boycott of foreign goods and use of Swadeshi they revived the old cottage industries and handicrafts.

Question 15: In what two ways did the revolutionary terrorism leave an impact on the National Movement?
Answer: (i) The Revolutionaries selflessly sacrificed homes, their families, bright careers on the alter of the country.
(ii) The revolutionaries struck such a terror in the minds of the British officers that they were forced to mend their unjust, cruel and haughty ways and treat the Indians judiciously.

Short Questions – II

Question 1: Discuss, how partition of Bengal influenced the growth of Assertive Natianalism in India.
Answer: Lord Curzon partitioned Bengal in 1905. His contention was that Bengal was too big a province to be governed by one Governor. He expressed his opinion that Bengal was partitioned for better administration. Indians were not satisfied with this view of Lord Curzon but believed that it was partitioned mainly to create a rift between the Hindus and the Muslims of Bengal. Soon there arose a wave of anger amongst the Indians, who expressed resentment against the nefarious activities of the British. Meetings were held and processions taken out throughout the country and soon it assumed a national character.

Question 2: Briefly describe the growth of the Assertive Nationalism with the help of Revolution’s impact.
Answer: There were revolutions in many parts of the World where imperialism actively oppressed the free people. This was the special feature of the early years of the twentieth century. There were revolutions in China, Turkey and Iran. The spirit of determination among the people was so strong that against all odds they succeeded in their objectives. The people of India, especially the educated, were inspired by those revolutions. This filled them with a new spirit and they took a vow not to rest till they liberated their mother country, India, from the British Rule.

Question 3: What were the three methods of struggle adopted by Aggressive Nationalists.
Answer: Following are the three methods adopted by Aggressive Nationalists:
(i) Revivalism: Aggressive Nationalist wanted to generate feeling of national pride among people by reviving and glorifying past Indian religious and cultural traditions.
(ii) Swadeshi: In order to generate national awakening, the assertives emphasized on the use and production of native goods.
(iii) Boycott: Boycott is another side of Swadeshi. It involves boycotting the use of foreign goods and services and promoting the use of native goods and services. It generated national feelings and promoted the growth of native traditional industry.

Question 4: The conflict between the Moderates and the Assertives came to surface in the Congress Session in 1906. In this context describe the reasons for the split in the Congress in 1907.
Answer: The differences of opinion between the Moderates and the Assertives occurred in the Congress session held in 1906. It was somehow averted by the timely intervention of Dadabhai Naoroji. The Assertives were impatiently eager to start a vigorous National Movement against the British rule and wanted to get complete independence. But the Moderates were lacking in their determination.

Question 5: Mention three achievements of the Assertives.
Answer: (i) The Assertives made it a mass movement. This movement included not only the educated people but also peasants and workers.
(ii) They specified the goal of the national struggle for achieving total independence.
(iii) The Assertives tried to cripple the administration by using methods of non-co-operation and boycott.

Question 6: Brief about the achievement of the Assertives.
Answer: It was the spirit of Nationalism which ultimately got India her freedom. The Assertives played a very important role in the long struggle of Indian freedom. They helped to revive Indian handicrafts and improved the lot of the artisans and craftsmen. The Nationalism of the Moderates was mainly for the educated class of people but the Assertives spread it to the masses. They created national awareness among all shades of people. Thus the people were united as a nation in their struggle for freedom.

Question 7: Discuss about the efforts of Bal Gangadhar Tilak which were beneficial in the spread of Assertive nationalism.
Answer: Bal Gangadhar Tilak believed that education for the new generation of freedom fighters should be based on assertive nationalism.
(i) He started the ‘Deccan Education Society’ in 1884. Under this Society many educational schools were opened where the students were taught patriotism and national pride. Ferguson College in Pune is one such institution, where assertive nationalism was the foundation of the student. Many revolutionaries like Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt were the product of such institutions.
(ii) In his paper ‘Kesari’ he wrote, ‘If thieves enter our house and we do not have sufficient strength to drive them out, we should without hesitation, shut them up and bum them alive.’
(iii) He organised ‘Akharas’ and revived the Ganapati festival to create and build assertive nationalism among tte people.

Question 8: Bal Gangadhar Tilak was the leader of the Assertives nationalists. In this contest describe his political belief.
Answer: Bal Gangadhar Tilak was a’bom nationalist. He finished his studies as a law graduate. He served all his life for the cause of mother India. From the time he joined the Congress he did not agree to the spirit of mendicancy of the Congress. His political beliefs can be summed up in his own words “Swaraj is my birthright and I shall have it.” He did not agree with the Moderates who never wanted the British to go away but they pleaded for autonomy. Tilak believed in making the people self-reliant so that their national spirit could launch political agitations. He was a fearless fighter.

Question 9: Mention the political aims of Bipin Chandra Pal.
Answer: Bipin Chandra Pal was one of the chief exponents of a new political approach for Indian freedom. His aim was to get freedom for his country through the ideas of Purna Swaraj, Videshi Boycott and National Education. The difference between his and Tilak’s approach was that he opposed an aggressive approaChapter Nevertheless, he continued his Assertive nationalism along with Tilak and Lala Lajpat Rai in demanding Swaraj as the chief aim of the Congress. In one of his writing he wrote, ‘India must attain absolute autonomy, free from foreign control’. It is from this time that he started drifting away from the Moderates.

Question 10: Discuss the role of Lala Lajpat Rai as a writer and journalist.
Answer: Lala Lajpat Rai was a journalist and a writer. He started the newspaper called, ‘The Young India’. He propagated his ideas of radical nationalism among the people of India. He wrote biographies of Garibaldi, Mazzini, Shivaji and Swami Dayananda. He wrote books on India’s miserable condition under the British rule in India. He was a fierce speaker, vigorous writer and journalist of very high caliber. He founded the ‘Vande Mataram’ (Urdu Daily) and the ‘People’ (English Weekly). He founded the Tilak School of Politics.

Question 11: ‘Lala Lajpat Rai was a fearless nationalist and a journalist’. In this context briefly describe his contribution in the field of education.
Answer: Lala Lajpat Rai was bom in 1865 in Jagraon in Punjab. He was a lawyer by profession. He was a great scholar as well. He wrote ‘The Arya Samaj’ and ‘England’s debt to India’. He opened orphanages, schools and hospitals. He set up ‘Servants of the People’s Society’ for the welfare of the untouchables and the downtrodden. He co-operated wholeheartedly with Madan Mohan Malaviya in fighting illiteracy in India. Madan Mohan Malaviya laid the foundation of Banaras Hindu University and Lala Lajpat Rai laid the Foundation of DAV College, Lahore. He believed in Hindu-Muslim unity.

Long Questions

Question 1: “Anti-Indian attitude of Curzon lead to Radial nationalism.” Discuss.
Answer: Lord Curzon was unsympathetic towards the Indians. He used all suppressive methods to curb the activities of patriots and the nationalists. In 1899, the Calcutta Corporation Act was passed which full officialised the Calcutta Corporation. The Indian University Act of 1904, was another hard measure of control over the autonomy of the universities. All these measures of the British Government were considered as anti-Indian. The people were filled with the spirit of defiance against the British Rule. Soon the National movement assumed a assertive character. Several terrorist organisations were formed, which resorted to political agitations and proclaimed complete independence of the country as their ultimate aim.

Question 2: Discuss, how international events became the major factor in the growth of the assertive natinalism.
Answer: The Indian assertive nationalists were greatly inspired when they learnt few facts of history where small and apparently weaker countries had defeated mighty nations. Two such examples were, when Ethiopians defeated the Italians in 1896. It is hard to believe that a strong country is defeated at the hands of small country. Russia, a great European country was defeated by Japan, a small Asian country. These events generated a new spirit of self-confidence among the Indians. The Marathi weekly, ‘Kesari’ which was edited by Tilak, published a commentary on 6th December, 1904. It said, The Russian-Japanese war had given a rude shock to the belief that people of Asia had hardly any sentiment of nationality. The people now realized that India could get rid of the British rule just as easily as the Japanese had defeated the Russians, if they united like a perfect nation. Let us drive the British into the sea and take our place side by side, with the great powers of the world.

Question 3: How did Moderates differ from the Assertive Nationalist in realizing their objectives.
Answer: Difference between Moderates and Assertive Nationalists:

Basis	Moderates	Assertive Nationalists
1. Basic beliefs	The Moderates looked to England for inspiration and guidance. Gokhale, Ranade, Naoroji and other Moderate leaders had almost unlimited faith in the British goodness. They readily conceded the benefits of British rule to India.	They had a great dislike for the British. Tilak, Lajpat Rai, Bipin Chandra Pal and others had no faith in the goodness of the British. They cursed the British rule that brought misery to the people of India.
2. Their Ultimate object	In 1906, the Moderates talked to Swaraj as the goal of India. It meant the system of Government as found in the self-governing British colonies.	They did not aim at mere economic or administrative reforms. Their ideal was “Absolute Swaraj”.
3. Their Programmes and Methods of struggle	The Moderates carried on their work by means of petitions, appeals, resolutions, meetings and deputations.	The Assertives described these methods as “Political Mendicancy” because they believed in direct action.
4. Approach to Boy-cott movement	The Moderates boycott was launched only to the British goods.	The Nationalist’s boycott also included boycott of government services, tilles and honours.
5. Inclusion of masses in freedom struggle	The Moderates believed in Constitution methods as such the efforts bore the mark of individuality and were isolated from the masses.	The Aggressive Nationalist believed in the strength of masses. They promoted the freedom movement into a mass struggle.

Question 4: The assertive nationalism played an important role in the freedom movement of India. In this context, breifly describe the methods they advocated for the achievement of their aims.
Answer: The Assertives believed that the British Government would never pay heed to the constitutional methods. The only way left open for the Assertives was to put popular pressure upon the British Government to concede the Indian demand of total independence of the country. To achieve this aim, the Assertives proposed three ways: (a) Swadeshi, (b) Boycott and (c) National education. They urged the people to use Swadeshi goods, and boycott the English goods. It would have served double purpose i.e our own economy would improve and the British goods would find no place in India. It would have also popularised our handicrafts. It would give a sense of pride to our people. The Assertives wanted schools and colleges run by Indian societies and not by Government. For this they appealed to the students to boycott Government schools and colleges. Special national institutions were started all over the country. Many revolutionaries like Bhagat Singh, Raj Guru, and Batukeshwar Dutt were the products of such institutions.
The Assertives succeeded in spreading National Movement all over the country. The volunteers and students picketed shops and centers where English goods were sold. They made bonfires of the English goods.

Question 5: In spite of the British Government’s high handedness the Assertives spread the nationalist movement with full vigour. In this context describe the attitude of the British Government towards the Assertives.
Answer: The British Government used all possible measures to suppress the activities of the Assertives. It also tried to win over the sympathy of the Moderates by encouraging them in various ways. The Minto-Morley Reforms of 1909 were basically introduced to appease the Moderates. They were also elected to the Legislative Council and the activities of the Assertives were banned. Many of the top leaders were jailed. Lord Minto issued several ordinances curtailing the right of free speech, political processions, meetings and demonstrations, Tilak, Lala Lajpat Rai, Aurobindo. Ghosh and many others were arrested and jailed for several years. Many national dailies and weeklies were suppressed. The important among them were the ‘Sandhya’, the ‘Vande Mataram’ and ‘Yugantar’. The British Government took all steps but could not suppress the Indian national spirit.

Question 6: Bipin Chandra Pal was one of the greatest revolutionaries’. In this context briefly describe the reasons for his drifting away from the Moderates.
Answer: From the time of his student life, Bipin Chandra Pal was interested in politics.
(i) He was greatly influenced by the political life of Surendra Nath Banerjee. Bipin considered him to be his political Guru.
(ii) He joined the Indian National Congress in 1886.
(iii) He was of the opinion that in order to achieve political unity it was necessary for the people to know their Indian culture. If they appreciate their own culture, they will come closer to-each other and will fall in line to achieve political unity.
(iv) While he was still a member of the National Congress, he realized that the constitutional methods of the Moderates did not bear any results.
(v) He shifted his loyalty from the Moderates to the Assertive Nationalists.

Question 7: Discuss about the contribution of Bipin Chandra Pal in National Movement.
Answer: Bipin Chandra’s contribution to India’s freedom struggle was as follows:

His Role is Awakening National Consciousness in India: Bipin Chandra joined the Congress in 1887. At the Madras (Chennai) Congress in 1887, he made a forceful speech in which he pleaded that the Arms Act should be repeated. In 1990, he visited England and the United States. He participated in several sessions of the Congress and contributed greatly to the growth of national consciousness in India.
A Great Journalist and Marvellous Orator: Bipin Chandra was a great journalist. He edited several papers, the most important among them being New India, which he started in 1901. In an article, he wrote: “individuals are born individuals die, but the Nation live forever.” Bipin was a marvellous orator.
An Active Role in Anti-Partition and Swadeshi Movement: During the Anti-Partition movement 1905, he toured several parts of the country and wherever he went he carried with him the message of Boycott and Swadeshi. In May 1907, he delivered several speeches on Swaraj in (Madras) Chennai.
Made Great Sacrifices because of his Aggressive Nationalism: After the Surat Session of the Congress, Bipin Chandra sided with Tilak and Lajpat Rai. He parted company with the Moderates, because he would not subscribe to the methods of petitions and appeals. As an aggressive nationalist, Bipin Chandra stood for stronger methods of agitation. Great hardship or suffering was the price that had been paid for freedom.
His Ideas on National Education: Bipin Chandra wanted education to be organised on nationalistic lines. He disliked those educated Indians who identified themselves with the ruling class and had a contempt for the common people.

Question 8: What were the contributions of Lala Lajpat Rai in National Movement? Discuss in brief.
Answer: Lala Lajpat Rai (1865—1928) known as Sher-i-Punjab (Lion of Punjab) was a fearless leader. Born in 1865 he joined the Congress in 1888. When there was a split in the Congress in 1907, he joined the radicals.
(i) While in USA, he started a newspaper called the Young India. He also wrote books such as the Aryasamaj, Englands debt to India and the Political future of India. Through his writings he preached radical nationalism, inspired the Indian youth and kindled the fire of patriotism in them.
(ii) He transformed the freedom struggle into the agitation of the millions and the common masses. He through his speeches and writings accelerated its pace and widened its base, he presided over historic session of the Congress in 1920. It was here that the resolution of “Non-Cooperation” was adopted by the Congress.
(iii) He supported Gandhiji’s proposal and spread the message of non-cooperation throughout India.
(iv) He led the demonstration against the Simon Commission. He was assaulted by a British Sergent in the ensuing lathi charge and could not recover from it. He sacrificed his life so that India could win its freedom. Before his death he said, “Lathi blows inflicted on me would prove one day as nails in the coffin of the British Empire.”

Picture Based Questions

Question 1: Answer the following:
ICSE Solutions for Class 10 History and Civics – The Programme and Achievements of the Early Nationalist 1
(i) Identify the persons in the picture given above.
(ii) To which section of the Congress did he belong and what was his ultimate objectives?
Answer: (i) The person in the picture is Lala Lajpat Rai.
(ii) Lala Lajpat Rai was an outstanding leader of assertive section of congress. His ultimate objective was the attainment of “Swaraj”, complete independence.

Question 2: Answer the following:
ICSE Solutions for Class 10 History and Civics – The Programme and Achievements of the Early Nationalist 2
(i) Name the person represented in the picture given alongside.
(ii) Why this person is known as the forerunner of Mahatma Gandhi.
Answer: (i) The person represented in the picture is Balgangadhar Tilak.
(ii) (a) Gandhiji ideals were moulded by Tilak’s thoughts in a big way. Gandhiji laid great stress on prohibition, Swadeshi and Boycott.
(b) Gandhiji’s ideals of complete independence were similar to Tilak’s ideals of Swaraj.

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The National Movement During the First World War (1915-1919) Class 10 History and Civics ICSE Solutions

February 1, 2024

ICSE Class 10 History and Civics Chapter 13 The National Movement During the First World War (1915-1919) Solutions

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Very Short Questions

Question 1: Where did the Congress and the Muslim League held their session in 1916?
Answer: The Congress and the Muslim League held their session in 1916 at Lucknow.

Question 2: Between whom was the Lucknow Pact concluded?
Answer: The Lucknow Pact was concluded between the Congress and the Muslim League.

Question 3: When did the Congress split into two wings?
Answer: The Congress split into two wings at Surat in 1907.

Question 4: The Lucknow Pact is remembered for two reasons. State the reasons.
Answer: Two reasons were:
(i) Hindu-Muslim unity as a result of Lucknow Pact, 1916.
(ii) Unity between the Moderates and the Assertives in the Congress in 1916.

Question 5: What is the importance of the Lucknow session of the Congress?
Answer: It was at the Congress session of Lucknow that Assertives were added to Congress and Congress League Pact of 1916 was signed during this Congress session.

Question 6: ‘The Indian Council of the Secretary of State should be replaced by two permanent Under Secretaries out of which one should be an Indian.’ Where and when was this stated?
Answer: It was one of the main features of the Lucknow Pact, it was stated in die Lucknow Pact between the Congress and the Muslim League in 1916.

Question 7: When was the Lucknow Pact was adopted by the Congress and the League?
Answer: The Lucknow Pact was adopted by the Congress and the League in 1916.

Question 8: Write any two features of the Lucknow Pact.
Answer: (i) Judiciary should be separated from Executive.
(ii) Half the members of the Viceroy’s Executive Council should be Indians.

Question 9: Write any one major drawback of Lucknow Pact.
Answer: Since the Congress agreed to the scheme of communal electorates for Muslims, it lost its secular character.

Question 10: Who started the Home Rule Movement?
Answer: Lokmanya Tilak and Mrs. Annie Besant, both the leaders started the Home Rule Movement.

Question 11: Where did Mrs. Annie Besant founded the Home Rule League?
Answer: Mrs. Annie Besant founded the Home Rule League in Madras on 1st September 1913.

Question 12: Name the Nationalist who said ‘Swaraj is my birth right’. Mention one contribution of his to the National Movement.
Answer: Bal Gangadhar Tilak said ‘Swaraj is my birth right’. He established the Home Rule Movement in 1916 to infuse the nation with new strength and vigour.

Question 13: Where did Tilak establish the Home Rule League?
Answer: Tilak established the Home Rule League on 28th April 1916 making Poona as the headquarters.

Question 14: When did Mrs. Annie Besant join the Indian National Congress?
Answer: Mrs. Annie Besant join the Indian National Congress in 1914.

Question 15: Name two leaders linked with the Home Rule League.
Answer: (i) Bal Gangadhar Tilak (ii) Mrs. Annie Besant.

Question 16: When were Montague-Chelmsford Reforms introduced?
Answer: Montague-Chelmsford Reforms were introduced by the Government of India Act 1919 published in July 1918.

Question 17: Give one main reason why the system of Dyarchy broke down.
Answer: Financial arrangements were not proper. No minister was given sufficient funds for the development activities.

Question 18: Who made the August Declaration 1917?
Answer: Mr. E. S. Montague made the August Declaration in 1917.

Short Questions – I

Question 1: Mention any two constitutional provisions of Lucknow Pact.
Answer: Two constitutional provisions of Lucknow Pact were:
(i) The Provinces should largely be free from the control of the Centre in matters of administration and finance.
(ii) The Government of India should be free, as far as possible, from the control of the Secretary of State of India.

Question 2: Mention two reasons why the Lucknow pact is considered important in the history of the Indian National Congress.
Answer: The Lucknow Pact 1916 is important due to the following reasons:
(i) It led to argument between the Congress and Muslim League about constitutional reforms.
(ii) After this Pact, the unity between Hindus and Muslims strengthened National Movement.

Question 3: The year 1916 is considered a memorable year in Indian history. Name any one incident related to Hindu-Muslim unity and one which strengthened the National Movement.
Answer: (i) Hindu-Muslim Unity—Lucknow Pact
(ii) Strengthening of National Movement—Home Rule League

Question 4: After Mrs. Annie Besant joined Congress in 1914, she started propagating her views. What were her views?
Answer: Mrs. Besant dominated the Lucknow session of the Congress at which Assertives, Moderates, Hindus and Muslims were reunited. In 1915, she formed the Home Rule League. The self government later became a common demand of both the Congress and Muslim League.

Question 5: Why did the Home Rule league demand Swaraj for India?
Answer: The Home Rule League demanded Swaraj because:
(i) Independence is the birth right of all, and
(ii) The resources of India were not being used for the welfare of the people of India.

Question 6: ‘Home Rule Leagues infused new blood into National Movement.’ State two points in favour of this statement.
Answer: (i) Due to of War, the National Movement between the years 1914-19 was more or less subdued. The Home Rule Movement enthused new spirit among the masses.
(ii) It was also under the pressure of Home Rule Movement that the British announced Montague-Chelmsford Reforms.

Question 7: Give any two impacts of the Home Rule League.
Answer: The two impacts were:
(i) The Congress was not working and the Home Rule League once again revived the National Movement.
(ii) It indented the base of the movement, even women started to participate in the National Movement.

Question 8: What do you mean by dyarchy? Who introduced it?
Answer: Dyarchy is a form of government in which two persons, States or bodies are jointly vested with supreme power. The government of India Act of 1919 introduced the system of dyarchy in the provinces.

Question 9: Mention two reasons which intensified Indian Nationalism.
Answer: Two reasons which intensified Indian nationalism were:
(i) The deteriorating economic condition of Indians.
(ii) The Communist Revolution of 1917, in Russia placed a unique and inspiring idea before the Indians.

Question 10: Why did the Indian National Congress support the British in the First World War?
Answer: The Indian National Congress supported the British in the First World War because the Congress leaders hoped that as a consequence of this effort India would get the status of a self- governing dominion under the British throne.

Question 11: Give two immediate causes that made the British rulers to come up with the Montague Chelmsford Reforms.
Answer: The Lucknow Pact and the Home Rule Movement made the British Government to come up with the Montague-Chelmsford Reforms to oppose the nationalists.

Question 12: What was the objective of the Montague-Chelmsford Reforms?
Answer: The objective of the Montague-Chelmsford Reforms was to give some responsibilities to the Indian representatives elected by the people.

Question 13: How did the real control of the administration remain in the hands of the British according to the government of India Act, 1919?
Answer: The real control of the administration remained in the hands of the British according to the Government of India Act, 1919 because the British could control law and situation anywhere in India and had control over the finance.

Question 14: In what ways were the Montague-Chelmsford Reforms illusory as far as the National Movement was concerned?
Answer: The Montague-Chelmsford reforms were illusory to the leaders of the national movement: because the real control of the administration remained in the hands of the British as per this Act. The British could control law and order situation anywhere in the country as they had the police and the army under them. Moreover, the finances were under British control.

Short Questions – II

Question 1: What were the two main terms of the Lucknow Pact.
Answer: The main two terms of the Lucknow Pact were as follows:
(i) Provincial Legislatures: Four-fifth of the members of the Provincial Legislatures were to be elected and one-fifth to be nominated. The number of Muslim members was fixed separately in each province. On the whole, the proportion of Muslim members was large for example, 50 percent in Punjab, 40 percent in Bengal and 30 percent in U.P. They were to be elected through separate electorates.
(ii) Imperial Legislative Council: The Imperial Legislative Council should consist of 150 members, of these four-fifth were to be elected and one-fifth are to be nominated. One-third of the elected members were to be Muslims.

Question 2: What was the significance of the Pact?
Answer: (i) Unity: It brought the Hindu and Muslim unity which was the need of the hour. It also brought Assertive and Moderate leaders at the same platform.
(ii) Strengthening of National Movement: The unity between the Congress, the League and between the Moderates and Assertive demoralised the Government of India. Now the Government was under pressure for Constitutional reforms. This helped in strengthening the National Movement.
(iii) Constitutional Reforms: At that time the Home Rule League was also gaining momentum. Both the leaders of the Congress and the League made it clear to the British Government that their demands for Constitutional reforms could not be easily rejected if they wished Indians to be loyal to the British. In the face of overwhelming odd the government announced on August 20,1917 that their policy in India was the gradual development of self- governing institutions”.

Question 3: With reference to the Lucknow Pact, mention three important provisions regarding Constitutional reforms.
Answer: The important provisions regarding Constitutional reforms were jointly accepted by the Congress and the Muslim League. They were:
(i) The British Government-should declare that Britain’s objective was to grant self-government to India and should be granted an equal status with that of other Dominions in the British Empire.
(ii) 4/5 of the members of the Central and the Provincial Legislatures should be elected. The rest of the members could be nominated.
(iii) At least 1/2 of the members of the Central as well as the Provincial Executive Councils should be elected by the elected members of the respective Legislatures.

Question 4: What is meant by ‘Home Rule’? Why did the leaders of this movement avoid revolutionary and aggressive methods?
Answer: ‘Home Rule’ means self rule. Home Rule Leagues’ founded in 1915-16, one by Tilak in December 1915 and another by Annie Besant in September 1916, both had same objective so seeking Home Rule or self-government within the British empire by Constitutional means, The leaders of these movements avoided revolutionary and aggressive methods because:
(i) They did not like to embarrass the British in its war efforts during First World War.
(ii) They wanted to educate the masses and organise public opinion in favour of self rule.

Question 5: Why the reforms introduced by the government failed to satisfy Indian?
Answer: (i) Flaws in Dyarchy System: The system of Dyarchy was a total failure. The division of subjects was not proper and ministers in charge of various departments had no sufficient funds for development.
(ii) Divide and Rule Policy: Britishers continued their policy of Divide and Rule as the Communal representation was now extended to other communities also.
(iii) Non-cooperation of British Officials: The working of the reforms was made difficult due
to the non-cooperation of British officials. They were reluctant to give up their unlimited powers.

Question 6: With reference to the Home Rule Movement discuss the two factors which emphasize the significance of the Home Rule Movement.
Answer: (i) First World War: The First World War broke out in 1914. India too was made a party of the war without consulting any of the Indian leaders. So this was opposed by the Indian leaders. Even the common people grew impatient.
(ii) Bal Gangadhar Tilak’s release and Mrs. Annie Besant’s Entry into politics: Bal Gangadhar Tilak was one of the most important assertive nationalists. He was released in 1914. In 1916 he formed the Home Rule League. Mrs. Annie Besant set up a similar Home Rule League with its headquarter at Adyar. These movements were fully supported by Moderate as well by the Assertive leaders.

Question 7: What is meant by Diarchy? How was it to be practiced as per the Government of India Act, 1919?
Answer: Diarchy means dual rule. The Central Government was to be governed by the British, while the Indians would be involved in the administration of the provinces (states).
As per the Government of India Act, 1919 the Centre would control such areas as law and order, finance, defence, external affairs and communication. The provinces would control irrigation, forests, health education, etc.

Question 8: What was the programme of the Home Rule League?
Answer: Programme of action consisted of massive propaganda. Like organisation of mass meetings, lecture tours, carrying message of Home Rule through newspapers, distribution of leaflets and pamphlets, tours of towns and villages, and opening of the branches of the League in different cities of India. Women and students were motivated to carry the message of Home Rule to all sections of society and all parts of the country.

Long Questions

Question 1: The bond of alliance between the Congress and the Muslim League was cemented by the conclusion of the Lucknow Pact in 1916. In this context mention the main features of the Pact?
Answer:

Independent Unit: India was to be treated as an independent unit of the Empire, as a self autonomous state with equal rights and responsibility.
Provincial Legislatures: Four-fifth of the members of the Provincial Legislatures were to be elected and one fifth nominated. One third of the elected members were to be Muslims.
Powers of the Imperial Legislative: Defence, Foreign affairs, and political relations of India i.e. making of war, peace and signing of treaty were to be excluded from the control of the Imperial Legislative.
Bills related to Religious Interests: No bill could be introduced in the Legislative Council if it affected the interest of any community and such a bill could not be passed if it was opposed by three-fourths of that community.
Composition of Viceroy’s Executive Council: Half the members of the Viceroy’s Executive Council should be Indians elected by the elected members of the Imperial Legislative Council.
Separation of Judiciary from Executive: Judiciary should be separated from Executive. Members of the judiciary in every Province should be placed under the control of the highest court of that Province.
Abolition of Council of the Secretary of State: The Council of the Secretary of State for India shall be abolished and he shall have same position with regard to the Government of India as he does in relation to the government of self governing colonies.

Question 2: The Home Rule Leagues (1916-17) carried the burden of nationalist propaganda during the First World War. In this context, explain objectives of the League.
Answer: The following were the objectives of the Home Rule Leagues:

To attain Self-Government at all Levels: Home Rule Leagues aimed at securing self-government for India at all levels.
To attain Self-Government and not Complete Independence: They aimed to secure self-government within the British Empire, and not complete independence.
To check Revolutionism in Indian Politics: The aim of the Home Rule Leagues was also to check terrorism in Indian politics. Mrs. Annie Besant felt that in the absence of a peaceful and Constitutional agitation, there would be dominance of revolutionaries over Indian politics.
To use Peaceful and Constitutional means: The Home Rule Leagues believed in peaceful and Constitutional agitations to achieve their goal of self-government.
To awaken masses: Some time there was a lull in Indian politics. The objective of the Home Rule Leagues was to awaken the sleepy Indians so that they could work for their motherland. The idea was to organize mass political agitation to bring pressure upon the Government.
Repression by the Government: Home Rule Movement was a perfect Constitutional agitation. Neither Tilak nor Annie Besant ever preached violence. The plea of both the leaders was that a self-governed India would be an asset to Britain during the War and even after the War.

Question 3: The Home Rule League was founded in India in 1915-16. In this context describe the impact of the movement:
Answer: (i) The Home Rule League intensified the propaganda all over the country demanding the self-government or Home Rule in India after the war.
(ii) It was during this time Tilak gave a call ‘Swaraj is my birthright and I shall have it.’
(iii) The movement made rapid progress and the cry of Home Rule resounded throughout India.
(iv) Many Moderate leaders, who earlier were doubtful about the success of the movement, now joined the Home Rule agitation.
(v) At a time when the Congress was almost inactive, the Home Rule Movement kept the national spirit alive and infused new energy and enthusiasm among the people.

Question 4: The Montague-Chelmsford scheme of Constitutional Reforms was embodied in the Government of India Act, 1919. In this context discuss the main features of the Act of 1919?
Answer:

Dyarchy of Dual Government in the Provinces: Under the Dyarchy the subjects to be dealt by the Provincial Government were divided into:
(i) Reserved subjects, (ii) Transferred subjects. Central Government got subjects of national importance whereas Provincial Government got subjects of local importance.
Enlargement of Provincial Legislative Councils: The Act provided for the establishment of a Legislative Council consisting of the members of the Executive Council, and of nominated elected members.
Powers of the Governor: The Governor was the head of the executive government in the province. He was supreme and enjoyed extensively legislative powers. He had the power to take over the entire administration in his hands in case of breakdown of Constitutional machinery.
Supremacy of British Parliament: The Central Executive was not responsible to the Legislature but was responsible to the British Parliament.
Voting Rights: Many Indians were granted the right to vote as the qualification for voting was lowered for Legislative Assembly. Women were also given the right to vote. The Act extended the communal franchise to other communities also.

Question 5: How did Tilak bring a new wave in Indian Politics that was distinct from the early congressmen?
Answer: The new wave in Indian politics was the result of efforts putting by Balgangadhar Tilak. The distinct features of his movement of attain Swaraj were:

His role in the Anti-partition Movement: The partition of Bengal gave him a big opportunity to expose evil design of the Government Leaders like Tilak, Bipin Chandra and Lajpat Rai transformed the Anti-Partition Movement into a movement of Swaraj.
Bitter attacks on Government: Year after year, the Congress passed nearly the same resolutions, without much effect on the Government. Therefore, Tilak came to the conclusion that “reforms would be secured not by action.”
Home Rule Movement: The year 1916 saw the establishment of the Home Rule leagues in Madras (Chennai) and Maharashtra. The two leagues were led by Mrs. Besant and Tilak respectively.
Tilak’s political belief—”Swaraj is my birthright and I shall have it”: Tilak talked of ‘Swaraj’ as early as 1896-97. Swaraj and Swadeshi had become the battle cry of these robust nationalists.

Question 6: What according to you was the most significant contribution of the Home Rule Movement in India.
Answer:

Strengthening of the National Movement: The Home Rule infused a new spirit and life in the National Movement and intensified the demand for the grant of self-government.
Mass Movement: It transformed the National Movement into people’s movement. Even women did not lag behind.
Unity in the Congress: The movement brought together the Moderates and the Assertives in the Congress.
Declaration of August 1917: The Government realised the seriousness of the demonstration that broke out after the launching of Home Rule League. So government felt the necessity to pacify the Indians by declaring its policy.
Beginning of Transfer of Power: The Government of India Act was the direct outcome of Home Rule League. Through this Act Government made a beginning towards transferring some power to Indians at Provincial level.

Picture Based Questions

Question 1: Answer the following:
ICSE Solutions for Class 10 History and Civics – The National Movement During the First World War (1915 – 1919) 1
(i) Name the lady in the picture given alongside With which national event you can associate this lady?
(ii) Which movement influenced her to launch the similar movement in India?
Answer: (i) Dr. Annie Besant. She was associated with Home Rule League
(ii) Home Rule Movement of Irish freedom fighters influenced her to launch the similar movement in India.

Question 2: Answer the following:
ICSE Solutions for Class 10 History and Civics – The National Movement During the First World War (1915 – 1919) 2
(i) Name the person in the picture.
(ii) With which famous declaration would you associate this gentleman? When this declaration was made?
Answer: (i) Edwin Montague.
(ii) He was associated with ‘August Declaration’. This declaration was made oh 20 August 1917.

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World War-I and Treaty of Versailles Class 10 History and Civics ICSE Solutions

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ICSE Class 10 History and Civics Chapter 18 World War-I and Treaty of Versailles Solutions

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Very Short Questions

Question 1: Mention the time period of the First World War.
Answer: The First World War started in 1914 AD and ended in 1918 AD.

Question 2: Why is the First World War called the World War?
Answer: It is called the World War as it was fought on land, water and in air. Moreover armies and resources of about 86 nations were involved in the war.

Question 3: Which country declared war on Serbia and when?
Answer: Austria declared a war on Serbia on 28th July 1914 due to constant refusal of Serbia to comply with Austrian Constitution.

Question 4: Why did Britain declare war on Germany and when?
Answer: Britain declared war on Germany on August 4, 1914 when German army invaded Belgium, whose neutrality had been guaranteed by Britain.

Question 5: Name the five major powers, which got involved in World War I.
Answer: The five major powers were Russia, Germany Britain, Austria and France.

Question 6: Which country opposed the French claim on Moscow?
Answer: Germany opposed the French claim on Moscow.

Question 7: Name the Single Nation States and the Imperial States before 1914.
Answer: The Single Nation States were France, Holland, and Germany.
The Imperial States were Austria-Hungry and Russia.

Question 8: What was the conflict between Austria and Serbia due to regions?
Answer: The major cause of tension between Serbia and Austria was Balken region.

Question 9: When and by whom was Russia attacked first during the World War I?
Answer: Russia was attacked by Austria-Hungary on August 6,1914.

Question 10: Which country withdrew from Triple Alliance during the World War I?
Answer: Italy withdrew from Triple Alliance and joined the war against Germany in 1915.

Question 11: What was the immediate cause of the First World War?
Answer: The immediate cause of the war was the murder of Archduke Francis Ferdinand on June 28, 1914.

Question 12: What was Triple Alliance?
Answer: Germany, Austria and Italy were in Alliance in 1882, which was known as Triple Alliance.

Question 13: Which countries comprised Triple Entente?
Or
State the rival bloc that was formed against the Triple Alliance.
Or
Name the signatory countries of the Triple Entente (1907).
Answer: England, France and Russia formed the Triple Entente.

Question 14: When was the Archduke Francis Ferdinand assassinated?
Answer: On June 28,1914.

Question 15: How many soldiers were killed in First World War?
Answer: Thirteen Million soldiers were killed.

Question 16: Which countries became more powerful after the war?
Answer: U.S.A., Russia and Japan.

Question 17: Mention the dictatorship that emerged in Europe after the war.
Answer: Nazism in Germany and Fascism in Italy.

Question 18: How many articles were there in the Treaty of Versailles?
Answer: There were 440 articles in the Treaty of Versailles.

Question 19: What was the number of war criminals of Germany who were identified?
Answer: 100 war criminals of Germany were identified.

Question 20: When and between whom was the Treaty of Versailles singed?
Answer: The Treaty of Versailles was singed on June 28, 1919 in the Hall of Mirrors at Versaillesi in France, between the defeated Germany and the victors Britain, France and the USA.

Question 21: When did Japan defeat Russia?
Answer: Japan defeated Russia in 1905.

Question 22: How many major powers were there at the end of the 19th Century?
Answer: England, France, Germany and U.S.A.

Question 23: Who was murdered on June 28, 1914 at Sarajevo?
Answer: Archduke Francis Ferdinand.

Question 24: Mention two causes of First World War.
Answer: (i) Imperialism and Economic competition and
(ii) Militarism and Armament race.

Question 25: What were the economic provisions of the Treaty of Versailles?
Or
How much did Germany had to pay as war reparation charges according to the Treaty of Versailles?
Answer: The Reparation Commission fixed $ 6,000,000,000 to be paid by Germany within a period of 30 years, and in the mean time one thousand million Pounds in cash.

Short Questions – I

Question 1: Mention two territorial conflicts between nations before the outbreak of World War I.
Answer: (i) There was tension between France and Italy over the occupation of Tunis.
(ii) There was territorial conflict between Turkey and other European powers.

Question 2: How is the dictatorship in Germany and Italy attributed to be the cause of the First World War?
Answer: (i) The Treaty of Versailles signed after the end of the First World War.
(ii) The War created economic and political instability in many European countries.

Question 3: What is the Sarajevo Incident? Who assassinated whom, when and where?
Answer: The Sarajevo incident is related to the assassination of the heir apparent to the throne of Austria, Archduke Francis Ferdinand and his wife on June 28, 1914 in Sarajevo where they were shot dead.

Question 4: What were the conditions of the Austrian ultimatum to Serbia?
Answer: Austria asked Serbia to apprehend the criminals and hand them over to the Austrian government. Austria also sought a ban on anti-Austrian publications, anti-Austrian meetings and institutions in Serbai.

Question 5: How did the Sarajevo crisis in 1914 lead to the First World War?
Answer: (i) Austria saw the hand of Serbia behind the assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand and served her with an ultimatum.
(ii) Due to the support of Russai, Serbia refused to accept the demands of the ultimatum. So Austria declared a war on Serbia.

Question 6: What were the consequences of the First World War?
Answer: (i) Spread of Nationalism, (ii) Spread of Democracy,
(iii) New balance of power,
(iv) Rise of dictatorship and economic depression were the main consequences of the First World War.

Question 7: Mention any two terms of the Treaty of Versailles signed on June 28, 1914.
Answer: (i) Germany was held responsible for effectuating World War and causing great loss and damage. In return, it had to compensate the loss and pay an indemnity of 6600 million pounds to the victorious nations.
(ii) In order to redress the destruction caused to the coal mines of France by Germany. France was given complete control over the rich coal mines in the Saar Basin.

Question 8: What is the significance of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk?
Answer: The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk ended the war between Russia and Germany. Germany imposed many hard terms on Russia and also occupied its prosperous and industrial cities. Russia was to pay 6 billion Marks to Germany as an indemnity.

Question 9: What did France gain from the Treaty of Versailles?
Answer: (i) It was given full control over the rich coal mines in the Saar basin although the area was governed by the League of Nations.
(ii) It was also given some regions of Togo and Cameroons (South East Africa).
(iii) The Armistice signed by Germany on November 11, 1918 was based upon the US President Wilsons Fourteen Points.

Question 10: How was the outbreak of the Second World War an outcome of the First World War?
Answer: The treatment given to the defeated nations of the First World War was the cause of outbreak of the Second World War as the Treaty of Versailles singed after the First World War was humiliating and torturous for many countries like Germany, Austria, Hungary, Turkey and Bulgaria.

Question 11: Mention two most important clauses of the Treaty of Versailles.
Answer: (i) Germany was declared guilty of war and was compelled to pay 33 billion dollars as war indemnity to the victor nations.
(ii) Germany had to evacuate the places she had captured dining the war.

Question 12: Which country emerged as the Super Power after the War?
Or
The USA emerged as the Super Power after the War. Why?
Answer: (i) It ended the political isolation of the Munro Doctrine.
(ii) It was resonsible for the victory of Allied Powers and also for turning the tables against
Germany and the Axis Powers.

Short Questions – II

Question 1: Enumerate any three causes of the First World War.
Answer: (i) Bismarck’s diplomacy: After the Franco-Russian War of 1870. the German chancellor, Bismarck used diplomatic policies to keep France isolated.
(ii) Division of Europe into two Hostile groups: On one hand there was single nation states like France, Holland and Germany whose national identities were based on their common language apd tradition. The Russian empire included territories populated by Polish, Ukrainian, Turkish and Mongol populations.
(iii) Armament Race: In order to protect her colonies in Africa and a few islands in Pacific, Germany began to build a powerful navy with a view to achieve parity with Britain.

Question 2: Discuss about the loss of life and money occured due to First World War.
Answer: During the four years of war, about 80 lakh persons were killed, 60 lakh disabled and about one crore and 20 lakh wounded. Nearly 80 lakh people were missing.
The war proved to be very costly. The expenditure was nearly 41,000 million pounds on the side of Allies and 15,000 million pounds on the side of Germans.

Question 3: What changes has occured in the Political map of the world after the First World War.
Answer: (i) The old empires like the German, the Austria, the Ottoman and Russia were shattered.
(ii) Many new states such as Poland, Finland, Latvia, Lithunia, Czechoslovakia, Romania and Yugoslavia were created.

Question 4: Discuss about the emergence of the democratic spirit after World War I.
Answer: (i) The German Emperor William II fled away and a democratic government was set up there.
(ii) People’s Republic was set up in Russia after the Revolution of 1917.
(iii) Republic was set up in Italy too.

Question 5: What did France gain from the Treaty of Versailles.
Answer: France gained a lot from the Treaty of Versailles. Alsace and Lorriaine were returned by Germany to them. France was compensated for the destruction of its coal mines by Germany in 1918. Therefore she was given full control over the rich coal mines in Saar basin, but the area was to be controlled by the League of Nations. France shared the colonies of Togo and Cameroon with Britain. France was supposed to get 10 years of supply of coal from Germany along with Belgium and Italy.

Question 6: Explain how the Treaty of Versailles was responsible for the outbreak the Second World War. The Treaty of Versailles was responsible for the outbreak of World War II due to the following reasons:
Answer: (i) The Peace Settlement at Paris was made in a spirit of revenge. The Germans felt that too much injustice had been done to them.
(ii) The victorious powers had deprived Germany of huge tracts of its territory.
(iii) She was burdened with an immense War Indemnity.
It was impossible for a proud German race to forget the consequences of the War, which they had lost so humiliatingly. This fuelled the rise of Nazism in Germany which adopted of policy of aggression.

Long Questions

Question 1: What was the Sarajevo crisis?
Or
How did the Sarajevo crisis of the 1914 lead to the First World War?
Answer: On June 28,1914, Archduke Francis Ferdinand, the heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary was assassinated at Sarajevo, Capital of Bosnia by the secret society called ‘Black Hand’ or ‘Union of Death’, formed by die assertive Serbian nationalists whose aim was to unite all Serbians into a single Serbian State.
As a result of this assassination, Austria served an ultimatum on Serbia on 23 July making eleven demands and on 28 July, 1914 Austria declared war on Serbia, Russia started preparation for war to support Serbia. On Aug. 1, 1914 Germany declared war on Russia, and on August 3, on France. Germany declared war on France on August 4,1914 and on same day Britain declared war on Germany. Thus the Serajevo crisis triggered World War I in 1914.

Question 2: Which incident led to the outbreak of First World War?
Answer: The gun-powder of the First World War was getting ready in Europe since long but the minder of the Austrian Archduke, otherwise a minor incident, provided the spark which set the whole Europe ablaze. The Austrian Prince, Archduke Ferdinand was murdered in the Bosnian capital of the Sarajevo on June 28th, 1914. The murderer was a Serbian so Austria declared war against Serbia on July 28th, 1914.
This incident, i.e., the murder of the Austrian Archduke, had a great impact on the different European countries. An apology by Serbia could have satisfied Austria and the things would have settled for the time being. But different European countries had their own axe to grind so they acted selfishly. France and Russia came to the help of Serbia. At this, Germany declared a war against Russia. England wanted to keep aloof but when Germany attacked Belgium, then England was compelled to join the war in order to safeguard the Belgian neutrality and her own political interests.

Question 3: What is meant by Pan-Slav Movement? Why did it add to conflict between Austria and Russia?
Answer: Pan-Slav Movement was a movement which was started by the Balkan States against the Ottoman Empire towards the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century.
Turkey was a powerful nation during the 15th and 16th century and she had control over the Balkan States, but the Turkish power began to decline in the 18th and 19th centuries. As a result, Austria, Russia, Bulgaria and Serbia began to increase their influence. It created rivalry and enmity among these nations especially between Russia and Austria.
In order to fish in the troubled waters, Russia encouraged the different Balkan States to raise a standard of revolt against the collapsing Ottoman Empire. The Russian Czars hoped that these Balkan States would come under their control once Turkey was ousted from those states. It was with this aim in view that Russia started the Pan-Slav Movement among the Balkan States. But, many areas of Austria-Hungary., were also inhabited by the Slavs. Thus, this Pan-Slav Movement was as much a danger to Austria-Hungary as it was to the Ottoman Empire. Thus, Russia’s encouragement to the Pan-Slav Movement greatly estranged the relations between Russia and Austria.
When (in 1908) Austria annexed the two provinces of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Russia fanned the fire and consequently some (six) years later in 1914, a Serbian, backed by Russia, killed Aracduke Ferdinand, the Crown Prince of Austria. This very incident precipitated the war. Thus the First World War was the direct result of the Pan-Slav Movement.

Question 4: Name the two military alliances formed before the First World War. How did their formations make the First World War inevitable?
Answer: The two triple alliances formed before the First World War were:
(i) Triple Alliance: It had Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy as its members.
(ii) Triple Entente: It has Britain, Russia and France as its members.
The conflicts within Europe and the conflicts over colonies mentioned earlier had begun to create a very tense situation in Europe from the last decade of the nineteenth century. European countries began to form themselves into opposing groups. They also started spending vast sums of money to increase the size of their Armies and Navies, to develop new and more deadly weapons, and to generally prepare themselves for war, Europe was gradually becoming a vast armed camp.
France was defeated very badly in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71. After this war the German Chancellor, Bismarck adopted such a diplomatic foreign policy as to keep France isolated and prevented her from establishing friendly relations with any other European country. Britain as stated above, was alarmed at the growing military power of Germany. As early as in 1879 Germany had concluded a secret military alliance with’Austria-Hungary called the “Dual Alliance”. It provided for mutual military assistance in case either country is attacked by France or Russia. Italy joined it later on in 1882. Thus, it was converted into “Triple Alliances”. Britain, Russia and France formed the Triple Entente in 1907. Thus Europe was divided into two hostile groups. The real aims of the countries which joined these alliances were the extension of their colonial possessions, an all-European war almost certainly would become a world wide war.

Question 5: The outbreak of the First World War was preceded by series of incidents. Mention any two of them.
Answer: Two incidents which preceded the First World War are given as below:
(i) Growing Militarisation: Before the beginning of the First World War there was growing
militarisation of the European State’s. Every country feared and suspected the other and tried to increase its military and naval strength and the size of every country’s Navy and Army went on increasing. Most European countries made military training compulsory for everyone. Europe was being gradually converted into an armed camp.
(ii) Clash over Morocco: In 1904 Britain and France had entered into a secret meeting according to which Britain was to have a free hand in Egypt, and France was to take over Morocco. The agreement became known to Germany and roused her indignation. The German Emperor went to Morocco and promised the Sultan of Morocco his full support for the independence of Morocco. The antagonism over Morocco, it appeared, would lead to a war. However, the war was averted when in 1911 France occupied most of Morocco and, in exchange, gave it many a part of French Congo. Even though the war had been averted, the situation in Europe, with each country preparing for war, had become dangerous.

Question 6: When and why did the U.S.A. enter the First World War?
Answer: On 6th April, 1917 , the United States entered the First World War by the following reasons:
(i) The Americans were generally more inclined towards England (and her allies) because of their cultural and racial affinity with the English people. Hence, they joined the war in favour of England.
(ii) The U.S.A. was the main supplier of arms and other supplies to the Allies, as such she was bound to be implicated in the war.
(iii) Economic consideration also prompted the United States to enter the First World War in favour of the Allies. The Allies were in possession of most of the colonies which could give boost to the foreign trade of U.S.A.
(iv) The sinking of the U.S.A. ships, carrying the American citizens by the German U-Boats ultimately forced the U.S.A. to join the war.

Question 7: How did Russia withdraw from the First World War?
Answer: In Russia, there broke out a Revolution in 1917. As a result of this revolution, the Czar was ousted and the power ultimately came into the hands of Lenin and his co-revolutionaries. The first task of the new Government was to withdraw from the war. Russia did so because of the following reasons:
(i) Most of the revolutionaries regarded the First World War as quite useless because, according to them, the war was being fought to satisfy the imperialistic designs of the Czar and the other European monarchs.
(ii) The Russian soldiers were ill-equipped and as many as 6,00,000 of them had already been killed in the War by 1917. There was no sense in continuing such a war of self-destruction.
(iii) Russia had already suffered serious reverse in the war.
(iv) Lenin, the leader of the new Government, wanted to transform this war of aggression into a revolutionary war in order to overthrow the Russian autocracy and the best time to do so was this when all the powerful countries of the world were awfully busy in the First World War.

Question 8: Explain the effects of First World War on Austria-Hungar.
Answer: Consequences of the First World War on Austria-Hungary: Austria-Hungary was forced to sign a separate treaty (of St. Germain) with the Allies by which she had to accept the following conditions:
(i) Austria-Hungary was broken up and two separate kingdoms of Austria and Hungary were set-up.
(ii) Austria had to cede territories to Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia and Poland and was forced to accept their independence.
(iii) Italy also gained certain territories (such as Tyrol) from Austria.
(iv) Austrian army was reduced to 30,000.
(v) Austria was also forced to pay a huge-war indemnity.

Question 9: Discuss the effects of first world war on Turkey.
Answer: Consequences of the First War on Turkey: Turkey was. also forced to sign a separate treaty (i.e., the Treaty of Sevres) by which she forced to accept the following terms:
(i) This treaty stipulated a complete dismemberment of the Turkish Empire. The control of Syria was given to France while Palestine and Mesopotamia were handed over to Britain.
(ii) England also gained the control of Egypt from Turkey.
(iii) Most of the remaining Turkish territories were shared by Greece and Italy.
The Treaty of Sevres, however, could not be put into practice because there was a revolution in Turkey under the leadership of Mustafa Kamal Pasha where by Turkey regained the control of Asia,Minor and the City of Constantinople.

Question 10: Describe any four aims of the peace programme of Woodrow Wilson.
Answer: President Woodrow Wilson of America was a very peace loving man. In January, 1918, he put forward a peace programme consisting of fourteen points to end the First World War. These points included:
(i) Discard of secret treaties,
(ii) Freedom ip the use of seas by all nations,
(iii) Reduction in armaments,
(iv) Conduct of negotiations between different states openly,
(v) Evacuation of Belgium by Germany,
(vi) Restoration of Alsace-Lorraine to France,
(vii) Creation of independent States in Europe, and
(viii) Establishment of a world organisation to guarantee political independence and territorial integrity of different States.
Many of the above points were covered by the different treaties that were signed after the First World War. For instance, Belgium \yas evacuated by Germany: Alsace and Lorraine were returned to France; many small states like Poland, Finland, Czechoslovakia, Latvia, etc. were created on the.principle of nationality, and an international organisation with the name of the League of Nations was created to maintain the world peace.

Question 11: What were the objectives of the League of Nations? Name the organisation formed in October 1945 with objectives similar to those of the League of Nations.
Answer: Objectives of the League: After the First World War, a world organisation, popularly known as the League of Nations, was created in 1920. The chief aims or purposes of this new world organisation i.e., the League of Nations were the following:
(i) To preserve peace and security in the world.
(ii) To settle international conflicts in a peaceful manner.
(iii) To promote just and honorable relations among the nations of the world.
(iv) To force its members not to resort to war.
(v) To formulate plans for the reduction of armaments.
(vi) To take economic and military action against any country.
(vii) To improve labour and social conditions in different countries. To achieve this aim, the International Labour Organization was set up which is even now one of the specialized agencies of the United Nations.

Question 12: Mention four pbints under the Treaty of Versailles, which affected Germany.
Answer: Consequences of the First World War on Germany: Germany was compelled to sign the Treaty of Versailles on 28th June, 1919 and was forced to accept the following terms which were comparatively very harsh:
(i) Germany and her allies were held guilty for aggression and hence Germany was forced to cede certain parts of her pre-war territories to Denmark, Belgium, Poland and Czechoslovakia.
(ii) Alsace and Lorraine were returned to France. Moreover, the Saar Valley, known for its coal mines, was ceded to France for 15 years.
(iii) Germany had also to lose all her colonial empire which was divided among the victors. Togo land and Cameroons were divided among France and England. German colonies in South-West Africa and East Africa were also taken away from her and shared by England, Belgium, Portugal and South Africa. While Japan got the Shantung and Kiau Chow in China, New Zealand got the Samoa Island.
(iv) The area of the Rhine Valley was also demilitarized. The German army was also reduced to 1,00,000 and she was not toJhqve any air force and sub-marines.
(v) Germany had to accept the war-guilt and she was compelled to pay a heavy sum (of 6,500,000,000 Pounds) as war-indemnity to the Allies.
Thus the Treaty of Versailles was very humiliating for Germany. So it had far reaching effects on Germany. It led to the rise of Nazism in Germany. Its leader, Hitler violated all the terms of this humiliating treaty (of Versailles) and plunged the world into another world war.

Question 13: Explain how First World War brought about a changed political scenario of the world.
Answer: The War was confined in Europe and Asia and as such the U.S. economy was not affected by it, but it gained from the war as it was a victorious power. It made rapid progress in the post war period as it tested its arms, ammunition and tanks. Another country which gained from the war was Soviet Union thought it has withdrawn from the war in 1917.
It had gained from the war since it had supported the Allies and became another Super Power. There were 15 republics which were placed together as a union.
The economies of the Western European countries had been shattered and Soviet Union stood on its own. The world was divided into two powers the Capitalist and the Communist and the Western Europe Countries trying to appease them.

Question 14: Describe the reasons of the failure of League of Nations.
Answer: Following were the main reasons of the failure of League of Nations:
(i) United States of America not being the member of League of Nations: The most powerful nation of the world did not take the membership of League of Nations. This considerably reduced the effectiveness of the League of Nations from the beginning.
(ii) Selfishness of big Nations: Big nations of the League of Nations, who were the Super Powers in the world were very self-seeking; this narrow attitude hindered the generation of the . feelings of co-operation and cordiality among the member nations.
(iii) Powerlessness of League of Nations: The League of Nations had no such powers as to get its edicts enforced.
(iv) Aggressive Policies of Hitler: Hitler, the dictator of Germany, did not care for the objectives of the League of Nations and conquered Czechoslovakia, Austria and Maimal. The League of Nations could not save these nations and finally, with the fall of Poland the League of Nations collapsed.
(v) Absence of Sovereignty: The by-Laws mentioned in the Charter of the League of Nations were so slack that any member could abandon its membership any time and engage in war. Thus, in the absence of any sovereign power the League of Nations was unable to take any effective action against the aggressor, and this became the main reason behind the failure of the League of Nations.
(vi) Absence of Armed Forces: The League of Nations did not have its own Army and hence its success was doubtful since beginning. In the absence of Armed Forces, it could not prove to be effective.

Picture Based Questions

Question 1: Answer the following:
ICSE Solutions for Class 10 History and Civics – World War-I and Treaty of Versailles 1
(i) Name the three gentlemen in the picture.
(ii) With which settlement they were associated.
Answer: (i) The three gentlemen in the picture from left are Georges Clemenceau (France), Woodrow Wilson (USA) and Lloyd George, (U.K.).
(ii) The settlement with which they were associated is Treaty of Versailles.

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Industries in India: Agro Based Industries Class 10 Geography ICSE Solutions

February 1, 2024

ICSE Class 10 Geography Chapter 9 Industries in India: Agro Based Industries Solutions

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Very Short Questions

Question 1: Mention the pattern of economy which India has adopted.
Answer: India has adopted a pattern of mixed economy.

Question 2: Mention one major problem of the small scale industry.
Answer: Due to poverty and ignorance of the village people, their method and techniques of production are outdated.

Question 3: What is the another name to Khadi and Village industries?
Answer: Khadi and Village industries are also known as cottage industries.

Question 4: What are public sector industries?
Answer: Industries owned and managed completely by the state or its agencies are called public sector industries, e.g., Chittaranjan Locomotive Works.

Question 5: What are private sector industries?
Answer: Industries which are owned by individuals are called private sector industries, e.g., Tata Iron and Steel Plant.

Question 6: What is meant by ‘agro-industry’?
Answer: Industries that depend on agricultural products for their raw materials are called agroindustries.

Question 7: Where was the first sugar industry set up in India?
Answer: The first sugar industry was set up in 1903 at Coimbatore in South India.

Question 8: Mention the areas producing sugar in Southern India.
Answer: Maharashtra is the most important sugar producing state of South India. The other important sugar producers of South India are Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.

Question 9: What do you understand by the bagasse?
Answer: Rejected cane after crushing is used for the manufacture of paper, cardboard and insulation board.

Question 10: What are the uses of pressmud?
Answer: It is used for polish, carbon paper and for the extraction of wax.

Question 11: What are the raw materials needed by the textile industry?
Answer: Cotton, jute, silk and wool are the basic raw materials of the textile industry.

Question 12: When and where did the first modem textile industry in India begin?
Answer: The first modem textile industry in India began at Fort Gloster near Kolkata in early nineteenth century.

Question 13: Which is the second most important cotton-textile centre of India?
Answer: Ahmedabad is the second most important cotton textile centre of India.

Question 14: Which town in Gujarat is known as ‘Boston of India’?
Answer: Ahmedabad.

Question 15: What is the single disadvantage faced by Kolkata for cotton textile production?
Answer: The only disadvantage is that the raw material has to be brought from the distant cotton growing areas of the Deccan Plateau, is the problem faced by Kolkata.

Question 16: How is silk fibre-derived and where are silk worms reared?
Answer: Silk fibre is derived from the cocoons made by silk worms. Silk worms are reared on mulberry trees.

Question 17: What position does India rank, as producer of silk in the world?
Answer: India ranks fourth in the world as a producer of silk.

Question 18: Explain why the pure silk handloom industry is important in Bangalore?
Answer: Mulberry trees are grown in large quantity for the feeding of silkworms in Karnataka and therefore, the pure silk handloom industry has developed here.

Question 19: State two factors which favour the silk industry in Karanataka.
Answer: The tropical humid climate with temperature varying between 16° to 31 °C favours the rearing of silk worms. Modem technology and skilled labour favours industrial production.

Short Questions

Question 1: Explain the need for rapid industrialization in India.
Answer: Rapid industrialization helps to provide employment, enables the masses to raise their standard of living and also necessary from the point of view of defenses. It reduces India’s dependence on foreign countries.

Question 2: Classify the industries on the basis of size and investment.
Answer: On the basis of size and investment, industries are classified into:
(i) Large-scale industries
(ii) Medium-scale industries
(iii) Small-scale industries

Question 3: Classify the industries on the basis of management.
Answer: Industries classified on the basis of management are as follows:
(i) Public sector industries (ii) Private sector industries
(iii) Joint sector industries (iv) Co-operative sector industries.

Question 4: What is a large scale industry?
Answer: A large scale industry is an industrial unit employing thousands of labourers and having huge: capital investment for producing industrial goods on a large scale, such as iron and steel plant, a cotton mill and a cement factory.

Question 5: What is a medium scale industry?
Answer: A medium scale industry is an industrial unit employing hundreds of labourers and investing enough capital for turning out industrial product on a moderate scale, such as electrical goods industry, paper industry, etc.

Question 6: What do you know about the Khadi and Village industries?
Answer: Khadi and Village industry runs as a household enterprise, employing little or no hired labour.
It is of traditional nature, and depends on local raw material and cater to the local requirements.

Question 7: With the help of an example each, explain how ‘agro-based’ industries are different from ‘mineral based’ industries.
Answer: Industries based on agricultural products are called agro-based industries.
Industries based on minerals are called mineral-based industries.
Example of agro-based industry is sugar from sugarcane, jute, and cotton.
Example of mineral-based industry is steel from iron ore.

Question 8: (i) What are village industries?
(ii) What are cottage industries?
Answer: (i) Village industries are industries which are located in rural areas and primarily cater to local markets, e.g., handicraft industry, Khadi industry, cane-gur industry.
(ii) Cottage industries are carried on primarily with the help of the family members e.g. wood work, coir industry, khadi, carpets, etc.

Question 9: With reference to the industries of India, explain:
(i) Joint Sector Industries
(ii) Co-operative Industries
Answer: (i) Joint sector industries are owned and managed jointly by the government and private firms who have contributed their capital but the day-to-day management is in private hands.
(ii) Co-operative industries are owned and run co-operatively by a group of people who usually produce the raw material, e.g., sugar mills are owned and run by farmers producing sugarcane.

Question 10: What efforts are being made by the government to help village industries?
Answer: The Government has set up a number of agencies to help the village industries. Among them the small scale industries—the Khadi and Village industries, and The All India Handicrafts Board are most important. Credit facilities are made available from banks and financial institutions.

Question 11: How far does the sugar region extend in Northern India?
Answer: The sugar region of Northern India extends to east-west on the plains of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. Both Uttar Pradesh and Bihar account for 40% of India’s sugar output. The other sugar producing states of Northern India are Haryana, West Bengal, Punjab and Madhya Pradesh.

Question 12: Mention two problems faced by the Sugar industry in India.
Answer: (i) This industry is seasonal in character.
(ii) There are great distances between the factories and fields.

Question 13: (i) Mention some problems of cotton textile industry.
Or
Mention two problems faced by the cotton textile industry.
Or
Mention three main problems faced by the cotton textile industry in India.
(ii) What do you mean by the term sick mills?
Answer: (i) Some problems of cotton textile industries are inadequate supply of raw material, machinery is outdated, existence of uneconomic units and low productivity of workers.
(ii) The term sick mills means that these operate at a loss rather than at profits.

Question 14: With reference to the cotton textile industry:
(i) Which is the country’s most important manufacturing centre?
(ii) State two geographical reasons for its importance.
Answer: (i) Mumbai.
(ii) (a) The hinterland of Mumbai has black Regur soil.
(b) The humid climate of Mumbai favours the production of yams of finer quality.

Question 15: What are the requirements of the woollen industry?
Answer: (i) Wool, wool waste, rags.
(ii) Plentiful supply of clean water for scouring of the wool and for dyeing and ‘falling’ purposes.

Question 16: Where is Mulberry and Non-mulberry silk produced?
They are produced:
(i) Mulberry: Karnataka, West Bengal, Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh.
(ii) Non-mulberry: Assam, Bihar, Orissa, Meghalaya, Jharkhand.

Long Questions

Question 1: Mention two ways in which the agro-based industries have affected the economy of India.
Answer: The agro-based industries have affected the economy of India in following ways:
(i) These industries have reached a stage of development, that it has made the country self-sufficient as far as a number of products and services are concerned, it has also opened up the opportunities for exports.
(ii) Agro based industries have also reduced the dependency on agriculture and has provided various job opportunities for the people and also encouraged the private sector which has restructured the economy of India. Now India is no more an agricultural country but it is taking place of a major industrial country.

Question 2: How are industries classified on the basis of raw material?
Answer: Industries classified on the basis of raw material are as follows:
(i) Agro-based industries: These industries utilise agricultural products as their raw material.
(ii) Mineral-based industries: They obtain their raw materials from mines like coal, iron ore, bauxite etc.
(iii) Forest-based industries: They obtain their raw material from forests like teak, sal, rosewood etc.

Question 3: (i) What is a small scale industry?
(ii) State two advantages and two disadvantages of small scale industry.
Answer: (i) A small scale industry is comparatively a small unit employing less than a hundred labourers and using small machines. These are generally concerned with production of consumer goods of daily use, i.e., flour mill, rice mill, bakery, etc.
(ii) Advantages:
(a) They provide employment to the people.
(b) They do not require much capital.
Disadvantages:
(a) There is no proper marketing organisation to sell their products.
(b) The poor village artisans are exploited by the money-lenders on whom they have to depend for the purchase of raw materials.

Question 4: Mention some problems faced by small-scale and cottage industries.
Answer: Some problems faced by small-scale and cottage industries are:
(i) Outmoded methods and techniques.
(ii) Inadequate financial resources.
(iii) Poverty and ignorance.
(iv) Competition from large-scale industries.
(v) Improper marketing organization.
(vi) Exploitation by moneylender and middle man.

Question 5: Mention three factors that have helped the sugar industry flourish in the peninsular region rather than in the northern regions of India.
Answer: The geographical conditions are more suitable in the peninsular region than in North India for the cultivation of sugarcane.
The crushing season is longer and mills are near the plantation in the peninsular region and so there is no loss of sucrose. In North India is seasonal in character as sugarcane is available only at the time of harvest and the crushing season is short. So, there is increase in cost of production.
The sugar industry is better organised in the peninsular region as the mills are better managed in the cooperative sector, factories are nearer the centre of large consumption. This lowers the transport cost and overall prices. In North India, there are great distances between the factories and the fields which causes increase in the cost of production.
The outmoded and worn-out machinery of North Indian mills lead to lo;w milling efficiency and wastages. The mills in peninsular India are new, efficient and very large.

Question 6: Mention some problems of sugarcane industry.
Answer: Some problems of sugarcane industry are:
(i) Shorter crushing season.
(ii) The areas producing sugarcane are generally far away from the factories.
(iii) The sugarcane crop is of poor quality.
(iv) The yield of crop is low due to outdated machinery.
(v) Full use of the by-product is not made. Production of rum and alcohol is meagre.

Question 7: Name the factors which have made Mumbai the most important cotton-manufacturer of India.
Or
Give two reasons why the cotton textile industry has developed around Mumbai.
Or
Why has Mumbai a large number of cotton textile units.
Answer: Factors which have made Mumbai the most important cotton manufacturer of India are:
(i) Availability of raw cotton,
(ii) Transport facilities,
(iii) Humid climate,
(iv) Cheap hydel power,
(v) Facility of abundant labour,
(vi) Demand of manufactured goods,
(vii) Port facility, and
(viii) Facilities of capital.

Question 8: What are the problems of the Flandloom industry?
Answer: The handloom industry faces several problems which retard its growth. The problems may be summarized as follows:
(i) Lack of Good Raw Materials: The quantity, quality and availability of raw material is very unreliable and unsatisfactory.
(ii) Lack of Technical Knowledge: The craftsmen are poor and lacking in technical knowledge to modernize their equipment.
(iii) Lack of Capital and Credit Facilities: There are no proper facilities for cheap credit.
(iv) Outdated Looms: The looms are outdated and the products do not satisfy the changing tastes and fashions.
(v) Competition from mill-made cloth: The khadi and handloom products face stiff competition from mill-made cloth.
(vi) Maintenance of Standard Quality: The industry is unable to maintain the standard and quality of its products.
(vii) Maintenance of time schedule: The marketing of Khadi and handloom products is not organised.

Question 9: (i) What is sericulture?
(ii) Name two types of sericulture.
(iii) Name non mulberry varieties of raw silk produced in India. Which state is the largest producer of raw silk?
(iv) Why is silk industry a labour intensive industry?
(v) How this industry plays a vital role in improvement of rural economy?
Answer: (i) The art of rearing silkworms for silk production is called ‘sericulture’.
(ii) They are Mulberry and non-mulberry.
(iii) Eri, tassar and muga silk are the non-mulberry varieties of raw silk. Karnataka is the largest producer of raw silk.
(iv) As silk industry is an agricultural industry and therefore, provides employment to people in rural areas.
(v) It provides ample work for the women folk in rearing while the male members work in the fields.

Question 10: Explain briefly Silviculture. What is its purpose?
Answer: Silviculture means timber farming, i.e., growing trees for timber. It can be defined as the science of cultivating trees. The ground is first cleared of all vegetation, well-drained and then seedlings of species are grown in the nurseries before planting. A part of the land is planted with the same species at the same time, so that all the trees mature together and make clear-cutting possible. Foresters make use of the science of genetics to have improved growth rates and resistant to diseases and pests.
Thus, the goal of getting a correct balance between the annual harvest and the growth of wood is achieved and we get a sustained yield of timber.

Question 11: Why is the silk industry considered as a small scale industry?
Answer: Silk industry is considered as a small scale industry because
(i) Rearing of the silk worm is taken up as a cottage industry where a village or few families together are involved in it.
(ii) Silk industry depends on the availability of the raw material, being expensive the demand is not as big as cotton textile so the manufacturing of silk is kept as a small scale industry.

Question 12: What are the problems of the woollen industry?
Answer: (i) Local wool is of poor quality and India has to import good quality wool. This will bring down the margin of profit.
(ii) Synthetic fibres have affected the industry since they are gradually replacing the woollen industry.
(iii) The woollen industry is scattered and in a decentralized form. So the mill-owners are unable to take advantage of a centralized form of industry.
(iv) India has to import wool from Australia land U.K. which have also started manufacturing woollen cloth.

Question 13: What are the factors that favour the location of jute industry in the Ganga-Brahmaputra delta?
Answer: (i) Friable, loamy, alluvial soils, preferable rich in salts.
(ii) Bengal which lies in the Ganga-Bhrahmaputra delta has the advantage that it gets flooded and a fresh layer of alluvial soil is deposited every year. Jute is a crop that exhausts the soil and hence it requires manure and fertilizers in large quantities.
(iii) Good rainfall of 175-200 cm and plenty of clean water for retting.
(iv) Cheap labour.
(v) Coal which is available in Raniganj.
(vi) Kolkata port is nearby for export purposes.
(vii) The Ganga-Brahmaputra delta and its distributaries provide good means of transport of the raw jute to the manufacturing centres which are connected to Kolkata by railway and road.

Question 14: What are the problems of jute industry?
Answer: (i) Problems of raw material: After Independence 70% of the jute producing areas went to Bangladesh. Thus the jute industry suffers from inadequate supply of raw jute.
(ii) Competition from Bangladesh: Besides Philippines, Brazil, Egypt have also.taken up jute industry.
(iii) Competition from substitutes: like paper, cloth, sisal, hemp.
(iv) Machinery is outdated and labour problems.

Question 15: Give three remedial steps the gbvemment has taken to overcome these problems.
Answer: (i) New and modern machines have been installed.
(ii) Efforts have been made to stabilise the process and to boost the sale of jute to foreign countries.
(iii) A research programme has been undertaken to find new uses like, tarpaulin, jute carpets, etc.
(iv) A Jute Consultative Council has been set up to advise the Government on the jute industry.

Question 16: What are the remedial steps taken by the Government to address these problems?
Answer: Several measures were taken under the five year plans, by the government to improve handloom industry:

All India Handloom Board was established for looking after the interests of handloom industry.
Khadi and Village Industry Commission looks after propagation of Khadi and various products of village industries.
Handloom Board and Handicrafts Boards have also been established in various states. They take steps to solve the problems of the small scale and cottage industries.
Credit facilities are made available from banks and financial institutions.
Indian Standard Institute has devised methods to fix up and maintain standard quality.
The government has reserved certain products for handloom sector, so that competition from mill-made products may be avoided.
The government helps the handloom and Khadi industry by extending subsidies out of the revenue earned by a special cess on mill-made cloth.
There are technical institutions, which render technical advice and guidance to handloom and other cottage industries.

Question 17: What is ‘Lac’? How is it procured? Describe its commercial importance. Name two centres for the purification of lac.
Answer: Lac is a gum-like substance which is gathered from the branches of several trees like Banyan, Sisu, Ghont, Pipal, Khair. An insect known by the name of ‘Laccifer-lacca’ breeds on the branches of these trees and it ejects a secretion from its mouth. This secretion when it dries, sticks to the branches and is collected by the forest-dwellers. It is then purified and turned into ‘shellac’ or ‘seed-lac’, which is the raw material for plastics, insulators, felt-hats, sealing wax, paints and varnishes. Kolkata and Mirzapur are two big centres for its purification. Lac brings in . lot of foreign exchange.

Question 18: How is silk fibre derived and where are silk worms reared?
Answer: Silk fibre is derived from the cocoons made by silk worms. Silk worms are reared on mulberry trees.

Question 19: State two factors which favour the silk industry in Karanataka.
Answer: The tropical humid climate with temperature varying between 16° to 31 °C favours the rearing of silk worms. Modem technology and skilled labour favours industrial production.

Give Reasons

Give Geographical Reasons for the following:

Question 1: Why is the sugar industry highly dispersed in India?
Answer: Sugar industry is highly dispersed in India because sugarcane is widely cultivated throughout the country.

Question 2: Why is it necessary to crush sugarcane within 24 hours of harvesting?
Answer: The cane has to be crushed within 24 hours, otherwise the sucrose content begins to deteriorate.

Question 3: Give reasons for the recent growth of sugar industry in South India.
Answer: In Southern India plenty of water is available due to heavy rainfall. There is no frost and no water logging. Black or regur soil is suitable for sugarcane cultivation. The crushing season is longer and mills are near the plantations so there is no loss of sucrose near to the sea.

Question 4: Give reasons for the concentration of the sugar industry in Uttar Pradesh.
Answer: The concentration of the sugar industry in Uttar Pradesh is due to:
(i) Availability of the raw material. Uttar Pradesh lies in the sugar cane producing area and is the largest producer of it as this area has fertile alluvial-soil.
(ii) Well maintained roads, good network of railways help in transportation, which is very essential in the case of sugar industry.

Question 5: What is the reason behind the unsatisfactory location of the sugar industry in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar?
Answer: These states have a sub-tropical climate, which are not ideal for the growing of sugarcane.

Question 6: Why Uttar Pradesh and Bihar states create problems in the sugar industry?
Answer: These states create problems of distribution and increase the ultimate price of sugar to the consumer.

Question 7: What are the reasons behind the localization of the sugar industry in Bihar and Uttair Pradesh:
Or
Give two reasons to show why the sugar industry has flourished in U.P. and Bihar.
Or
U.P. produces 40% of India’s sugar.
Answer: The largest quantity of sugarcane is produced in northern belt, railway facilities are available, skilled labour can be secured as these states are densely populated and Kanpur is the chief distributing and marketing centre for the sugar industry in India. Coal for power is easily available from Jharia in Bihar. Climate and soil are favourable.

Question 8: Why is sugar industry considered as major agro-industry?
Answer: Sugar industry employs about 3-25 lakh workers and provide direct employment for 25 million cultivators of sugarcane, capital invested in this industry is about Rs. 13,500 million, and is an important source of excise duty for the Central Government.

Question 9: “Cotton is an important commercial crop in India but its share in the world production is less than 10%” Why?
Answer: Cotton is an important commercial crop in India. At present, India is the fourth largest cotton producing country in the world but its share in the world production is less than 10 per cent because of the low yield per hectare.

Question 10: Why is Kanpur called the ‘Manchester of North India’?
Answer: Kanpur is a city, which is located centrally in the Ganga basin. This city has developed as an industrial centre and is famous for cotton textile industry. There are seventeen big cotton-textile mills in the city. It is therefore the biggest centre of cotton textile industry in north India. This is why Kanpur is called the ‘Manchester of North India’.

Question 11: Ahmedabad is not a port city, yet it is the most important cotton-textile centre of India. Why?
Answer: Ahmedabad is located very near to the main cotton growing region of Khandesh, Berar and Wardha. It enjoys the facilities of efficient transport systems, cheap hydroelectric power, abundant supply of cheap labour and humid climate. It is located in a spacious coastal plain area and it has a good scope for the expansion of this industry.

Question 12: Why is Kolkata an important cotton textile producing centre?
Answer: Kolkata is an important cotton textile producing centre mainly because of its being near Jharia and Raniganj coal fields and it has sufficient power supply. It has an abundant capital supply, inexpensive labour, etc. A humid climate facilitates the spinning of yam of finer counts. It has excellent means of transport and communication. Besides, the soft water supply from the Hoogly river for bleaching and dyeing is plentiful.

Question 13: Give two reasons why Tamil Nadu plays an important role in the production of cotton textiles?
Answer: (i) Most of them manufacture yam only to meet the needs of handloom weavers.
(ii) It also has proximity to vast local market, availability of cheap skilled labour and hydel power.

Question 14: What makes Khadi and Handloom sector of the textile still very important even in this modem large scale industrial era? Give reasons to substantiate your answer?
Or
Give two reasons to explain why cottage industries are important for India’s economy.
Or
The “Khadi and Handloom sectors of the textile industry cannot be ignored.” Give two reasons to justify this statement.
Or
Give one reason why handloom industry is important in India?
Answer: It is as widespread as agriculture, employs ten million people specializes in the production of colourful, attractive variety of traditional materials, foreign exchange earner as there is a great demand for it, solves unemployment, is a family effort, located in the home of the producer and is often a subsidiary occupation.

Question 15: Silk industry can be considered a small scale industry.
Answer: Silk does not require heavy machinery and can be done by the members of the family. Besides, the rearing of silk worms is done by women folk.

Question 16: Give two reasons for the importance of the silk industry in India.
Answer: (i) India is the largest producer of silk in the world and has long tradition of manufacturing silk textile.
(ii) It also make four distinct variety of silk namely mulberry, eri, tasar and munga. India also has its control over yellow munga silk produced from Assam.

Question 17: The silk handloom industry is important in Mysore.
Answer: Climate is favourable for rearing silkworm, availability of abundant soft water free from alkaline salts and iron.

Question 18: Sericulture flourished in Karnataka.
Answer: Sericulture flourished in Karnataka because it has favourable climate for rearing silk-worms (Temp. 16°C to 30°C) and availability of abundant soft water free from alkaline salts.

Question 19: Why is the woollen textile industry not as well developed as the cotton textile industry in India?
Answer: Woollen textile industry is not as well developed as the cotton textile industry’ in India because India being a tropical country, the need for woollens is limited to the winter months in northern India.

Question 20: The woollen industry is not as well developed as the cotton textile industry in India.
Or
The woollen industry is mainly located in North India.
Answer: (i) There is no demand as India in mainly a tropical country except for the North which has severe winter.
(ii) Local wool is of poor quality. India has to import good quality wool.

Question 21: Give two reasons why the state of Punjab is the largest producer of wollen textiles.
Answer: Punjab is the largest producer of woollen textiles because:
(i) Raw materials is easily available.
(ii) Hydel power is available from Bhakra Nangal Project.
(iii) Demand for product is high because of the cold winter.

Question 22: Give three reasons why Jute industry thrives in West Bengal.
Answer: (i) Friable, loamy, alluvial soils, preferable rich in salts.
(ii) Bengal which lies in the Ganga-Bhrahmaputra delta has the advantage that it gets flooded and a fresh layer of alluvial soil is deposited every year. Jute is a crop that exhausts the soil and hence it requires manure and fertilizers in large quantities.
(iii) Good rainfall of 175-200 cm and plenty of clean water for retting.

Differentiate

Question 1: Basic and Secondary Industries.
Answer: Basic industries are the industries on which other industries depend while secondary industries are those industries which produce goods for consumption. Basic industries are also known as key industries while secondary industries are also called consumer industries.

Question 2: Heavy Industries and Light Industries.
Answer:

Heavy Industries	Light Industries
1. Require heavy machinery with raw material in large quantities.	Light raw materials are required.
2. Engage many skilled workers. Women and children are generally not employed.	Engage few workers. Women and children are also employed.
3. Huge capital is required.	Less capital is required.
4. Finished products are heavy in weight, e.g., iron and steel, cotton textiles, fertilizers, locomotives and automobiles.	Finished products are light in weight, e.g., drugs, pharmaceuticals, electrical appliances.

Name the Following

Question 1: Name some industries which come under Agro Based Industry.
Answer: Khadi (cotton woollen and silk), processing of pulses and cereals, village oil, gur and khandsari, soap making, non-edible oils, bee-keeping, handmade paper, carpentry, coir products, ivory carvings, etc.

Question 2: Name the leading agro-based industries of India.
Answer: The leading agro-based industries of India are cotton textile industry, woollen industry, silk industry, rayon textiles and jute industry.

Question 3: Name three by-products of sugar industry. Give important use of each.
Or
Name a by-product of sugar manufacture.
Answer: Some by-products of sugar industry are molasses for fertilizers, bagasse for paper industry- and pressmud for making wax.

Question 4: Name the types of sugar made from sugarcane juice.
Answer: (i) Gur or jaggery (ii) Khandsari (iii) White sugar.

Question 5: Name the second largest agro-based industry in India.
Answer: Sugar industry.

Question 6: Name the states producing sugar and name the chief centres in each state.
Or
Name four sugar milling centres in the northern plains.
Answer:

State	Chief Centres of Sugar Industry
Uttar Pradesh	Gorakhpur, Saharanpur, Lucknow, Kanpur, Sitapur, Allahabad, Bareilly.
Bihar	Muzaffarpur, Monger, Darbhanga.
Maharashtra	Manmad, Sholapur, Nasik, Ahmednagar, Kolhapur, Miraj, Pune, Satara, Sangli.
Andhra Pradesh	Vijayawada, Nizamabad, Pithapuram, Hyderabad.
Tamil Nadu	Arcot, Madurai, Tiruchirapalli.
West Bengal	Murshidabad, 24-Pargana Madia.
Punjab	Amritsar, Phagwara.

Question 7: Name two textile industries using animal fibres. Write against each one of them an important centre of the respective industry.
Answer:

Animal fibres	Important Centres
Silk industry	Kashmir; Karnataka—Bangalore and Mysore.
Woollen industry	Punjab and Haryana—Dhariwal, Amritsar, Ludhiana; Uttar Pradesh— Kanpur; Madhya Pradesh—Gwalior.

Question 8: Name some important centres of the cotton industry in (i) Maharashtra, (ii) Uttar Pradesh, (iii) Punjab, (iv) Haryana, (v) Gujarat, (vi) Tamil Nadu.
Answer: Maharashtra : Mumbai, Sholapur, Pune, Nagpur, Akola
Uttar Pradesh : Kanpur
Punjab : Phagwara
Haryana : Hisar
Gujarat : Surat, Ahmedabad, Vadodara
Tamil Nadu : Coimbatore, Salem, Madurai.

Question 9: Name the cottage industries associated with Ludhiana and Hyderabad.
Answer: Ludhiana: Sports good.
Hyderabad: Bidriware.

Question 10: Name an important city noted for its silk industry.
Answer: Bangalore.

Question 11: Name the states which are famous for silk production.
Answer: Raw silk is produced mainly in Bengal, Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Karnataka.

Question 12: Name any two centres of the following states which are famous for silk industry:
(i) Uttar Pradesh (ii) Bihar (iii) Jharkhand (iv) West Bengal.
Answer: (i) Varanasi, Mirzapur (ii) Bhagalpur (iii) Ranchi.
(iv) Murshidabad, Bishnupur.

Question 13: Name the cities which are internationally famous for exporting silk in India.
Answer: Kashmir, Varanasi, Mysore, Bangalore and Kanjeevaram.

Question 14: Name two important silk-weaving centres in Karnataka.
Answer: Bangalore and Mysore are two important silk weaving centres in Karnataka.

Question 15: Name the two types of silk produced in India.
Answer: The two types of silk produced in India are:
(i) Mulberry silk, (ii) Non-mulberry (tasar, eri, muga).

Question 16: Name the centres of the woollen industry in:
(i) Kashmir (ii) Punjab (iii) Rajasthan
(v) Madya Pradesh (iv) Uttar Pradesh
Answer: (i) Kashmir : Srinagr
(ii) Punjab : Amritsar, Dhariwal, Ludhiana.
(iii) Rajasthan : Jaipur, Bikaner.
(iv) Uttar Pradesh : Agra, Kanpur, Mirzapur.
(v) Madya Pradesh : Gwalior.

Question 17: With reference to the Jute industry answer the following:
(i) Name two centres of the industry in West Bengal.
(ii) Name two major jute products.
Answer: (i) Kolkata, Howrah, Budge-Budge, Titagarh.
(ii) Carpets, rugs, sacks.

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The State Judiciary (The Subordinate Courts) Class 10 History and Civics ICSE Solutions

February 1, 2024

ICSE Class 10 History and Civics Chapter 6 The State Judiciary (The Subordinate Courts) Solutions

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Very Short Questions

Question 1: Name the Courts at the District level?
Answer: The Courts at the District level are:
(i) Civil Courts (ii) Criminal Courts (iii) Revenue Courts.

Question 2: Mention two types of Subordinate Courts in a state.
Or
What are the two types of Subordinate Courts in States?
Answer: Two types of Subordinate Courts in a state are:
(i) Civil Court. (ii) Criminal Court.

Question 3: Who is the highest Judicial Officer in the District?
Answer: The District Judge is the highest Judicial Officer in a District.

Question 4: How are the District Judges in a State appointed?
Answer: The District Judges in a State are appointed by the Governor of the State in accordance with rules made by him after consultation with the State Public Revenue Commission and the High Court.

Question 5: Which is the highest Court of Justice for civil cases at the District level?
Answer: Civil Court—Court of District Judge.

Question 6: Name the highest Criminal Court in a District.
Answer: The Sessions Court.

Question 7: Who exercises control over the Judicial Magistrates?
Answer: High Court exercises control over the Judicial Magistrate.

Question 8: Who exercises control over the Executive Magistrates?
Answer: State Government exercises control over the Executive Magistrate.

Question 9: What is the designation of a District Judge when he deals with criminal cases?
Answer: When a District Judge deals with criminal cases he is called a Sessions Judge.

Question 10: When was the Criminal Procedure Act came into effect?
Answer: The Criminal Procedure Act came into effect on 31st March 1973.

Question 11: Which Court can award Death Sentence?
Answer: The Sessions Court can award a death sentence, which has to be confirmed by a High Court.

Question 12: What sentence can a Court of Judicial Magistrate of first class award in a case?
Answer: Court of Judicial Magistrate of first class can impose a fine of Rs. 1,000 and award imprisonment upto two years or both.

Question 13: Mention two different designations, which the highest Judicial Officer of a District holds.
Answer: The highest judicial officer in a district is the ‘District Judge’. His other designation is ‘District and Sessions Judge’.

Question 14: Which is the highest Revenue Court in a District?
Answer: The highest Revenue Court in a District is the Board of Revenue.

Question 15: What is the main job of a Collector in a District?
Answer: The main job of a Collector is the administration of a State.

Question 16: Which kind of cases does a Commissioner’s Court take up?
Answer: The Commissioner’s Court takes up the cases relating to assessment and collection of revenue.

Question 17: Which kind of cases does the Tehsildar’s Court deal with?
Answer: The Tehsildar’s Court deals with the cases relating to the assessment of land revenue and property tax.

Question 18: What is Board of Revenue?
Answer: This is the highest Revenue Court in a State. It works under the High Court. It hears appeals against the decision of Lower Revenue Court.

Question 19: Mention one reason why the system of Lok Adalat has become popular.
Answer: Lok Adalat has become popular because it works in the spirit of compromise and delivers Speedy and inexpensive justice.

Short Questions – I

Question 1: What are the qualifications required for a District Judge?
Answer: The following qualifications are required for a District Judge:

He/She must be a citizen of India.
He/She must have been an Advocate or a pleader for seven years in any Court of Law.
His/Her name must be recommended by the High Court for a post.

Question 2: What are the qualifications for the Judges other than the District Judge?
Answer: (i) He/She must have passed the competitive examination for State Judicial Service held by the State Public Service Commission.
(ii) He must have the requisite qualifications prescribed by the State Public Service Commission in consultation with the High Court.

Question 3: Name the different types of Civil Courts?
Answer: (i) Small Courts or Petty Courts. (ii) Munsif’s Courts.
(iii) Court of the Civil Judge or Sub-Judge. (iv) Court of District Judge.

Question 4: Name the different types of Revenue Courts?
Answer: (i) Board of Revenue. (ii) Commissioner’s Court. (iii) Collectors Court.
(iv) Tehsildar’s Court. (v) Naib Tehsildar’s Court.

Question 5: State one point of distinction between the District Judge and the Session Judge.
Answer: When a Judge sitting in the District Court hears cases on civil matters, he is a District Judge. Whereas, when he or she sits in the Session Court to hear criminal cases, he is termed as Session Judge.

Question 6: Mention one administrative function of a District Judge.
Answer: (i) The District Judge in his administrative capacity exercises supervision over all the Civil Courts in his District.
(ii) He maintains the leave and service records of all those working under him.

Question 7: Give two advantages of the Lok Adalat System of dispensing Justice.
Answer: (i) Time and money is saved.
(ii) The different Tok Adalat have relieved the law courts much of their heavy load of work.

Short Questions – II

Question 1: What is meant by Lok Adalat?
Answer: Lok Adalat: Lok Adalat means ‘People’s Court’. On the recommendation of Justice Bhagwati, Lok Adalats were set-up to provide legal and quick justice to those who are not in a position to
engage lawyers or bear the expenses of legal proceedings. This eliminated high costs and delays in imparting justice. It is not only a faster and cheaper way of settling disputes, but it also relieves the courts of heavy backlog of cases. Voluntary organisations organise such courts at places like factories, farms, commercial complexes to settle disputes in the spirit of harmony and compromise.

Question 2: How do the Lok Adalats function?
Answer: Functioning of Lok Adalat: Lok Adalats are presided over by judicial officers and other persons, who possess such qualifications as may be prescribed by the State. They make an endeavour to bring compromise or agreement between the parties. On October 6, 1985 for the first time the Lok Adalats were held in Delhi. Justice P. N. Bhagwati inaugurated the Adalats. On the first day five Lok Adalats were held. On this day 116 persons received compensation to the tune of Rs. 35 lakhs. These people had been contesting their motor accident claims since 1978-79. Delhi Transport Corporation immediately made payment to the aggrieved parties. The Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987 provides that State or district authorities will organize Lok Adalats from time to time. All decisions of the Lok Adalats are now deemed to be decrees of a Civil Court and shall be binding on the parties to the dispute.
Upto December 31, 1997 more than seventeen thousand Lok Adalats had been held in different parts of the country. They heard and settled about 68.86 lakh cases. In more than three lakh motor vehicles accident cases, compensation amounting to more than a thousand crore of rupees was awarded.

Question 3: Discuss in brief about the scope of Lok Adalats.
Answer: The concept of Lok Adalat is Gandhian in spirit and is consistent with the ideals enshrined in the Constitution of India. It is an extension of the Panchayat spirit in the Judicial System. The judges in the Lok Adalat are conciliators rather than legal Judges. They explain the legal points to the litigants in an informal manner.
The great scope of Lok Acfalats in the factories where the disputes between employers and employees are frequent and also in various Government departments. They can also ameliorate the conditions of farm workers and unorganized workers of different sectors through their human approach.

Question 4: Discuss about the advantages of Lok Adalats.
Answer: The Lok Adalats have been functioning in Delhi, Gujarat and some other States. They have the following advantages:
(i) The Lok Adalats work in the spirit of compromise and understanding, as a result both the parties feel satisfied.
(ii) It saves money, time and unnecessary harassment.
(iii) The Lok Adalats can relieve the Law Courts of the heavy backlog of the cases.
(iv) It reduces delay in the disposal of cases.

Long Questions

Question 1: Name the three types of courts at the district level. Explain the different categories of cases that fall under the jurisdiction of Civil Court.
Answer: Types of District Level Courts: The organization and structure of the Subordinate Courts are generally uniform throughout the country. The administration of justice in each district in India is entrusted to three types of Courts.

state-judiciary-subordinate-courts-icse-solutions-class-10-history-civics-1 Civil Court: The District Civil Court is presided over by a District Judge who is also a Sessions Judge. It exercises both judicial and administrative powers. Civil Court hear cases related to disputes or cases related to land, property, money transactions, divorce and guardianship over a minor or a lunatic. These Courts are further graded from lowest level to the district level as given below:
(i) Court of the Civil Judge or Sub Judge: Next to the District Judge is the Court of a Civil or Senior Subordinate Judge or Sub Judge. This Court deals with cases involving a sum not more than Rs. 5,000. Appeals against this Court can be brought to the District Judge.
(ii) Subordinate or Munsif’s Court: A Subordinate or Munsif Judge may be of first class or second class with varying jurisdiction. A Munsif deals with the civil cases involving not more than Rs. 2,000. Appeals against his decisions lie with the Sub Judge.
(iii) Small Court or Petty Court: The junior most Magistrates head these Courts. They deal with cases of nominal money value. There is no appeal against their decision.

Question 2: Explain the different categories of cases that fall under the jurisdiction of Criminal Court.
Answer: Criminal Courts: From 31st March, 1973, a new Criminal Procedure Act came into effect. Criminal Courts deal with criminal cases. These courts are divided into four categories:

The Session Courts: The Session Court is the highest Criminal Court in a district. The District Judge of the Civil Court also works as the Session Judge. Cases of murder, dacoity, and of the sort are heard by the Sessions Judge. He can award Capital punishment subject to the approval of the High Court.
Court of Judicial Magistrates of First Class: Below Session Court there is the Court of Judicial Magistrates of first class. It heairs the appeals against the decisions of the second class Judicial Magistrates.
Court-of the Judicial Magistrate of Second Class: The Second Class Magistrate can try cases involving imprisonment up to six months and fines upto Rs. 200/- or both. He enjoys Original jurisdiction in all cases which come to him in the first instance.
Court of the Judicial Magistrate of Third Class: A Magistrate of this Court hears criminal cases of simple or individual quarrels and cases of rioting. He can award imprisonment for not more than one month and a fine upto Rs. 50.

Question 3: There are different categories of cases that are dealt by the Revinue courts. Discuss them.
Answer: Revenue Courts: These Courts deals with cases relating to the assessment and collection of land revenue as well as property tax. These Courts are divided into different categories which are given below in their descending order.

The Board of Revenue: The highest Revenue Court in a District is the Board of Revenue. It works under the High Court. It hears appeals against the decision of lower Revenue Courts.
Commissioners Court: A Commissioner, with the assistance of three to four Deputy Commissioner, look after the assessment and collection of revenue in his areas.
Collectors Court: This Court is generally headed by the Deputy Commissioner of a District. Besides discharging his original function as the administration of the District, he help the revenue department in assessment and collection of revenue.
Tehsildars Court: A Tehsildar is responsible for collection of the revenue and property taxes as assessed by the Naib Tehsildar’s.
Naib Tehsildar’s Court: It is the lowest Court. It hear cases relating to the assessment of the and revenue and property taxes from farmers.

Question 4: What is meant by Lok Adalat?
Answer: Lok Adalats are presided over by judicial officers and other persons, who possess such qualifications as may be prescribed by the State. They make an endeavour to bring compromise or agreement between the parties. On October 6, 1985 for the first time the Lok Adalats were held in Delhi. Justice P. N. Bhagwati inaugurated the Adalats. On the first day five Lok Adalats were held. On this day 116 persons received compensation to the tune of Rs. 35 lakhs. These people had been contesting their motor accident claims since 1978-79. Delhi Transport Corporation immediately made payment to the aggrieved parties. The Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987 provides that State or district authorities will organize Lok Adalats from time to time. All decisions of the Lok Adalats are now deemed to be decrees of a Civil Court and shall be binding on the parties to the dispute.
Upto December 31, 1997 more than seventeen thousand Lok Adalats had been held in different parts of the country. They heard and settled about 68.86 lakh cases. In more than three lakh motor vehicles accident cases, compensation amounting to more than a thousand crore of rupees was awarded.

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