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ICSE Class 10 Hindi Solutions साहित्य सागर – अपना – अपना भाग्य

प्रश्न क-i:
निम्नलिखित गद्यांश को पढ़कर नीचे दिए गए प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिए :
मैंने देखा कि कुहरे की सफेदी में कुछ ही हाथ दूर से एक काली-सी मूर्ति हमारी तरफ आ रही थी। मैंने कहा – “होगा कोई”
लेखक किसके साथ कहाँ बैठा था?

उत्तर:
लेखक अपने मित्र के साथ नैनीताल में संध्या के समय बहुत देर तक निरुद्देश्य घूमने के बाद एक बेंच पर बैठे थे?

प्रश्न क-ii:
निम्नलिखित गद्यांश को पढ़कर नीचे दिए गए प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिए :
मैंने देखा कि कुहरे की सफेदी में कुछ ही हाथ दूर से एक काली-सी मूर्ति हमारी तरफ आ रही थी। मैंने कहा – “होगा कोई”
बादलों का लेखक ने कैसा वर्णन किया है?

उत्तर :
लेखक अपने मित्र के साथ नैनीताल में संध्या के समय बहुत देर तक निरुद्देश्य घूमने के बाद एक बेंच पर बैठे थे। उस समय संध्या धीरे-धीरे उतर रही थी। रुई के रेशे की तरह बादल लेखक के सिर को छूते हुए निकल रहे थे। हल्के प्रकाश और अँधियारी से रंग कर कभी बादल नीले दिखते, तो कभी सफ़ेद और फिर कभी जरा लाल रंग में बदल जाते।

प्रश्न क-iii:
निम्नलिखित गद्यांश को पढ़कर नीचे दिए गए प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिए :
मैंने देखा कि कुहरे की सफेदी में कुछ ही हाथ दूर से एक काली-सी मूर्ति हमारी तरफ आ रही थी। मैंने कहा – “होगा कोई”
लेखक ने नैनीताल की उस संध्या में कुहरे की सफेदी में क्या देखा?

उत्तर:
लेखक ने उस शाम एक दस-बारह वर्षीय बच्चे को देखा जो नंगे पैर, नंगे सिर और एक मैली कमीज लटकाए चला आ रहा था। उसकी चाल से कुछ भी समझ पाना लेखक को असंभव सा लग रहा था क्योंकि उसके पैर सीधे नहीं पड़ रहे थे। उस बालक का रंग गोरा था परंतु मैल खाने से काला पड़ गया था, ऑंखें अच्छी, बड़ी पर सूनी थी माथा ऐसा था जैसे अभी से झुरियों आ गईं हो।

प्रश्न क-iv:
निम्नलिखित गद्यांश को पढ़कर नीचे दिए गए प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिए :
मैंने देखा कि कुहरे की सफेदी में कुछ ही हाथ दूर से एक काली-सी मूर्ति हमारी तरफ आ रही थी। मैंने कहा – “होगा कोई”
लेखक और मित्र ने उस बालक के विषय में कौन-सी बातें जानी?

उत्तर:
नैनीताल की संध्या के समय लेखक और उसके मित्र जब एक बेंच पर बैठे थे तो उनकी मुलाकात एक दस-बारह वर्षीय बालक से होती है। दोनों को आश्चर्य होता है कि इतनी ठंड में यह बालक बाहर क्या कर रहा है। वे उससे तरह-तरह के प्रश्न करते हैं। उससे उन्हें पता चलता है कि वो कोई पास की दुकान पर काम करता था और उसे काम के बदले में एक रूपया और जूठा खाना मिलता था।

प्रश्न ख-i:
निम्नलिखित गद्यांश को पढ़कर नीचे दिए गए प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिए :
“अजी ये पहाड़ी बड़े शैतान होते हैं। बच्चे-बच्चे में अवगुण छिपे रहते हैं – आप भी क्या अजीब हैं उठा लाए कहीं से-लो जी यह नौकर लो।”
उपर्युक्त अवतरण में किस की बात की जा रही है?

उत्तर:
उपर्युक्त अवतरण में एक दस-बारह वर्षीय पहाड़ी बालक की बात की जा रही है।

प्रश्न ख-ii:
निम्नलिखित गद्यांश को पढ़कर नीचे दिए गए प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिए :
“अजी ये पहाड़ी बड़े शैतान होते हैं। बच्चे-बच्चे में अवगुण छिपे रहते हैं – आप भी क्या अजीब हैं उठा लाए कहीं से-लो जी यह नौकर लो।”
प्रस्तुत कथन के वक्ता का परिचय दें।

उत्तर:
प्रस्तुत कथन के वक्ता लेखक के वकील मित्र हैं और साथ ही होटल के मालिक भी हैं।

प्रश्न ख-iii:
निम्नलिखित गद्यांश को पढ़कर नीचे दिए गए प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिए :
“अजी ये पहाड़ी बड़े शैतान होते हैं। बच्चे-बच्चे में अवगुण छिपे रहते हैं – आप भी क्या अजीब हैं उठा लाए कहीं से-लो जी यह नौकर लो।”
लेखक उस बच्चे को वकील साहब के पास क्यों ले गए?

उत्तर:
लेखक को रास्ते में एक दस-बारह वर्षीय बालक मिला जिसके पास कोई काम और रहने की जगह नहीं थी। लेखक के एक वकील मित्र थे जिन्हें अपने होटल के लिए एक नौकर की आवश्यकता थी इसलिए लेखक उस बच्चे को वकील साहब के पास ले गए।

प्रश्न ख-iv:
निम्नलिखित गद्यांश को पढ़कर नीचे दिए गए प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिए :
“अजी ये पहाड़ी बड़े शैतान होते हैं। बच्चे-बच्चे में अवगुण छिपे रहते हैं – आप भी क्या अजीब हैं उठा लाए कहीं से-लो जी यह नौकर लो।”
वकील साहब उस बच्चे को नौकर क्यों नहीं रखना चाहते थे?

उत्तर:
वकील उस बच्चे को नौकर इसलिए नहीं रखना चाहते थे क्योंकि वे और लेखक दोनों ही उस बच्चे के बारे में कुछ जानते नहीं थे। साथ ही वकील साहब को यह लगता था कि पहाड़ी बच्चे बड़े शैतान और अवगुणों से भरे होते हैं। यदि उन्होंने ने किसी ऐरे गैरे को नौकर रख लिया और वह अगले दिन वह चीजों को लेकर चंपत हो गया तो। इस तरह भविष्य में चोरी की आशंका के कारण वकील साहब ने उस बच्चे को नौकरी पर नहीं रखा।

प्रश्न ग-i:
निम्नलिखित गद्यांश को पढ़कर नीचे दिए गए प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिए :
पर बतलाने वालों ने बताया कि गरीब के मुँह पर छाती, मुट्ठियों और पैरों पर बर्फ की हल्की-सी चादर चिपक गई थी, मानो दुनिया की बेहयाई ढँकने के लिए प्रकृति ने शव के लिए सफ़ेद और ठंडे कफ़न का प्रबंध कर दिया था।
यहाँ पर गरीब किसे और क्यों संबोधित किया गया है?

उत्तर:
यहाँ पर गरीब उस पहाड़ी बालक को संबोधित किया गया, जो कल रात ठंड के कारण मर गया था। उस बालक के कई भाई-बहन थे। पिता के पास कोई काम न था घर में हमेशा भूख पसरी रहती थी इसलिए वह बालक घर से भाग आया था यहाँ आकर भी दिनभर काम के बाद जूठा खाना और एक रूपया ही नसीब होता था।

प्रश्न ग-ii:
निम्नलिखित गद्यांश को पढ़कर नीचे दिए गए प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिए :
पर बतलाने वालों ने बताया कि गरीब के मुँह पर छाती, मुट्ठियों और पैरों पर बर्फ की हल्की-सी चादर चिपक गई थी, मानो दुनिया की बेहयाई ढँकने के लिए प्रकृति ने शव के लिए सफ़ेद और ठंडे कफ़न का प्रबंध कर दिया था।
लड़के की मृत्यु का क्या कारण था?

उत्तर:
लड़का अपनी घर की गरीबी से तंग आकर काम की तलाश में नैनीताल भाग कर आया था। यहाँ पर आकर उसे एक दुकान में काम मिल गया था परंतु किसी कारणवश उसका काम छूट जाता है और उसके पास रहने की कोई जगह नहीं रहती है। उस दिन बहुत अधिक ठंड थी और उसके पास कपड़ों के नाम पर एक फटी कमीज थी इसी कारण उसे रात सड़क के किनारे एक पेड़ के नीचे बितानी पड़ी और अत्यधिक ठंड होने के कारण उस लड़के की मृत्यु हो गई।

प्रश्न ग-iii:
निम्नलिखित गद्यांश को पढ़कर नीचे दिए गए प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिए :
पर बतलाने वालों ने बताया कि गरीब के मुँह पर छाती, मुट्ठियों और पैरों पर बर्फ की हल्की-सी चादर चिपक गई थी, मानो दुनिया की बेहयाई ढँकने के लिए प्रकृति ने शव के लिए सफ़ेद और ठंडे कफ़न का प्रबंध कर दिया था।
‘दुनिया की बेहयाई ढँकने के लिए प्रकृति ने शव के लिए सफ़ेद और ठंडे कफ़न का प्रबंध कर दिया था’- इस पंक्ति का आशय स्पष्ट कीजिए।

उत्तर:
प्रस्तुत पंक्ति का आशय सामान्य जनमानस की संवेदन-शून्यता और स्वार्थ भावना से है। एक पहाड़ी बालक गरीबी के कारण ठंड से ठिठुरकर मर जाता है। परंतु प्रकृति ने उसके तन पर बर्फ की हल्की चादर बिछाकर मानो उसके लिए कफ़न का इंतजाम कर दिया। जिसे देखकर ऐसा लगता था मानो प्रकृति मनुष्य की बेहयाई को ढँक रही हो।

प्रश्न ग-iv:
निम्नलिखित गद्यांश को पढ़कर नीचे दिए गए प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिए :
पर बतलाने वालों ने बताया कि गरीब के मुँह पर छाती, मुट्ठियों और पैरों पर बर्फ की हल्की-सी चादर चिपक गई थी, मानो दुनिया की बेहयाई ढँकने के लिए प्रकृति ने शव के लिए सफ़ेद और ठंडे कफ़न का प्रबंध कर दिया था।
‘अपना अपना भाग्य’ कहानी के उद्देश्य पर विचार कीजिए।

उत्तर:
प्रस्तुत कहानी का उद्देश्य आज के समाज में व्याप्त स्वार्थपरता, संवेदनशून्यता और आर्थिक विषमता को उजागर करना है। आज के समाज में परोपकारिता का अभाव हो गया है। निर्धन की सहायता करने की अपेक्षा सब उसे अपना-अपना भाग्य कहकर मुक्ति पा लेते हैं। हर कोई अपनी सामजिक जिम्मेदारी से बचना चाहता है। किसी को अन्य के दुःख से कुछ लेना-देना नहीं होता।

ICSE Class 10 English Solutions The Bet

ICSE Class 10 English Solutions The Bet

Passage 1

Question 1.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

The old banker was walking up and down his study and remembering how, fifteen years before, he had given a party one autumn evening. There had been many clever men there, and there had been interesting conversations. Among other things they had talked of capital punishment.

Who had thrown a party?

Answer:
An old banker had thrown a party fifteen years ago.

Question 2.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

Who attended the party?

Answer:
The party was attended by many clever men who engaged in interesting conversations.

Question 3.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

What is capital punishment? When is it used?

Answer:
Capital punishment is punishment by death sanctioned by government. Capital punishment is used by the government to punish criminals who have committed capital offenses.

Question 4.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

What did the banker think about capital punishment as against life imprisonment?

Answer:
The banker thought that capital punishment was better than life imprisonment. While capital punishment killed a man at once, life imprisonment meant a slow death. He felt that life imprisonment drags the life out of a person in the course of many years.

Passage 2

Question 1.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

“Both are equally immoral,” observed one of the guests, “for they both have the same object – to take away life. The State is not God. It has not the right to take away what it cannot restore when it wants to.”

What was equally immoral? Why?

Answer:
According to one of the guests, both capital punishment and life imprisonment were equally immoral. Both form of punishments had the same objectives – to take away life.

Question 2.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

What was the banker’s opinion on the two forms of punishments?

Answer:
According to the banker, death penalty was more humane and moral than imprisonment for life.

Question 3.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

Why did the banker feel that death penalty was more moral than life imprisonment?

Answer:
The banker was of the opinion that while capital punishment killed man at once, life imprisonment meant a slow death. He felt that life imprisonment drags the life out of a person in the course of many years.

Passage 3

Question 1.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

“It’s not true! I’ll bet you two million you wouldn’t stay in solitary confinement for five years.”
“If you mean that in earnest,” said the young man, “I’ll take the bet, but I would stay not five but fifteen years.”
“Fifteen? Done!” cried the banker. “Gentlemen, I stake two million!”
“Agreed! You stake your millions and I stake my freedom!” said the young man.

Where and between whom did the above conversation take place?

Answer:
The conversation above took place between the banker and a young lawyer at a party which the banker had thrown.

Question 2.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

What were the terms of the bet?

Answer:
The banker placed a bet of two million which he would give the lawyer if he stayed in solitary confinement for five years. The lawyer claimed that he would stay alone for not five but fifteen years and still win those two million.

Question 3.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

What led to the two men betting their money and freedom respectively?

Answer:
There was a discussion at the party over which form of punishment – capital punishment or life imprisonment was better. The banker felt that death penalty was better than life imprisonment. However, the lawyer said that if he had to choose, he would choose life imprisonment as he felt that it is better to live anyhow than to not live at all. This led to an argument, which transformed into a bet.

Passage 4

Question 1.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

The agreement provided for every detail and every trifle that would make his imprisonment strictly solitary, and bound the young man to stay there exactly fifteen years, beginning from twelve o’clock of November 14, 1870, and ending at twelve o’clock of November 14, 1885.

Between who was the agreement signed? What did it say?

Answer:
An agreement was signed between the banker and the lawyer. According to the agreement, the young lawyer had to stay in solitary confinement for fifteen years beginning from twelve o’clock of November 14, 1870, and ending at twelve o’clock of November 14, 1885.

Question 2.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

What would happen if the lawyer broke any condition of the agreement?

Answer:
In the event of the lawyer breaking any condition of the agreement, he would lose the bet and also the two million decided upon.

Question 3.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

What were the conditions of the solitary confinement?

Answer:
It was decided that the lawyer would stay in one of the lodges in the banker’s garden all alone under strict supervision. The lawyer would have no contact with human beings in any form. He would not talk to humans or hear their voice, or even receive letters and newspapers. The lawyer, however, was allowed to drink wine and to smoke, to write letters, and to have a musical instrument and reads books.

Question 4.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

How did the lawyer complete his first year of solitary confinement?

Answer:
During the first year of confinement, the lawyer suffered severely from loneliness and depression. He was being referred to as a prisoner now. He played the piano continually day and night. The prisoner refused wine and tobacco as according to him, wine excited the desires. And it was very dreary to drink wine and meet no one thereafter. The tobacco, he said, spoilt the air of his room. In the first year, the books he sent for were principally of a light character; novels with a complicated love plot, sensational and fantastic stories, and so on.

Passage 5

Question 1.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

In the fifth year music was audible again, and the prisoner asked for wine. Those who watched him through the window said that all that year he spent doing nothing but eating and drinking and lying on his bed, frequently yawning and angrily talking to himself. He did not read books. Sometimes at night he would sit down to write; he would spend hours writing, and in the morning tear up all that he had written. More than once he could be heard crying.

How did the lawyer become the prisoner? How many years did he have to spend in the prison?

Answer:
The lawyer entered into a bet with a banker in which he agreed to spend fifteen years of his life in solitary confinement. He was to receive two million at the end of the fifteen years if he kept all the clauses of the bet.

Question 2.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

What did the prisoner do in the second year of his confinement?

Answer:
The prisoner stopped playing the piano in the second year and asked only for classics to read.

Question 3.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

How was the prisoner’s conduct different in the first and the fifth year of his imprisonment?

Answer:
In the first year, the prisoner suffered severely from loneliness as one could judge from his brief notes. He played the piano continually and refused to have wine or tobacco. However in the fifth year, he asked for wine and those who watched him said that he sent all his time eating, drinking and lying on his bed. He would talk angrily to himself while frequently yawing in his bed. Sometimes at night he would sit down to write and after having spent hours writing, he would tear up all that he had written in the morning.

Question 4.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

How did the prisoner’s behaviour change during the sixth year?

Answer:
In the second half of the sixth year the prisoner began to study languages, philosophy and history with zeal. The prisoner was so engrossed in his studies that the banker got very busy to get him the books that he ordered. In four years the prisoner asked for six hundred volumes and learned six languages perfectly.

Passage 6

Question 1.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

“My dear Jailer, I write you these lines in six languages. Show them to people who know the languages. Let them read them. If they find not one mistake I implore you to fire a shot in the garden.

How was the prisoner able to write in six languages?

Answer:
In his sixth year, the prisoner took serious interest in studying languages. He engrossed himself in studying languages, philosophy, and history. It was because of this that he was able to write in six languages.

Question 2.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

“My dear Jailer, I write you these lines in six languages. Show them to people who know the languages. Let them read them. If they find not one mistake I implore you to fire a shot in the garden.

Why did the prisoner ask the banker to fire a shot in the garden?

Answer:
During the second half of the sixth year, the prisoner learnt many languages among other disciplines. To test if he had learnt well, he wrote a letter to the banker, whom he addressed as “Jailer” and in it wrote lines in six languages. He wanted the jailer to show them to people who knew those languages. He asked the jailer to fire a shot in the garden if all that he had written was correct. It was a signal that he had learnt the languages perfectly.

Question 3.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

“My dear Jailer, I write you these lines in six languages. Show them to people who know the languages. Let them read them. If they find not one mistake I implore you to fire a shot in the garden.

What did the prisoner understand after learning many languages?

Answer:
The prisoner understood that although geniuses from different lands speak different languages, the essence of their communication is the same. He was elated to have been able to understand the languages of the world.

Question 4.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

“My dear Jailer, I write you these lines in six languages. Show them to people who know the languages. Let them read them. If they find not one mistake I implore you to fire a shot in the garden.

What did the prisoner read in the last two years of imprisonment?

Answer:
In the last two years of his confinement, the prisoner read innumerable books indiscriminately. At one time he was busy reading natural sciences while at the other moment he would ask for Byron and Shakespeare. He demanded books on chemistry, a manual of medicine, a novel, and some treatise on philosophy or theology all at once.

Passage 7

Question 1.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

The old banker remembered all this, and thought:
“To-morrow at twelve o’clock he will regain his freedom. By our agreement I ought to pay him two million. If I do pay him, it is all over with me: I shall be utterly ruined.”

Who is the ‘he’ in the above extract? Why would his regaining freedom ruin the banker?

Answer:
The word ‘he’ in the above extract refers to the lawyer. The agreement of 15 years of imprisonment was going to come to an end a day later as mentioned in the extract. The lawyer would win the bet and the banker would have to pay him two million. Fifteen years ago two million meant nothing to the banker. However, years of bad investment and gambling had made the banker poor. If the banker gave two million to the lawyer, he would go bankrupt and this would ruin him.

Question 2.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

What did the banker decide to do to avoid paying the lawyer two million?

Answer:
The banker decided to kill the lawyer in the dark of night to avoid paying him the amount. He decided to go to the lodge and stifle the lawyer with a pillow and imagined that it would be easy to kill the already half-dead man. He also thought that since the watchman guarded the lodge, the suspicion would fall on him.

Question 3.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

Where was the watchman when the banker came to the lodge?

Answer:
When the banker came to the lodge the watchman was inside the kitchen or the greenhouse seeking shelter from the rain.

Question 4.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

Describe the scene when the banker set out for the lodge.

Answer:
When the banker stepped outside to meet the lawyer, everyone was asleep in the house and nothing could be heard outside but the rustling of the chilled trees. It was dark and cold in the garden. It was raining and a damp cutting wind was racing about the garden, howling and giving the trees no rest. The banker strained his eyes, but could see neither the earth nor the white statues, nor the lodge, nor the trees.

Passage 8

Question 1.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

Then the banker cautiously broke the seals off the door and put the key in the keyhole. The rusty lock gave a grating sound and the door creaked. The banker expected to hear at once footsteps and a cry of astonishment, but three minutes passed and it was as quiet as ever in the room. He made up his mind to go in.

With what intention did the banker open the door of the lodge after 15 years?

Answer:
The banker went to the lodge with the intention of killing the lawyer so that he wouldn’t have to pay him two million for winning the bet.

Question 2.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

Describe the financial condition of the banker at the end of the fifteen year period.

Answer:
The banker had been very rich when he had placed the bet fifteen years ago. However, after fifteen years, desperate gambling on the Stock Exchange and wild speculation had made him finally unstable to the extent that from a confident millionaire he had become a banker of middle rank.

Question 3.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

What did the banker see when he peeped into the lodge?

Answer:
The banker peeped through the little window of the lodge and saw a candle burning dimly in the prisoner’s room. The prisoner was sitting at the table and the banker could see nothing but his back. There were open books lying on the table, on the two easy-chairs and on the carpet near the table.

Question 4.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

What did the banker expect would happen as soon as he unlocked the door of the lodge? What actually happened?

Answer:
The banker thought he’d hear the footsteps of the lawyer whom he expected to come to the door in astonishment on hearing it open after 15 years. However, even after three minutes the room was as quiet as ever and there was no sign of the lawyer anywhere near the door of the lodge.

Passage 9

Question 1.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

“To-morrow at twelve o’clock I regain my freedom and the right to associate with other men, but before I leave this room and see the sunshine, I think it necessary to say a few words to you. With a clear conscience I tell you, as before God, who beholds me, that I despise freedom and life and health, and all that in your books is called the good things of the world.

Between whom is the above conversation taking place?

Answer:
The conversation is taking place between the prisoner and the banker in the above passage.

Question 2.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

Why did the banker go into the prisoner’s lodge a day before the 15 year-period finished?

Answer:
The banker went into the prisoner’s lodge with the intention of killing him so that he wouldn’t have to pay him the two million which he had promised 15 years ago.

Question 3.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

How did the prisoner spend 15 years of solitary confinement?

Answer:
The prisoner spent 15 years of imprisonment by reading innumerable books from various disciplines, playing the piano, drinking wine, and writing letters.

Question 4.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

Why did the prisoner write a letter to the banker?

Answer:
The prisoner wrote a letter to the banker to tell him how his perspective on life had changed after spending 15 years alone. He said that he intently studied earthly life for fifteen years and experienced everything inside the lodge that he could do in the free world outside. In the books he had flung himself into a bottomless pit, performed miracles, slain, burned towns, preached new religions, and even conquered whole kingdoms. He explained that the books had given him immense wisdom to understand that the blessings of the world are all worthless, fleeting, illusory, and deceptive, like a mirage. He said that he was going to renounce the two million of which he once dreamed of as paradise and go out from the lodge five hours before the time fixed to break the agreement.

Passage 10

Question 1.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

The banker went at once with the servants to the lodge and made sure of the flight of his prisoner. To avoid arousing unnecessary talk, he took from the table the writing in which the millions were renounced, and when he got home locked it up in the fireproof safe.

What did the watchman inform the banker the next morning?

Answer:
The watchman informed the banker that he and the others had seen the prisoner fleeing from the lodge in the morning.

Question 2.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

How did the prisoner lose the two million eventually?

Answer:
The prisoner decided to leave the lodge five hours earlier than the time decided in the agreement between him and the banker. By doing this, he lost the two million.

Question 3.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

What did the banker do after reading the letter addressed to him?

Answer:
The banker was overwhelmed after reading the letter addressed to him. After reading the note, he kissed the prisoner on the head and went back to his house weeping. He felt strangely defeated despite having won the bet. He had a feeling of self-contempt and guilt in him for having lured a young man into a bet that cost him his entire youth.

Question 4.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

What is the essence of the story?

Answer:
The story concludes with the lawyer renouncing the two million that he had almost won in the bet. It also shows that the banker isn’t happy either after having won the bet. The moral of the story is that material wealth is short-lived. All the wealth and the leisure in life are illusionary and fleeting. True happiness doesn’t come from what and how much you can amass. It comes from the ability to have a peaceful soul.

ICSE Class 10 Hindi Solutions साहित्य सागर – जामुन का पेड़

ICSE Solutions Selina ICSE Solutions ML Aggarwal Solutions

ICSE Class 10 Hindi Solutions साहित्य सागर – जामुन का पेड़

प्रश्न क-i:
निम्नलिखित गद्यांश को पढ़कर नीचे दिए गए प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिए :
“बेचारा जामुन का पेड़ कितना फलदार था।”
जामुन का पेड़ कहाँ लगा हुआ था और उसके गिरने का क्या कारण था?

उत्तर:
जामुन का पेड़ सेक्रेटेरियट के लॉन में लगा हुआ था। एक रात बड़े जोर की आँधी आती है जिसके कारण जामुन का पेड़ गिर पड़ता है।

प्रश्न क-ii:
निम्नलिखित गद्यांश को पढ़कर नीचे दिए गए प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिए :
“बेचारा जामुन का पेड़ कितना फलदार था।”
उपर्युक्त कथन का वक्ता कौन है? वो दुखी क्यों है?

उत्तर :
उपर्युक्त कथन का वक्ता सेक्रेटेरियेट में काम करने वाला एक क्लर्क है, जो इस समय जामुन के पेड़ के गिर पड़ने से दुखी है क्योंकि ये जामुन का पेड़ अत्यंत फलदार और रसीला था।

प्रश्न क-iii:
निम्नलिखित गद्यांश को पढ़कर नीचे दिए गए प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिए :
“बेचारा जामुन का पेड़ कितना फलदार था।”
उपर्युक्त संवाद कहानी के किस प्रसंग में आए हैं?

उत्तर:
उपर्युक्त संवाद सेक्रेटेरियेट के लॉन में लगे जामुन के पेड़ के गिरने के संदर्भ में आए हैं। सेक्रेटेरियेट के लॉन में लगा पेड़ आँधी के कारण रात में गिर पड़ा और उसके नीचे एक आदमी दब गया। सुबह होने पर जब माली ने उसे देखा तो क्लर्क को बताया और इस तरह से वहाँ पर एक भीड़ इकट्ठी हो गई और उस समय जामुन के पेड़ को देखकर उपर्युक्त संवाद कहा गया है।

प्रश्न क-iv:
निम्नलिखित गद्यांश को पढ़कर नीचे दिए गए प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिए :
“बेचारा जामुन का पेड़ कितना फलदार था।”
इससे लोगों की किस मानसिकता का पता चलता है?

उत्तर:
उपर्युक्त संवाद से हमें लोगों की संवेदनशून्य होती मानसिकता का पता चलता है। जामुन के पेड़ के पास खड़ी भीड़ को उसके नीचे दबे व्यक्ति से कोई सहानुभूति नहीं होती उल्टे वे उस पेड़ के लगे जामुनों को याद कर शोक प्रकट करते हैं जिससे पता चलता है कि किस प्रकार लोग स्वार्थी और संवेदनशून्य होते जा रहे हैं।

प्रश्न ख-i:
निम्नलिखित गद्यांश को पढ़कर नीचे दिए गए प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिए :
“अगर पेड़ नहीं काटा जा सकता तो इस आदमी को ही काटकर निकाल लिया जाए।”
जामुन के पेड़ का मामला हार्टीकल्चर विभाग तक कैसे पहुँचा?

उत्तर:
सेक्रेटेरियेट के लॉन में लगा पेड़ आँधी के कारण रात में गिर पड़ा और उसके नीचे एक आदमी दब गया। वह पेड़ कृषि विभाग के अंतर्गत था परंतु कृषि विभाग ने उसके फलदार पेड़ होने के कारण जामुन के पेड़ का मामला हार्टीकल्चर विभाग को भेज दिया।

प्रश्न ख-ii:
निम्नलिखित गद्यांश को पढ़कर नीचे दिए गए प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिए :
“अगर पेड़ नहीं काटा जा सकता तो इस आदमी को ही काटकर निकाल लिया जाए।”
हार्टीकल्चर विभाग ने जामुन के पेड़ काटने से मना क्यों किया?

उत्तर:
हार्टीकल्चर विभाग के सेक्रेटेरी का कहना था कि उनका विभाग आज जहाँ पेड़ लगाओ की स्कीम ऊँचें स्तर पर चला रही है वहाँ पर जामुन के इस फलदार पेड़ को काटने की अनुमति उसके विभाग द्वारा कभी भी नहीं दी जा सकती।

प्रश्न ख-iii:
निम्नलिखित गद्यांश को पढ़कर नीचे दिए गए प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिए :
“अगर पेड़ नहीं काटा जा सकता तो इस आदमी को ही काटकर निकाल लिया जाए।”
उपर्युक्त कथन से हमें लोगों की किस मानसिकता का पता चलता है?

उत्तर:
उपर्युक्त कथन से हमें लोगों की संवेदनशून्य होती मानसिकता का पता चलता है। जामुन के पेड़ के पास खड़ी भीड़ को उसके नीचे दबे व्यक्ति से कोई सहानुभूति नहीं होती उल्टे वे उस व्यक्ति का मजाक उड़ाते हैं। वे ये भी नहीं सोचते कि इस तरह के मजाक से व्यक्ति को कितनी तकलीफ हो रही होगी कि जब आप किसी जिंदा व्यक्ति को काटने की बात कर रहे हो।

प्रश्न ख-iv:
निम्नलिखित गद्यांश को पढ़कर नीचे दिए गए प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिए :
अब क्या किया जाए? इस पर एक मनचले ने कहा –
“अगर पेड़ नहीं काटा जा सकता तो इस आदमी को ही काटकर निकाल लिया जाए।”
प्रस्तुत अवतरण का संदर्भ स्पष्ट करें।

उत्तर:
सेक्रेटेरियेट के लॉन में लगा पेड़ आँधी के कारण रात में गिर पड़ा और उसके नीचे एक आदमी दब गया। और उस पेड़ को हार्टीकल्चर विभाग ने काटने से मना कर दिया तब उपर्युक्त संवाद वहाँ पर खड़े एक मनचले और असंवेदनशील आदमी द्वारा कहा गया है।

प्रश्न ग-i:
निम्नलिखित गद्यांश को पढ़कर नीचे दिए गए प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिए :
“मगर एक आदमी की जान का सवाल है।”
उपर्युक्त कथन का संदर्भ स्पष्ट करें।

उत्तर:
जब फॉरेस्ट डिपार्टमेंट के आदमी आरी, कुल्हाड़ी लेकर पहुँचे तो उन्हें पेड़ काटने से रोक दिया गया। मालूम हुआ कि विदेश-विभाग से हुक्म आया था कि इस पेड़ को न काटा जाए करण यह था, कि इस पेड़ को दस वर्ष पूर्व पिटोनिया राज्य के प्रधानमंत्री ने लगाया था। अब यदि इस पेड़ को काटा गया तो पिटोनिया सरकार से हमारे देश के संबंध सदा के लिए बिगड़ सकते थे। इसी बात के संदर्भ में एक क्लर्क ने चिल्लाते हुए इस कथन को कहा।

प्रश्न ग-ii:
निम्नलिखित गद्यांश को पढ़कर नीचे दिए गए प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिए :
“मगर एक आदमी की जान का सवाल है।”
विदेश विभाग ने पेड़ न काटने का हुक्म क्यों दिया?

उत्तर:
पेड़ को दस वर्ष पूर्व पिटोनिया राज्य के प्रधानमंत्री ने सेक्रेटेरियट के लॉन में लगाया था। अब यदि इस पेड़ को काटा गया तो पिटोनिया सरकार से हमारे देश के संबंध सदा के लिए बिगड़ सकते थे। इस कारण विदेश विभाग ने पेड़ न काटने का हुक्म दिया।

प्रश्न ग-iii:
निम्नलिखित गद्यांश को पढ़कर नीचे दिए गए प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिए :
“मगर एक आदमी की जान का सवाल है।”
अंत में पेड़ काटने की अनुमति कैसे मिलती है?

उत्तर:
विदेश विभाग अंत में फाइल लेकर प्रधानमंत्री के पास पहुँचते हैं। प्रधानमंत्री सारी अंतर्राष्ट्रीय जिम्मेदारी अपने सिर पर लेते हुए उस पेड़ को काटने की अनुमति दे देते हैं। अत: इस प्रकार फाइलें कई विभागों से गुजरते हुए अंत में जाकर प्रधानमंत्री द्वारा स्वीकृत होती है।

प्रश्न ग-iv:
निम्नलिखित गद्यांश को पढ़कर नीचे दिए गए प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिए :
“मगर एक आदमी की जान का सवाल है।”
क्या अंत में उस व्यक्ति को पेड़ के नीचे से निकाल लिया जाता है? यदि नहीं तो क्यों स्पष्ट करें।

उत्तर:
नहीं, अंत में उस व्यक्ति को पेड़ के नीचे से निकाल लिया जाता है क्योंकि सरकारी विभाग के अधिकारी जामुन के पेड़ को हटाने तथा उस व्यक्ति को बचाने की बजाए फाइलें बनाने तथा उन फाइलों को अलग-अलग विभागों में पहुँचाने में लगे हुए थे और अंत में जब तक फैसला आया तब तक बहुत देर हो चुकी थी और उस व्यक्ति की मृत्यु हो गई थी।

प्रश्न घ-i:
निम्नलिखित गद्यांश को पढ़कर नीचे दिए गए प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिए :
सुनते हो? आज तुम्हारी फाइल पूर्ण हो गई मगर कवि का हाथ ठंडा था, आँखों की पुतलियाँ निर्जीव और चींटियों की एक लंबी पाँत उसके मुँह में जा रही थी…।
यहाँ पर किस फाइल की बात की जा रही है?

उत्तर:
सेक्रेटेरियेट के लॉन में लगे जामुन के पेड़ के नीचे एक व्यक्ति कई दिन से दबा पड़ा रहता है और उसे वहाँ से निकालने के लिए विभिन्न विभागों से संपर्क किया जाता है और अंत में बात प्रधानमंत्री तक पहुँचती है और उस पेड़ को काटने का निर्णय किया जाता है यहाँ पर इसी फाइल के पूर्ण हो जाने से संबंधित बात की जा रही है।

प्रश्न घ-ii:
निम्नलिखित गद्यांश को पढ़कर नीचे दिए गए प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिए :
सुनते हो? आज तुम्हारी फाइल पूर्ण हो गई मगर कवि का हाथ ठंडा था, आँखों की पुतलियाँ निर्जीव और चींटियों की एक लंबी पाँत उसके मुँह में जा रही थी…।
दबे हुए व्यक्ति को इतने दिन पेड़ के नीचे से क्यों नहीं निकाला गया?

उत्तर:
यहाँ पर सरकारी विभाग की अकर्मण्यता की और ध्यान खींचा गया है कि किस तरह हर एक विभाग अपनी जिम्म्मेदारी से मुकर रहा था। हर एक विभाग अपनी जिम्मेदारी दूसरे विभाग के मत्थे मढ़ने पर लगा हुआ था। इसी कारणवश दबे हुए व्यक्ति को इतने दिन पेड़ के नीचे से नहीं निकाला गया।

प्रश्न घ-iii:
निम्नलिखित गद्यांश को पढ़कर नीचे दिए गए प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिए :
सुनते हो? आज तुम्हारी फाइल पूर्ण हो गई मगर कवि का हाथ ठंडा था, आँखों की पुतलियाँ निर्जीव और चींटियों की एक लंबी पाँत उसके मुँह में जा रही थी…।
उपर्युक्त कथन का वक्ता कौन है उसका परिचय दें।

उत्तर:
उपर्युक्त कथन का वक्ता सेक्रेटेरियेट में काम करने वाला एक माली है इसी ने सबसे पहले कवि के पेड़ के नीचे दबे होने की बात बताई थी। पूरी कहानी में चपरासी ही अकेला ऐसा व्यक्ति था जिसे कवि के प्रति सहानुभूति और चिंता थी।

प्रश्न घ-iv:
निम्नलिखित गद्यांश को पढ़कर नीचे दिए गए प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिए :
सुनते हो? आज तुम्हारी फाइल पूर्ण हो गई मगर कवि का हाथ ठंडा था, आँखों की पुतलियाँ निर्जीव और चींटियों की एक लंबी पाँत उसके मुँह में जा रही थी…।
प्रस्तुत कथन का आशय स्पष्ट करें।

उत्तर:
प्रस्तुत कथन का आशय सरकारी विभागों की अकर्मण्यता से है। यहाँ पर लेखक के कहने का तात्पर्य यह है कि लोग कितने असंवेदनशील हो गए है किसी को भी पेड़ के नीचे दबे व्यक्ति के बारे में चिंता नहीं थी। सभी अपनी-अपनी जिम्मेदारी से पल्ला झाड़ रहे थे और पेड़ को न हटवाने का दोष एक दूसरे पर मढ़ रहे थे और सरकारी विभागों की इस देरी की वजह से उस आदमी की मौत हो जाती है।

ICSE Class 10 English Solutions Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening [Poem]

ICSE Class 10 English Solutions Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening [Poem]

Passage 1

Question 1.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow:

Whose woods these are I think I know.
His house is in the village though;
He will not see me stopping here
To watch his woods fill up with snow.

Who is referred to as ‘his’ in the above extract? What does the speaker say about the person he refers to as ‘his’?

Answer:
The owner of the woods is referred to as ‘his’ in the extract. The speaker says that he knows the person who owns the woods and further informs us that the person lives in the village.

Question 2.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow:

Whose woods these are I think I know.
His house is in the village though;
He will not see me stopping here
To watch his woods fill up with snow.

Where was the speaker going? What stopped him on his way?

Answer:
The speaker was going back home with his horse and he had to pass through the woods. He found the woods beautifully queer and he was enchanted by the frozen lake in the woods. The snow falling on a cold winter night and gradually filling up the woods amazed and stopped the speaker in his tracks.

Question 3.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow:

Whose woods these are I think I know.
His house is in the village though;
He will not see me stopping here
To watch his woods fill up with snow.

What happens while the speaker stops by?

Answer:
While the speaker stops by, the snow continues to fall and cover the earth like a blanket.

Question 4.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow:

Whose woods these are I think I know.
His house is in the village though;
He will not see me stopping here
To watch his woods fill up with snow.

What is the meaning of word ‘woods’?

Answer:
An area of land smaller than a forest covered with thick growth of trees is called woods.

Passage 2

Question 1.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow:

My little horse must think it queer
To stop without a farmhouse near
Between the woods and frozen lake
The darkest evening of the year.

Identify and explain the figure of speech used in the first line of the poem.

Answer:
The figure of speech in the first line of the poem is anthropomorphism, the attribution of human characteristics or behaviour to a god, animal, or object. The poet gives the horse a human quality of being capable of thinking.

Question 2.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow:

My little horse must think it queer
To stop without a farmhouse near
Between the woods and frozen lake
The darkest evening of the year.

What according to the speaker will surprise his horse?

Answer:
According to the speaker, his horse will think it queer or strange to stop in the woods as it is a place with no house nearby. In addition, it is the coldest evening of the year as even the lake is frozen.

Question 3.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow:

My little horse must think it queer
To stop without a farmhouse near
Between the woods and frozen lake
The darkest evening of the year.

Explain the figurative contrast between the farmhouse and the frozen lake.

Answer:
The farmhouse represents warmth and homeliness. In contrast to this, the woods are cold and lonely. Also, the valley and farmhouse are terms representing habitation and community life. They can be seen as the first phase of a person’s life.

Question 4.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow:

My little horse must think it queer
To stop without a farmhouse near
Between the woods and frozen lake
The darkest evening of the year.

Explain the last two lines of the extract.

Answer:
The extract is from the point of view of the horse. The horse is alarmed at being stopped in the middle of the journey. He cannot see any dwelling nearby. Also the darkness of the night scares him. The horses’ reaction is in contrast to that of the travellers who finds the place oddly calming and beautiful.

Passage 3

Question 1.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow:

He gives his harness bells a shake
To ask if there is some mistake.
The only other sound’s the sweep
Of easy wind and downy flake.

What role does the horse play in the poem?

Answer:
The horse is the voice of reason in the poem. It can also be seen as a string which binds the speaker’s inner self to his earthly self which is dominated by reason.

Question 2.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow:

He gives his harness bells a shake
To ask if there is some mistake.
The only other sound’s the sweep
Of easy wind and downy flake.

What are the sounds that the poet hears in the forest? What kind of sounds are they?

Answer:
Apart from the sound of his horse’s harness bell, the poet hears the sound of the sweeping wind and falling snow flakes. The fact that the speaker mentions hearing the sound of the snow fall indicates how quiet the forest is on that snowy day. The sounds heard by the speaker are sounds of nature.

Question 3.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow:

He gives his harness bells a shake
To ask if there is some mistake.
The only other sound’s the sweep
Of easy wind and downy flake.

What effect does the silence in the woods have on the speaker?

Answer:
The silence in the woods creates a serene ambiance which enchants the speaker and stops him from moving ahead to his destination.

Question 4.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow:

He gives his harness bells a shake
To ask if there is some mistake.
The only other sound’s the sweep
Of easy wind and downy flake.

What is the rhyme scheme of the given extract?

Answer:
The rhyme scheme of the poem is A-A-B-A.

Passage 4

Question 1.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow:

The woods are lovely, dark and deep,
But I have promises to keep,
And miles to go before I sleep,
And miles to go before I sleep.

Identify and explain the contrast in the first line of the extract.

Answer:
The speaker uses contrasting imagery to describe the woods. He calls them lovely, dark and deep all at the same time. The words ‘dark’ and ‘deep’ connote an alarmingly mysterious characteristic while the word ‘lovely’ makes the woods an attractive location. The three words give the woods a mystical character. Though the darkness serves as a warning to the uncertainties lying within the forest, he is also mesmerised by its serene beauty.

Question 2.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow:

The woods are lovely, dark and deep,
But I have promises to keep,
And miles to go before I sleep,
And miles to go before I sleep.

What stops the speaker from moving on?

Answer:
The calm and soothing beauty of the deserted woods stops the speaker from moving on.

Question 3.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow:

The woods are lovely, dark and deep,
But I have promises to keep,
And miles to go before I sleep,
And miles to go before I sleep.

What does the line ‘But I have promises to keep’ symbolise?

Answer:
The line ‘but I have promises to keep’ indicates that the speaker is bound by his earthly responsibilities and can therefore not embrace the celestial beauty of the forest though he dearly wishes to stay back in the woods.

Question 4.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow:

The woods are lovely, dark and deep,
But I have promises to keep,
And miles to go before I sleep,
And miles to go before I sleep.

What is the significance of the last two lines of the poem?

Answer:
The last two lines of the poem reinforce the point that the speaker cannot shrug off his responsibilities despite being awed by the beauty of the forest. The lines remind the speaker of his duties and urge him to move ahead in the direction of his village where his family must be waiting for him.

ICSE Class 10 English Solutions My Lost Dollar

ICSE Class 10 English Solutions My Lost Dollar

Passage 1

Question 1.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

He has owed it to me for twelve months, and I fear there is little prospect of his ever returning it. I can realize whenever I meet him that he has forgotten that he owes me a dollar. He meets me in the same frank friendly way as always. My dollar has clean gone out of his mind. I see that I shall never get it back.

On the other hand I know that I shall remember all my life that Todd owes me a dollar. It will make no difference, I trust, to our friendship, but I shall never be able to forget it. I don’t know how it is with other people, but if any man borrows a dollar from me I carry the recollection of it to the grave.

Who is Todd? What does he owe the narrator of the story?

Answer:
Todd is the narrator’s friend who owes him a dollar.

Question 2.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

Does Todd remember that he owes the narrator some money?

Answer:
No, Todd doesn’t remember that he owes the narrator some money.

Question 3.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

How do we know that Todd has forgotten about the dollar?

Answer:
The narrator explains that Todd meets him in the same frank friendly way as always. This indicates that he doesn’t remember the dollar.

Question 4.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

Will their friendship be affected by one dollar? How does the author feel about his lost dollar?

Answer:
The author feels miserable about the dollar that his friend owes him. He says that he will carry the recollection of it to his grave. However he also mentions that the one lost dollar will not make a difference to their friendship.

Question 5.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

What tone does the narrator employ to describe his situation?

Answer:
The narrator employs a humorous tone to describe his situation. He uses exaggeration and a bit of satire to begin his story and explain that Todd has forgotten to pay him back a dollar he owes. The narrator says that although Todd may have forgotten about the dollar, he (the narrator) will remember it to his grave.

Passage 2

Question 1.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

…he was about to leave for Bermuda. He needed a dollar in change to pay his taxi; and I lent it to him. It happened quite simply and naturally, I hardly realized it till it was all over. He merely said “Let me have a dollar, will you!” And I said, “Certainly. Is a dollar enough?” I believe, in fact I know, that when Todd took that dollar he meant to pay for it.

He sent me a note from Hamilton, Bermuda. I thought when I opened it that the dollar would be in it. But it wasn’t. He merely said that the temperature was up to nearly 100. The figure confused me for a moment.

Why did Todd borrow a dollar from the narrator?

Answer:
Todd needed a dollar in change to pay for his taxi ride so he borrowed the same from the narrator.

Question 2.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

Why was the narrator willing to pay for Todd?

Answer:
When Todd asked for the dollar, the narrator felt with certainty that Todd meant to pay it back to him, he therefore gave it to Todd willingly.

Question 3.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

What did Todd send the narrator from Bermuda?

Answer:
The narrator received a note from Hamilton, Bermuda sent by Todd. The narrator thought it was his dollar but much to his disappointment, it was a note describing the temperature of Bermuda.

Question 4.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

Do you think the narrator exaggerates the story of his lost dollar?

Answer:
When someone borrows money, they ought to return it. With this principle in his mind, the narrator frets and fumes over how Todd has forgotten to pay him back. He makes several assumptions about how he is never going to get his money back from Todd. He explains how Todd doesn’t remember borrowing the dollar at all and keeps meeting him as usual. It is thus evident that the narrator exaggerates the case of his lost dollar.

Passage 3

Question 1.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

We spent the evening together, talking about Bermuda. I was thinking of the dollar but of course I didn’t refer to it one simply can’t. I asked him what currency is used in Bermuda, and whether the American Dollar goes at par (I put a slight emphasis on the American Dollar), but found again that I could not bring myself to make any reference to it.

It took e sometime (I see Todd practically every day ay my Club) to realize that he had completely forgotten the dollar. I asked him one day what his trip cost him and he said that he kept no accounts. A little I asked him if he felt settled down after his trip, and he said that he had practically forgotten about it. So I knew it was all over.

Did the narrator directly seek his dollar from Todd?

Answer:
The narrator never asked Todd directly to return his dollar but instead expected Todd to remember that he owed him a dollar.

Question 2.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

When did the narrator realise that he is never going to get his dollar back?

Answer:
When the narrator asked Todd how much he spent on his trip, Todd told him that he kept no accounts. This practically proved that since the man doesn’t manage his finances well he would never have remembered the single dollar he once borrowed. Therefore, the narrator realised that he would never get his dollar back from Todd.

Question 3.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

Do you think the narrator is obsessed with the loss of his dollar?

Answer:
Yes, the narrator seems to be obsessed with his lost dollar. He mentions the dollar throughout the story. In fact, every time he comes across Todd, he only thinks of his dollar, although he never directly asks for it and claims that it will not stand between their friendship.

Question 4.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

What details did the narrator seek from Todd about his trip? Why?

Answer:
The narrator asked Todd about the currency used in Bermuda in a hope to remind him of the one American dollar that Todd owed him. Further, he asked Todd how much the trip to Bermuda cost him. The narrator made such several indirect references to money hoping that he would remember that one dollar he owes him. However, all the attempts made by the narrator failed miserably and he could never get his dollar back.

Passage 4

Question 1.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

I bear Todd no grudge. I have simply added him to the list of men who owe me a dollar and who have forgotten it. There are quite a few of them now. I make no difference in my demeanour to them, but I only wish that I could forget.

I meet Todd very frequently. Only two nights ago I met him out at dinner and he was talking, apparently without self-consciousness, about Poland. He said that Poland would never pay her debts. You’d think a thing like that would remind him, wouldn’t you? But it didn’t seem to.

Why does the narrator bear no grudge?

Answer:
The narrator had lent his friend Todd a dollar which the latter has forgotten to pay back. In this reference, the narrator mentions that despite Todd forgetting about his dollar, he bears Todd no grudge. He does not give a reason for it except that there are quite a few of his other friends too who owe him a dollar and have forgotten about it.

Question 2.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

What kind of list has the narrator made? Who is the latest person to be added to that list?

Answer:
The narrator has a list of men who owe him a dollar and who have forgotten to repay it. Having understood that Todd will never repay the dollar too, the narrator has added him to this list.

Question 3.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

What could the narrator not forget?

Answer:
The narrator could not forget the people whom he had lent money and who have not paid him back. He doesn’t have any hard feelings for them but he cannot forget about his money either.

Question 4.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

Why did the narrator think that discussing about Poland would remind Todd about the unpaid dollar?

Answer:
One day the narrator met Todd out at dinner where Todd was talking about how Poland would never pay her debts. The narrator wished that Poland’s debts might remind Todd of the dollar he hadn’t paid the narrator. Unfortunately, this too didn’t remind Todd of the dollar.

Passage 5

Question 1.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

But meantime, a thought – a rather painful thought – has begun to come in to my mind at intervals. It is this. If Todd owes a dollar and has forgotten it, it is possible – indeed it is theoretically probable – that there must be men to whom I owe a dollar which I have forgotten. There may be a list of them. The more I think of it the less I like it, because I am quite sure that If I had once forgotten a dollar, I should never pay it, on this side of the grave.

What painful thought comes to the narrator’s mind as he thinks about his lost dollar?

Answer:
As the narrator thinks about his dollar, he thinks it is quite possible that he too may have taken a dollar from people and has failed to repay it.

Question 2.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

How does the narrator feel about him being similar to Todd in not repaying the dollars he might have taken from people?

Answer:
The narrator feels uncomfortable at the thought of owing money to people. He feels that it is theoretically probable that there are people in the world from whom he may have taken a dollar but who haven’t asked their dollars back and whose dollar he too has forgotten about.

Question 3.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

What is the tone of the given extract?

Answer:
The author has used a confessional tone in the given extract. In this extract, he realises that like Todd, he too may have forgotten about money taken from some men.

Question 4.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

Explain the line “I should never pay it, on this side of the grave”.

Answer:
The narrator is trying to explain that if he had taken a dollar and had forgotten about it, and does not have a recollection of it so far then he will never remember in this life.

Passage 6

Question 1.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

If there are such men I want them to speak out. Not all at once; but in reasonable numbers and as far as may be in alphabetical order and I will immediately, write their names down on paper. I don’t count here men who may have lent me an odd dollar over a bridge table: and I am not thinking (indeed I am taking care not to think) of the man who lent me thirty cents to pay for a bottle of plain soda in the Detroit Athletic Club last month. I always find the Canada frontier, and that man who advanced that thirty cents knows exactly why I felt that I had done enough for him, but if any man ever lent me a dollar to pay for a taxi when I was starting for Bermuda, I want to pay it.

… I want to start a general moment, Back to Honesty movement for paying all these odd dollars that are borrowed in moments of expansion. Let us remember that the greatest nations were built upon the rock basis of absolute honesty.

In conclusion may I say that I do particularly ask that no reader of this book will be careless enough to leave this copy round where it might be seen by Major Todd, of the University Club Montreal.

What kind of men is the narrator referring to in the given extract?

Answer:
The narrator is referring to men from whom he may have borrowed money but whom he has forgotten to pay back.

Question 2.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

In conclusion may I say that I do particularly ask that no reader of this book will be careless enough to leave this copy round where it might be seen by Major Todd, of the University Club Montreal.

What does the narrator want those men to do?

Answer:
The narrator wants those men to speak out in reasonable numbers so that he can write down their names on paper and pay them back one by one.

Question 3.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

In conclusion may I say that I do particularly ask that no reader of this book will be careless enough to leave this copy round where it might be seen by Major Todd, of the University Club Montreal.

How according to the author are great nations built?

Answer:
According to the author, great nations are built on the rock basis of absolute honesty.

Question 4.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

In conclusion may I say that I do particularly ask that no reader of this book will be careless enough to leave this copy round where it might be seen by Major Todd, of the University Club Montreal.

Do you think the author wants his friend Todd to know that he expected him to return the dollar once upon a time?

Answer:
No. We know this because the author mentions not wanting a copy of his story to be lying around such that his friend Major Todd may see it and realise that he never returned the dollar to the author.

Question 5.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

In conclusion may I say that I do particularly ask that no reader of this book will be careless enough to leave this copy round where it might be seen by Major Todd, of the University Club Montreal.

Write a character sketch of the narrator with reference to the story My Lost Dollar.

Answer:
In the short story My Lost Dollar, the narrator describes his discomfort about living with the fact that his friends whom he had lent money have totally forgotten about the same. The author’s character at first appears to be a light-hearted one who can move on in life with the help of humour. However, as the story proceeds, it is seen that the author is rather sarcastic about Todd’s poor memory in relation to the lost dollar. Although he says that he will never hold a grudge against him over a dollar, his thoughts wander in the direction of his dollar every time the two meet. Deep within his heart, he wants his dollar back and makes many futile attempts at reminding Todd of the same. However, he keeps his attitudes and behaviour intact with Todd despite his problem of the lost dollar. When nothing worked out, he seemed to have written this story to express his feelings. He tells his readers to circulate the story wisely, as if trying to hint that if the story, with Todd’s name clearly in it, is read by Todd, he may remember to pay back the author his dollar after all.

ICSE Class 10 Hindi Solutions साहित्य सागर – मातृ मंदिर की ओर [कविता]

ICSE Solutions Selina ICSE Solutions ML Aggarwal Solutions

ICSE Class 10 Hindi Solutions साहित्य सागर – मातृ मंदिर की ओर [कविता]

प्रश्न क-i:
निम्नलिखित गद्यांश को पढ़कर नीचे दिए गए प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिए :
व्यथित है मेरा हृदय-प्रदेश,
चलू उनको बहलाऊँ आज।
बताकर अपना सुख-दुख उसे
हृदय का भार हटाऊँ आज।।
चलूँ माँ के पद-पंकज पकड़
नयन-जल से नहलाऊँ आज।
मातृ मंदिर में मैंने कहा….
चलूँ दर्शन कर आऊँ आज।।
किंतु यह हुआ अचानक ध्यान,
दीन हूँ छोटी हूँ अज्ञान।
मातृ-मंदिर का दुर्गम मार्ग
तुम्हीं बतला दो हे भगवान।।
किसका हृदय व्यथित है?

उत्तर:
कवयित्री का हृदय व्यथित है।

प्रश्न क-ii:
निम्नलिखित गद्यांश को पढ़कर नीचे दिए गए प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिए :
व्यथित है मेरा हृदय-प्रदेश,
चलू उनको बहलाऊँ आज।
बताकर अपना सुख-दुख उसे
हृदय का भार हटाऊँ आज।।
चलूँ माँ के पद-पंकज पकड़
नयन-जल से नहलाऊँ आज।
मातृ मंदिर में मैंने कहा….
चलूँ दर्शन कर आऊँ आज।।
किंतु यह हुआ अचानक ध्यान,
दीन हूँ छोटी हूँ अज्ञान।
मातृ-मंदिर का दुर्गम मार्ग
तुम्हीं बतला दो हे भगवान।।
कवयित्री अपनी व्यथा को दूर करने के लिए क्या करना चाहती है?

उत्तर :
कवयित्री अपनी व्यथा को दूर करने के लिए मातृ मंदिर जाना चाहती है।

प्रश्न क-iii:
निम्नलिखित गद्यांश को पढ़कर नीचे दिए गए प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिए :
व्यथित है मेरा हृदय-प्रदेश,
चलू उनको बहलाऊँ आज।
बताकर अपना सुख-दुख उसे
हृदय का भार हटाऊँ आज।।
चलूँ माँ के पद-पंकज पकड़
नयन-जल से नहलाऊँ आज।
मातृ मंदिर में मैंने कहा….
चलूँ दर्शन कर आऊँ आज।।
किंतु यह हुआ अचानक ध्यान,
दीन हूँ छोटी हूँ अज्ञान।
मातृ-मंदिर का दुर्गम मार्ग
तुम्हीं बतला दो हे भगवान।।
मातृ मंदिर का मार्ग कैसा है?

उत्तर:
मातृ मंदिर का मार्ग दुर्गम है।

प्रश्न क-iv:
निम्नलिखित गद्यांश को पढ़कर नीचे दिए गए प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिए :
व्यथित है मेरा हृदय-प्रदेश,
चलू उनको बहलाऊँ आज।
बताकर अपना सुख-दुख उसे
हृदय का भार हटाऊँ आज।।
चलूँ माँ के पद-पंकज पकड़
नयन-जल से नहलाऊँ आज।
मातृ मंदिर में मैंने कहा….
चलूँ दर्शन कर आऊँ आज।।
किंतु यह हुआ अचानक ध्यान,
दीन हूँ छोटी हूँ अज्ञान।
मातृ-मंदिर का दुर्गम मार्ग
तुम्हीं बतला दो हे भगवान।।
शब्दार्थ लिखिए –
व्यथित, नयन-जल, दुर्गम

उत्तर:
व्यथित – दुखी
नयन-जल – आँसू
दुर्गम – जहाँ जाना कठिन हो

प्रश्न ख-i:
निम्नलिखित गद्यांश को पढ़कर नीचे दिए गए प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिए :
मार्ग के बाधक पहरेदार
सुना है ऊँचे से सोपान
फिसलते हैं ये दुर्बल पैर
चढ़ा दो मुझको हे भगवान।।
अहा ! वे जगमग-जगमग जगी
ज्योतियाँ दीख रही हैं वहाँ।
शीघ्रता करो वाद्य बज उठे
भला मैं कैसे जाऊँ वहाँ?
सुनाई पड़ता है कल-गान
मिला दूँ मैं भी अपनी तान।
शीघ्रता करो मुझे ले चलो ,
मातृ मंदिर में हे भगवान।।
मार्ग के बाधक कौन है?

उत्तर:
मार्ग के बाधक पहरेदार है।

प्रश्न ख-ii:
निम्नलिखित गद्यांश को पढ़कर नीचे दिए गए प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिए :
मार्ग के बाधक पहरेदार
सुना है ऊँचे से सोपान
फिसलते हैं ये दुर्बल पैर
चढ़ा दो मुझको हे भगवान।।
अहा ! वे जगमग-जगमग जगी
ज्योतियाँ दीख रही हैं वहाँ।
शीघ्रता करो वाद्य बज उठे
भला मैं कैसे जाऊँ वहाँ?
सुनाई पड़ता है कल-गान
मिला दूँ मैं भी अपनी तान।
शीघ्रता करो मुझे ले चलो,
मातृ मंदिर में हे भगवान।।
कवयित्री भगवान से सहायता क्यों माँग रही है?

उत्तर:
कवयित्री के पैर दुर्बल हैं और वो ऊँची सीढ़ियाँ चढ़ने में असमर्थ से इसलिए वह भगवान से सहायता माँग रही है।

प्रश्न ख-iii:
निम्नलिखित गद्यांश को पढ़कर नीचे दिए गए प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिए :
मार्ग के बाधक पहरेदार
सुना है ऊँचे से सोपान
फिसलते हैं ये दुर्बल पैर
चढ़ा दो मुझको हे भगवान।।
अहा ! वे जगमग-जगमग जगी
ज्योतियाँ दीख रही हैं वहाँ।
शीघ्रता करो वाद्य बज उठे
भला मैं कैसे जाऊँ वहाँ?
सुनाई पड़ता है कल-गान
मिला दूँ मैं भी अपनी तान।
शीघ्रता करो मुझे ले चलो,
मातृ मंदिर में हे भगवान।।
‘अहा ! वे जगमग-जगमग जगी, ज्योतियाँ दिख रही हैं वहाँ।’ – आशय स्पष्ट कीजिए।

उत्तर:
कवियित्री को माँ के मंदिर में जगमगाते दीपों का ज्योति पुंज दिखाई दे रहा है।

प्रश्न ख-iv:
निम्नलिखित गद्यांश को पढ़कर नीचे दिए गए प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिए :
मार्ग के बाधक पहरेदार
सुना है ऊँचे से सोपान
फिसलते हैं ये दुर्बल पैर
चढ़ा दो मुझको हे भगवान।।
अहा ! वे जगमग-जगमग जगी
ज्योतियाँ दीख रही हैं वहाँ।
शीघ्रता करो वाद्य बज उठे
भला मैं कैसे जाऊँ वहाँ?
सुनाई पड़ता है कल-गान
मिला दूँ मैं भी अपनी तान।
शीघ्रता करो मुझे ले चलो,
मातृ मंदिर में हे भगवान।।
शब्दार्थ लिखिए –
सोपान, शीघ्रता, दुर्बल,

उत्तर:
सोपान – सीढ़ियाँ
शीघ्रता – जल्दी
दुर्बल – कमजोर

प्रश्न ग-i:
निम्नलिखित गद्यांश को पढ़कर नीचे दिए गए प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिए :
चलूँ मैं जल्दी से बढ़-चलूँ।
देख लूँ माँ की प्यारी मूर्ति।
आह ! वह मीठी-सी मुसकान
जगा जाती है, न्यारी स्फूर्ति।।
उसे भी आती होगी याद?
उसे, हाँ आती होगी याद।
नहीं तो रूठूँगी मैं आज
सुनाऊँगी उसको फरियाद।
कलेजा माँ का, मैं संतान
करेगी दोषों पर अभिमान।
मातृ-वेदी पर हुई पुकार,
चढ़ा दो मुझको, हे भगवान।।
कवयित्री क्यों जल्दी से आगे बढ़ना चाहती है?

उत्तर:
कवियित्री को माँ के मंदिर में जगमगाते दीपों का ज्योति पुंज दिखाई दे रहा है तथा वाद्य भी सुनाई दे रहे है इसलिए वे मातृ भूमि के चरणों में जाना चाहती है।

प्रश्न ग-ii:
निम्नलिखित गद्यांश को पढ़कर नीचे दिए गए प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिए :
चलूँ मैं जल्दी से बढ़-चलूँ।
देख लूँ माँ की प्यारी मूर्ति।
आह ! वह मीठी-सी मुसकान
जगा जाती है, न्यारी स्फूर्ति।।
उसे भी आती होगी याद?
उसे, हाँ आती होगी याद।
नहीं तो रूठूँगी मैं आज
सुनाऊँगी उसको फरियाद।
कलेजा माँ का, मैं संतान
करेगी दोषों पर अभिमान।
मातृ-वेदी पर हुई पुकार,
चढ़ा दो मुझको, हे भगवान।।
कवयित्री माँ को क्या सुनाना चाहती है?

उत्तर:
कवयित्री माँ को फरियाद सुनाना चाहती है।

प्रश्न ग-iii:
निम्नलिखित गद्यांश को पढ़कर नीचे दिए गए प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिए :
चलूँ मैं जल्दी से बढ़-चलूँ।
देख लूँ माँ की प्यारी मूर्ति।
आह ! वह मीठी-सी मुसकान
जगा जाती है, न्यारी स्फूर्ति।।
उसे भी आती होगी याद?
उसे, हाँ आती होगी याद।
नहीं तो रूठूँगी मैं आज
सुनाऊँगी उसको फरियाद।
कलेजा माँ का, मैं संतान
करेगी दोषों पर अभिमान।
मातृ-वेदी पर हुई पुकार,
चढ़ा दो मुझको, हे भगवान।।
कहाँ से पुकार हो रही है?

उत्तर:
मातृ-वेदी पर से पुकार हो रही है।

प्रश्न ग-iv:
निम्नलिखित गद्यांश को पढ़कर नीचे दिए गए प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिए :
चलूँ मैं जल्दी से बढ़-चलूँ।
देख लूँ माँ की प्यारी मूर्ति।
आह ! वह मीठी-सी मुसकान
जगा जाती है, न्यारी स्फूर्ति।।
उसे भी आती होगी याद?
उसे, हाँ आती होगी याद।
नहीं तो रूठूँगी मैं आज
सुनाऊँगी उसको फरियाद।
कलेजा माँ का, मैं संतान
करेगी दोषों पर अभिमान।
मातृ-वेदी पर हुई पुकार,
चढ़ा दो मुझको, हे भगवान।।
शब्दार्थ लिखिए –
स्फूर्ति, फरियाद

उत्तर:
स्फूर्ति – उत्तेजना
फरियाद – याचना

प्रश्न घ-i:
निम्नलिखित गद्यांश को पढ़कर नीचे दिए गए प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिए :
कलेजा माँ का, मैं संतान
करेगी दोषों पर अभिमान।
मातृ-वेदी पर हुई पुकार,
चढ़ा दो मुझको, हे भगवान।।
सुनूँगी माता की आवाज़
रहूँगी मरने को तैयार
कभी भी उस वेदी पर देव,
न होने दूँगी अत्याचार।
न होने दूँगी अत्याचार
चलो, मैं हो जाऊँ बलिदान।
मातृ-मंदिर में हुई पुकार, चढ़ा दो मुझको हे भगवान।
‘कलेजा माँ का, मैं संतान करेगी दोषों पर अभिमान।’ – का आशय स्पष्ट कीजिए।

उत्तर:
कवयित्री कहती है कि माँ का हृदय उदार होता है वह अपने संतान के दोषों पर ध्यान नहीं देती। उसे अपने संतान पर गर्व होता है।

प्रश्न घ-ii:
निम्नलिखित गद्यांश को पढ़कर नीचे दिए गए प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिए :
कलेजा माँ का, मैं संतान
करेगी दोषों पर अभिमान।
मातृ-वेदी पर हुई पुकार,
चढ़ा दो मुझको, हे भगवान।।
सुनूँगी माता की आवाज़
रहूँगी मरने को तैयार
कभी भी उस वेदी पर देव,
न होने दूँगी अत्याचार।
न होने दूँगी अत्याचार
चलो, मैं हो जाऊँ बलिदान।
मातृ-मंदिर में हुई पुकार,चढ़ा दो मुझको हे भगवान।
कवयित्री किसके लिए तैयार है?

उत्तर:
कवयित्री मरने के लिए तैयार है।

प्रश्न घ-iii:
निम्नलिखित गद्यांश को पढ़कर नीचे दिए गए प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिए :
कलेजा माँ का, मैं संतान
करेगी दोषों पर अभिमान।
मातृ-वेदी पर हुई पुकार,
चढ़ा दो मुझको, हे भगवान।।
सुनूँगी माता की आवाज़
रहूँगी मरने को तैयार
कभी भी उस वेदी पर देव,
न होने दूँगी अत्याचार।
न होने दूँगी अत्याचार
चलो, मैं हो जाऊँ बलिदान।
मातृ-मंदिर में हुई पुकार, चढ़ा दो मुझको हे भगवान।
कवयित्री किस पथ पर बढ़ना चाहती है?

उत्तर:
कवयित्री मातृभूमि की रक्षा में बलिदान के पथ पर बढ़ना चाहती है।

प्रश्न घ-iv:
निम्नलिखित गद्यांश को पढ़कर नीचे दिए गए प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिए :
कलेजा माँ का, मैं संतान
करेगी दोषों पर अभिमान।
मातृ-वेदी पर हुई पुकार,
चढ़ा दो मुझको, हे भगवान।।
सुनूँगी माता की आवाज़
रहूँगी मरने को तैयार
कभी भी उस वेदी पर देव,
न होने दूँगी अत्याचार।
न होने दूँगी अत्याचार
चलो, मैं हो जाऊँ बलिदान।
मातृ-मंदिर में हुई पुकार, चढ़ा दो मुझको हे भगवान।
शब्दार्थ लिखिए –
अत्याचार, मातृ-मंदिर

उत्तर:
अत्याचार – जुल्म
मातृ-मंदिर – माता की मंदिर जिस मंदिर में विराजमान है

ICSE Class 10 English Solutions The Kabuliwala

ICSE Class 10 English Solutions The Kabuliwala

Passage 1

Question 1.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

One morning as I had just started writing the seventeenth chapter of my novel, Mini walked into the room and began, ‘Dad, our sentry Ramdayal doesn’t even know how to pronounce the word “crow.” He is so backward’.

Who is the speaker in the given extract?

Answer:
The speaker in the given extract is the narrator of the story The Kabuliwala, and Mini’s father.

Question 2.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

What was the narrator doing when he was interrupted? Who interrupted him?

Answer:
The narrator had started writing the seventeenth chapter of his novel when Mini, his five-year-old daughter walked into the room and interrupted him with her chatter.

Question 3.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

What was the narrator’s profession?

Answer:
The narrator was a writer by profession.

Question 4.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

What shows that Mini was a chatty girl?

Answer:
Mini walked into her father’s room and began, ‘Dad, our sentry Ramdayal doesn’t even know how to pronounce the word “crow.” He is so backward.’ Before her father could explain the differences between languages, she launched herself into another topic, ‘See, Dad, Bhola was saying that when elephants lift water with their trunks and spray it from the sky, it rains. Dear, oh dear! Bhola can speak such nonsense. He can rant day and night, without making any sense!’ Without waiting for her father’s reply, she asked him the next question, ‘Dad, who is Mum to you?’ There was no connection between the three questions that she asked her father. Her father mentions in the beginning of the story that Mini liked to talk all day long. It took her about a year after being born to acquire the talent for language, and since then she had not wasted a single wakeful moment of her life remaining silent.

Passage 2

Question 1.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

Stopping her game abruptly Mini ran to the window which overlooked the main road, and began calling out at the top of her voice…

Where was Mini sitting? What was she doing there?

Answer:
Mini was sitting beside her father’s writing table close to his feet. She was playing the game of knick-knack with her hands and knees.

Question 2.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

Stopping her game abruptly Mini ran to the window which overlooked the main road, and began calling out at the top of her voice…

Who did Mini call out to from the window?

Answer:
Mini called out to a tall, shabbily dressed Afghan who was walking down the street.

Question 3.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

Stopping her game abruptly Mini ran to the window which overlooked the main road, and began calling out at the top of her voice…

Who was the Afghan?

Answer:
The Afghan was a street vendor from Kabul with a turban on his head and a sack on his back. His name was Rahman and he was called Kabuliwala by Mini.

Question 4.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

Stopping her game abruptly Mini ran to the window which overlooked the main road, and began calling out at the top of her voice…

Why did Mini call out to the Kabuliwala? What did her father think when she yelled out to him?

Answer:
Mini called out to the Kabuliwala after abruptly stopping her game of knick-knack while still in her father’s room. There was no particular reason for her to call him. Mini’s father however, thought of him as a nuisance who would come in and interrupt his writing like his daughter.

Passage 3

Question 1.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

She had this childish fear … found in there.
She had this childish fear that if someone looked through the bag of this Afghan man, several living children like herself would be found in there.

Whom was Mini afraid of?

Answer:
Mini was afraid of the Kabuliwala as she thought that if someone looked through the bag of the Afghan man, several living children would be found in there.

Question 2.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

She had this childish fear … found in there.
She had this childish fear that if someone looked through the bag of this Afghan man, several living children like herself would be found in there.

What apprehensions did Mini’s mother have about the Afghan?

Answer:
Mini’s mother had her own suspicions about the Afghan, Rahman. She feared that one day he would abduct Mini and take her away to Afghanistan and make her a slave. Slavery was prevalent in Afghanistan and it was common for children to be abducted and sold there.

Question 3.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

She had this childish fear … found in there.
She had this childish fear that if someone looked through the bag of this Afghan man, several living children like herself would be found in there.

What did the Kabuliwala offer Mini to befriend her? Did Mini accept the little treat from him?

Answer:
The Kabuliwala offered Mini some raisins and apricots to befriend her. However, Mini was so afraid of the Afghan man that she didn’t accept the treat from him.

Passage 4

Question 1.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

The Kabuliwala took out some raisins and apricots from inside the bag and gave it to Mini, but she refused to take them and remained pressed against my knees with a redoubled suspicion. That was how their first meeting ended.

What was the intention of the Kabuliwala behind offering Mini raisins and apricots?

Answer:
The Kabuliwala wanted to befriend Mini and that is why he offered her some raisins and apricots.

Question 2.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

Why did Mini refuse to take the goodies from Rahman?

Answer:
Although Mini called out to the Kabuliwala from her window, she didn’t expect the tall Afghan to turn around and walk in her direction. His built and the sack on his back made her believe the story that the sack had living children in it. Her fear of the stranger made her refuse the raisins and the apricots that Rahman offered.

Question 3.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

Why did Rahman want to befriend Mini?

Answer:
Mini reminded Rahman of his own little daughter who lived in Afghanistan. Therefore, when he heard Mini calling out to him, he was drawn to her. He offered Mini the dry fruits imagining that he was giving the goodies to his own daughter. When they became friends Mini’s company helped him forget the pain of being away from his own daughter.

Passage 5

Question 1.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

In her short five-year life, Mini had never found a more intent listener before other than her father. I also noticed that she had lots of nuts and raisins tied up at the loose end of her small sari. Upon discovering this, I asked the Kabuliwala, ‘Why did you give all these to her? Please don’t do it again.’ With that, I took out a half-a-rupee coin and gave it to him.

Name the two intent listeners in Mini’s life.

Answer:
The two intent listeners in Mini’s life were her father and her new found friend, the Kabuliwala.

Question 2.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

Who gave Mini half-a-rupee coin? Why?

Answer:
The Kabuliwala was given half-a-rupee by Mini’s father for the dry fruits he gave her for free. However, since the Kabuliwala felt affectionate towards Mini, he gave her back the coin.

Question 3.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

Why did Mini’s mother scold her?

Answer:
Mini’s mother scolded her because she had a half-a-rupee coin and no one knew where she got it from. She didn’t know that Rahman had given it back to her. She wanted her to remember that taking things from strangers was not right.

Question 4.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

What kind of a relationship had blossomed between Mini and Rahman?

Answer:
Although Mini was sacred of Rahman when she saw him for the first time, one day her father saw her chatting non-stop with the Kabuliwala at the door. Mini was seated on the bench next to the door while the Kabuliwala was parked next to her feet, listening to her with a grin and interjecting now and then in broken Bengali to give his opinion. Mini and Rahman had become great friends despite the fact that there was nothing in common between the two.

Passage 6

Question 1.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

Making a huge fist with his hand, Rahman would pretend to punch at his imaginary in-law and say, ‘I’ll wallop my in-law.”

What did Rahman mean by the word ‘in-laws’?

Answer:
When Rahman used the word ‘in-laws’, he was referring to the police.

Question 2.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

Making a huge fist with his hand, Rahman would pretend to punch at his imaginary in-law and say, ‘I’ll wallop my in-law.”

Why was Mini unable to fathom the term ‘in-laws’?

Answer:
Bengali girls were familiar with the term in-laws since childhood. However, since Mini’s parents were liberal, they did not believe in child marriage and hence, Mini had not yet experienced what it was to have in-laws. Therefore, she couldn’t fathom the term ‘in-laws’ when Rahman used it.

Question 3.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

Making a huge fist with his hand, Rahman would pretend to punch at his imaginary in-law and say, ‘I’ll wallop my in-law.”

Whom did Rahman pretend to punch? How did Mini react to this?

Answer:
Rahman made a huge fist with his hand and pretended to punch his imaginary in-law to show Mini how he would behave with his in-laws (the police). At this Mini exploded into peals of laughter imagining the plight of the in-law being beaten up by her friend.

Passage 7

Question 1.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

He had to rush from house to house to raise the collectibles, and yet he found time to visit Mini. It appeared as if the two were involved in a mischievous plot. The day he couldn’t come in the morning he came in the evening.

Who is the ‘he’ in the given extract?

Answer:
The ‘he’ in the given extract is Rahman, a fruit seller and a money lender hailing from Afghanistan and a dear friend to Mini.

Question 2.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

Why did Rahman have to go from house to house?

Answer:
Rahman used to go back to his home country in January or February each year. Before going away he had to rush from house to house to collect dues from the people whom he had given money to.

Question 3.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

How did he manage to meet Mini even on days when he was busy settling his dues?

Answer:
Although he had to rush from house to house to collect his dues, Rahman always found time for Mini. On days when he was unable to meet her in the morning, he made sure to come to meet her in the evening.

Passage 8

Question 1.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

Looking out, I saw our Rahman in handcuffs, escorted by two policemen, with s whole host of street urchins trailing after them.

Whom did the narrator see as he looked outside?

Answer:
The narrator saw Rahman in handcuffs escorted by two policemen as he looked outside. A whole host of street urchins was following them on the streets.

Question 2.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

Looking out, I saw our Rahman in handcuffs, escorted by two policemen, with s whole host of street urchins trailing after them.

What caused the commotion on the street?

Answer:
There was commotion on the streets as the policemen had arrested Rahman and some other street urchins and they were being walked on the streets.

Question 3.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

Looking out, I saw our Rahman in handcuffs, escorted by two policemen, with s whole host of street urchins trailing after them.

Why was the policeman carrying a blood-stained knife?

Answer:
The policeman was carrying a blood-stained knife which Rahman had used to stab a man who owed him money. As the man had refused to pay his dues, an argument broke out between them and in a fit of anger, Rahman stabbed the man.

Question 4.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

Looking out, I saw our Rahman in handcuffs, escorted by two policemen, with s whole host of street urchins trailing after them.

What happened when Mini saw Rahman with the policemen?

Answer:
Mini called out to Rahman when he was in the midst of hurling obscene abuses at the dishonest man who refused to pay him money. However, when Mini called out to him in her regular fashion, “Kabuliwala, O Kabuliwala,” Rahman’s face was filled with happiness in a flash. On being questioned by Mini whether he was going to his in-laws, Rahman laughed and said pointing to his hands that he would have beaten up the in-law if his hands were not tied up.

Passage 9

Question 1.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

We almost forgot about him. Living our days through our daily routines in the security of our home, it never occurred to us once how his free-spirited man from the mountains was spending his years within the secluded walls of the jail.

Who is being discussed in the extract?

Answer:
The narrator is discussing Rahman in the extract.

Question 2.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

Did Mini ask her father about Rahman when he was gone?

Answer:
Mini was a little girl with an inconstant little heart. She soon forgot about her old friend Rahman and did not ask about him when he was gone.

Question 3.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

Where had Rahman gone?

Answer:
Rahman was serving a long sentence in the prison after having stabbed a man who refused to pay him back.

Question 4.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

Did the narrator think about Rahman?

Answer:
The narrator explains that his family very conveniently forgot about Rahman. Living within the secure walls of their home, it never occurred to them where or how Rahman must be. However, the narrator felt guilty when he realised that Mini too had forgotten her Afghan friend and found a new friend in Nabi, the syce. The narrator, however, thought about how Rahman, the man from the free mountains, was spending his years within the secluded walls of the jail.

Passage 10

Question 1.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

At first I couldn’t recognise him. He didn’t have that customary sack with him, or the long hair and his burly look. Finally, I recognised him through his smile.

Whom did the narrator not recognise?

Answer:
The narrator did not recognise Rahman, the dry fruit seller from Afghanistan.

Question 2.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

At first I couldn’t recognise him. He didn’t have that customary sack with him, or the long hair and his burly look. Finally, I recognised him through his smile.

Why was the narrator unable to recognise Rahman?

Answer:
The narrator was unable to recognise Rahman because he was not wearing his usual clothes or carrying the customary sack on his back. He didn’t have long hair or brawny physique like before when he came to meet Mini after spending several years in jail.

Question 3.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

At first I couldn’t recognise him. He didn’t have that customary sack with him, or the long hair and his burly look. Finally, I recognised him through his smile.

Why did Rahman come to meet the narrator?

Answer:
Rahman had just been freed from the prison after serving a long sentence. The first thing he wanted to do was meet his little girl, Mini, whom he must have missed a great deal while he was in prison. Therefore, he came to meet the narrator.

Question 4.
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.

At first I couldn’t recognise him. He didn’t have that customary sack with him, or the long hair and his burly look. Finally, I recognised him through his smile.

How did the narrator recognise Rahman?

Answer:
At first, the narrator did not recognise Rahman as he had grown a little weak after spending many years in the prison. His physical appearance had changed significantly. However, the narrator recognised him through his smile.

Force, Work, Power and Energy Class 10 Physics ICSE Solutions

ICSESolutions.com provides ICSE Solutions for Class 10 Physics Chapter 1 Force, Work, Power and Energy for ICSE Board Examinations. We provide step by step Solutions for ICSE Physics Class 10 Solutions Pdf. You can download the Class 10 Physics ICSE Textbook Solutions with Free PDF download option.

ICSE Class 10 Physics Chapter 1 Force, Work, Power and Energy Solutions

Short Answers

Question 1: Define force. Is force a scalar or a vector quantity?
Answer: A force is that cause which changes or tends to change the state of rest or of uniform motion of a body. Force is a vector quantity.

Question 2: State and define the unit of force in the S.I. system.
Answer: The unit of force in S. I. system is Newton (N). Newton is defined as the force which, when applied on a body of mass 1 kg produces in it an acceleration of 1 ms².

Question 3: Define one newton. Write the relation between S. I. unit and C.G.S. unit of force.
Answer: One Newton: If a body of mass 1 kg moves with an acceleration of 1 m/s² then force acting on the body is said to be one Newton. 1N = 10⁵ Dyne.
Relation between S. I. and CGS unit of force is 1 Newton = 1 kg × 1 ms^-2.

Question 4: Define 1 kgf., How is it related to the S.I. unit of force?
Answer: 1 kgf: It is the force due to gravity on a mass of 1kg. (kilogram), 1 kgf = 9.8 N.

Question 5: (i) Where is the centre of gravity of a uniform ring situated?
(ii) ‘The position of the centre of gravity of a body remains unchanged even when the body is deformed.’ State whether the statement is true or false.
Answer: (i) Centre of gravity of a uniform ring is at its centre.
(ii) False.

Question 6: Which of the following remains constant in uniform circular motion, Speed or Velocity or both?
Answer: In uniform circular motion speed remains constant.

Question 7: Define 1 Dyne.
Answer: 1 dyne is that force which when acting on a body of mass 1 gram, produces an acceleration of 1 cm s^-2 in it.
1 dyne = 1 g × 1 cm s^-2.

Question 8: Define contact forces.
Answer: The forces which are applied on a body through a connector, are called contact forces. Forces like Frictional force, Mechanical force etc., are the forces of contact.

Question 9: Define non-contact forces.
Answer: The forces which act on a body without the help of any connector, are called non-contact forces or forces of distance. Gravitational force, Mechanical force etc., are non-contact forces.

Question 10: State the energy changes in the following devices while in use
(i) A loud speaker (ii) A glowing electric bulb
Answer: (i) Loud speaker: Electric energy to sound.
(ii) Glowing electric bulb: Electric to heat energy to light energy.

Question 11: Give any two effects of a force on a non-rigid body.
Answer: Two effects of a force on a non-rigid body are:
(i) Force can change the state of rest or motion of the body
(ii) Force can change the size or shape of the body.

Question 12: Where does the position of centre of gravity lie for
(i) a circular lamina (ii) a triangular lamina
Answer: (i) Circular lamina – Centre of the lamina
(ii) Triangular lamina – Point of intersection of medians.

Question 13: What is Gravitational force? Give gravitational units of force.
Answer: Earth exerts a force of attraction on each object. This force is due to gravity and its magnitude is directly proportional to the mass of the object. This force is known as gravitational force and its units are gravitational units.
In MKS system the gravitational unit of force is kilogramme force i.e., kgf. In CGS system it is gramme force, gf.

Question 14: What is the work done by the gravitational force on the moon that revolves around the earth?
Answer: The moon is revolving around the earth. In this process, the work done by the gravitational force is zero because the displacement of the moon is at right angle to the gravitational force.

Question 15: A coolie, with a load of 30 kg on his head, walks on the platform. If he walks a distance of 60 m, what is the work done by him?
Answer: The work done by the coolie is zero because there is no displacement of’ the load in the direction of force, which he is applying vertically upwards.

Question 16: A bullet fired against a window glass pane makes a hole in it without any cracks while a stone striking the same glass pane smashes it; explain with reason.
Answer: When the bullet strikes the glass, the part of the glass coming in contact with the bullet, immediately shares the large velocity of the bullet and makes a hole in it while the rest of the glass pane, due to inertia of rest, remains at rest and so is not smashed. But when a stone strikes the same glass pan, the surrounding part of the glass gets time to share the comparatively low velocity of stone and so it is smashed.

Question 17: State one factor on which the magnitude of a non-contact force depends. How does magnitude of a non-contact force change along distance?
Answer: The magnitude of a non-contact force depends on distance. If magnitude of a non-contact force increasing then distance decreasing.

Question 18: Under what condition will a set of gears produce
(i) a gain in speed (ii) a gain in torque.
Answer: (i) Gain in speed: When number of teeth in driving wheel is more than number of teeth in driven wheel.
(ii) Gain in torque: When number of teeth in driven gear is more than number of teeth in driving gear.

Question 19: Name the force required for uniform circular motion. State its direction.
Answer: Force required for uniform circular motion is centripetal force. It is directed towards its centre i.e., centre of the circle.
A force is applied on (i) a non-rigid body and (ii) a rigid body. How does the effect of the force differ in the above two cases?

Question 20: A force is applied on (i) a non-rigid body and (ii) a rigid body. How does the effect of the force differ in the above two cases?
Answer: When force is applied on a non-rigid body it undergoes deformation i.e. change in size, shape and position where as a rigid body doesn’t undergo change in shape, position and size.

Question 21: How does the distance of separation between two bodies affect the magnitude of the non-contact force between them?
Answer: Non-contact force decreases with the increase in separation.

Question 22: In what way does an ‘Ideal machine’ differ from a ‘Practical machine’?
Answer: Ideal machine has 100% efficiency i.e., work done on the machine = work done by the machine.

Question 23: Can a simple machine act as a force multiplier and a speed multiplier at the same time?
Answer: No.

Question 24: State two factors on which moment of force about a point depends.
Answer: Moment of force depends on two factors:
(i) Magnitude of force applied.
(ii) Distance of line of action of the force from the axis of rotation.

Question 25: State the units of moment of force.
Answer: In CGS system, unit of moment of a force is Dyne-cm and in MKS system, unit of moment of a force is Newton-metre. The gravitational units in CGS and MKS system of measurement are gf cm and kg m respectively.

Question 26: State the principle of moments.
Answer: When number of forces acting on a body, keep it in equilibrium, then the sum total of clockwise moments about any turning point is equal to sum total of anticlockwise moments about the point.

Question 27: State when moment of force is positive and when it is negative.
Answer: If couple has a tendency to rotate the body in anti-clockwise direction then its moment is taken positive and if the tendency of rotation is clockwise then the moment is negative.

Question 28: Give the units of couple.
Answer: In MKS system, the unit of couple are Nm and kgf m.
In CGS system, the units of couple are Dyne cm and gf cm.

Question 29: Two similar vehicles are moving with same velocity on the road, such that one of thus is loaded and the other one is empty which of the two vehicles will require larger force to stop?
Answer: A large force is required to stop the loaded vehicle. It is because loaded vehicle has greater momentum than the empty vehicle as the mass of loaded vehicle is more than that of the empty one. So, it requires more force to stop.

Question 30: What is meant by the term ‘moment of force’? If the moment of force is assigned a negative sign then will the turning tendency of the force be clockwise or anti clockwise?
Answer: It is equal to the product of the magnitude of the force and the perpendicular distance of the line of action of force from the axis of rotation. If moment of force is assigned a negative value, it means clockwise tendency of force.

Question 31: Define Uniform circular motion.
Answer: When a particle moves with a constant speed in a circular path, its motion is said to be the uniform circular motion.

Question 32: Define Translational motion.
Answer: When a force acts on a rigid body which is free to move, the body starts moving in a straight line in the direction of force. This is called translational motion.

Question 33: Define Centripetal force.
Answer: At each of circular path, the particle, instead of moving straight continuously, turns towards the centre. Therefore, the motion in circular path is under the action of a force which called the centripetal force.

Question 34: Define the term momentum.
Answer: The momentum of a body is the product of the mass of the body and its velocity, i.e. p = mv.

Question 35: How is force related to the momentum of a body?
Answer: Force is equal to the rate of change of momentum.

Question 36: State the condition when the change in momentum of a body depends only on the change in its velocity.
Answer: If mass of the body m remains constant then the change in momentum of the body depends only on the change in its velocity.

Question 37: With reference to their direction of action, how does a centripetal force differ from a centrifugal force?
Answer: Direction of centripetal force is towards the centre of the circle whereas centrifugal force is opposite to centripetal force.

Question 38: Can the CG be situated outside the material of the body? Give an example.
Answer: The position of CG of a body depends on the distribution of mass in the body. It can be situated outside or inside the material of the body.
For example: The CG of a wire is at its mid-point but CG of a ring lies at the centre where there is no material.

Question 39: Explain why It is easier to knock down a boy who is standing on one foot than one who is standing on two.
Answer: It is easier to knock down a boy who is standing on one foot than one who is standing on two because boy standing on both feet has a larger base area and hence it has more stable equilibrium than a boy standing on one foot.

Question 40: Explain why One leans forward while climbing up a hill.
Answer: A person going uphill has to bend forward but while coming down has to bent backwards, this is to keep the CG at the centre of the body and between his feet.

Question 41: Explain why a tight rope-walker, often holds a long pole in his hands when in action.
Answer: A tight rope-walker carries a long stick in his hand to maintain the CG such that the vertical line passes through the rope.

Question 42: Explain why a ship loaded with light goods is more liable to be over turned than the one loaded with heavy goods.
Answer: A ship loaded with light goods is more liable to be over turned than the one loaded with heavy goods. This is because the CG in the former case is high and so a slight displacement due to water current may cause the vertical line passing through the CG to fall outside the base, thereby overturning the ship.

Question 43: Explain why Standing passengers are not allowed on the upper deck of a double decker bus.
Answer: The centre of gravity is raised and on an inclined road the bus may topple.

Question 44: Explain when we carry a weight on one hand, we bend on the other side.
Answer: This is to let our CG fall within the base of our support.

Question 45: What is the weight of a body placed at the centre of the earth?
Answer: The weight of a body placed at the centre of the earth is zero as
g = 0
∴ W = mg
= 0

Question 46: What do you understand by work? Is work a scalar or a vector quantity?
Answer: Work is said to be done when a force displaces a body through some distance, in its own direction, i.e., Work = Force × Displacement
W = F × d
Work is a scalar quantity.

Question 47: In the following cases write yes, if the work is being done and no, if no work is being done.
(i) A man trying to push a wall, (ii) A man moving on the rough ground.
(iii) A coolie standing with a heavy load on his head, (iv) A boy climbing up a staircase.
Answer: (i) No. (ii) Yes. (iii) No. (iv) Yes.

Question 48: State two conditions when the work done by a force acting on a body is zero.
Answer: (i) When there is no displacement by the force in the body.
(ii) When the displacement is normal to the direction of force.

Question 49: (i) Define power.
(ii) Is power a scalar or vector quantity?
Answer: (i) Power is defined as the rate of doing work or work done per second,
ICSE Solutions for Class 10 Physics - Force, Work, Power and Energy 1
(ii) Power is a scalar quantity.

Question 50: State the condition when the work done by force is (i) positive and (ii) negative.
Answer: (i) Work done by a force is positive when the displacement is in the direction of the force.
(ii) Work done by a force is negative when the displacement is in the direction opposite to the force.

Question 51: A force F when acts on a body, displaces it by a distance d in a direction at an angle θ with the direction of force. Write down the expression for the work done by the force.
Answer: Work done by the force, W = Fd cos θ.

Question 52: Can two agents, doing the same work, have different power?
Answer: Yes, since power = work/time the two agents can have different powers if they take different amounts of time to do the same work.

Question 53: When does a force do work? What is the work done by the moon when it revolves around the earth?
Answer: Work is said to be done if a body undergoes displacement due to applied force.
Work done = Force × Displacement
Work done is zero by the moon, as there is no displacement since it is moving in a circular path.

Question 54: State the amount of work done by an object when it moves in a circular path for one complete rotation. Give a reason to justify your answer.
Answer: Amount of work done is equal to zero.
Work is said to be done only when there is displacement produced. In case of a body moving in a circular path, the body comes to its original place, therefore, there is no displacement and hence work is zero.

Question 55: State two conditions for work to be done.
Answer: The two conditions are:
(i) Application of-force on the body.
(ii) Displacement of the body in the direction of force.

Question 56: Why is less effort needed to lift a load over an inclined plane as compared to lifting the load directly?
Answer: Less effort is required because for a given height ‘h’ as longer is the length ‘l’ of the inclined plane, smaller is the angle of inclination therefore, greater is the mechanical advantage, so lesser will be the effort required. As we know
Mechanical Advantage = l/h.

Question 57: What is the S.I. unit of work? Define it.
Answer: The S.I. unit of work is newton-metre or joule (J).
1 Joule = 1 N × 1 m.
1 J of work is said to be done by a force of 1 N if it displaces a body by 1 m in the direction of force.

Question 58: State S.I. unit of power and define it.
Answer: S.I. unit of power is J/s or Js^-1 (or watt W). The power is said to be 1 watt when 1 J of work is done in 1 sec.

Question 59: Justify the statement. “Power can be expressed as the product of force and velocity.”
Answer:
ICSE Solutions for Class 10 Physics - Force, Work, Power and Energy 2
(Since rate of change of displacement is velocity).

Question 60: State larger units of power.
Answer: The larger units of power are:
1 Kilowatt = 1000 watt 10³ W
1 Megawatt = 1000,000 W = 10⁶ W.

Question 61: State the practical unit mainly used in mechanical engineering and write down its equivalent in watt.
Answer: The practical unit of power used in mechanical engineering is ‘Horse Power’ (H.P,)
1 H.P. = 746 W = 0.746 KW.

Question 62: What happen to the power if the time for doing a work is reduced from t second to t/10 second?
Answer: The power becomes 10 times of its initial value. This is because power = work/time. Thus, power ∝ 1/time for a given work. Reducing the time by a factor of 10 thus increases the power 10 times.

Question 63: What do you understand by the term energy? Is energy a scalar or vector? How is energy possessed by a body measured?
Answer: Energy is defined as the capacity of a body to do work. Energy is a scalar quantity. The energy possessed by a body is measured by the amount of work done by a body while changing its state of rest or state of motion.

Question 64: State the S.I. and C.G.S. units of energy. How are they related?
Answer: The S.I. unit of energy is joule (J) and C.G.S. unit is erg.
1J = 10⁷ erg.

Question 65: Write five forms of energy.
Answer: (i) Mechanical energy (ii) Chemical energy (iii) Solar energy
(iv) Heat energy (v) Light energy.

Question 66: What do you understand by mechanical energy? What are the different forms of mechanical energy?
Answer: The energy possessed by body due to its state or its motion is called mechanical energy. Mechanical energy is of two forms: (i) potential energy, and (ii) kinetic energy.

Question 67: What do you understand by the potential energy of the body?
Answer: The potential energy of a body is the energy possessed by body by virture of its state or position.

Question 68: What do you understand by the kinetic energy of the body? Give three examples of bodies possessing kinetic energy.
Answer: The kinetic energy of a body is the energy possessed by body by virtue of its state of motion,
(i) A moving bullet (ii) A flowing river (iii) Wind.

Question 69: How is kinetic energy possessed by a moving body measured?
Answer: The kinetic energy possessed by a moving body is measured by the amount of work done by an opposing force in bringing the body to rest from its present state of motion.

Question 70: A man climbs a slope and another walks same distance on level road. Which of the two expends more energy and why?
Answer: The man moving along the slope expends more energy. It is because, while moving along slope, he gains height and hence has extra potential energy.

Question 71: Is it possible that a body may possess energy even when it is not in motion?
Answer: Yes, the body may possess potential energy.

Question 72: What kind of energy is possessed in the situations when?
(i) A cocked up spring of air gun. (ii) A stone lying on the top of roof.
(iii) A fish moving in water. (iv) A horse running along a level road,
(v) Water stored in dams. (vi) An electron spinning around nucleus.
(vii) A shooting arrow. (viii) A stone, in a strecthed catapult.
Answer: (i) P.E. (ii) P.E. (iii) K.E.
(iv) K.E. (v) P.E. (vi) K.E.
(vii) K.E. (viii) P.E.

Question 73: Relate 1 KWh (kilowatt hour) with joule.
Answer: 1 KWh = 1 KW × 1 h = 1000 W × 3600s = 36,00,000 J.

Question 74: Obtain an expression for the potential energy of a body of mass m at a height h above the ground.
Answer: Force due to gravity on the body F = mg
Work done in lifting the body against the force of gravity to a height h above the ground
W = F × d = mg × h = mgh
Thus, potential energy of body = mgh.

Question 75: When an arrow is shot from its bow, it has kinetic energy. From where does it get the kinetic energy?
Answer: A stretched bow possessed potential energy on account of a change in its shape. To shoot an arrow, the bow is released. The potential energy of the bow is converted into the kinetic energy of the arrow.

Question 76: What happens to the K.E. when (i) the mass of the body is doubled at constant velocity and (ii) the velocity of the body is doubled at constant mass?
Answer: We have, K.E. = 1/2 mv²
Hence,
(i) On doubling the mass, at constant velocity, the K.E. becomes double of its original value.
(ii) On doubling the velocity, at constant mass, the K.E. becomes (2)² i.e., 4 times its original value.

Question 77: Write the type of energy possessed in the following cases:
(i) A bent bow (ii) A falling apple
(iii) A wound up spring (iv) A moving cricket ball.
Answer: (i) A bent bow: Potential Energy
(ii) A falling apple: Kinetic Energy
(iii) A wound up spring: Potential Energy
(iv) A moving cricket ball: Kinetic Energy.

Question 78: Give three examples of bodies possessing potential energy.
Answer: (i) An object kept at a height above the ground.
(ii) A compressed spring, and
(iii) A stretched catapult.

Question 79: What is dissipation of energy?
Answer: In transforming the mechanical energy if a part of it gets converted into another form of energy which cannot be utilised for useful work, this loss of energy is called the dissipation of energy.

Question 80: State the energy changes which takes place in Electricity is obtained from solar energy.
Answer: Heat energy from sun is converted into electricity.

Question 81: What is the main energy transformation that occurs in:
(i) Photosynthesis in green leaves;
(ii) Charging of a battery.
Answer: (i) Light energy of chemical energy.
(ii) Electric energy to chemical energy.

Question 82: A man climbs a slope and another walks same distance on level road. Which of the two expends more energy and why?
Answer: The man moving along the slope expends more energy. It is because, while moving along slope, he gains height and hence has extra potential energy.

Question 83: State the law of conservation of energy.
Answer: According to law of conservation of mechanical energy, the sum of kinetic energy and potential energy always remains constant.

Question 84: Name the two groups in which various sources of energy are classified?
Answer: Renewable and Non-renewable sources of energy.

Question 85: Give two examples each of renewable and non-renewable sources of energy?
Answer: Renewable sources of energy: Solar energy and wind energy.
Non-renewable sources of energy: coal and oil.

Question 86: Why using wood as fuel is not advisable although wood is a renewable source of energy?
Answer: It is not advisable to use wood as fuel even though it can be replenished because burning of
wood produces smoke that causes pollution which results in environmental imbalance.

Question 87: Name a device in which solar energy is converted into electricity state its two uses.
Answer: Solar cell. Its two uses are:
(i) All artificial satellites and space probes mainly depend upon electricity generated by solar cells.
(ii) Solar cells are used for lighting, operating water pumps, for running radio and television sets in remote areas and traffic signals etc.

Question 88: Name the material commonly used for manufacturing of solar cells.
Answer: Silicon and Gallium. Solar cell produces d.c. current. State whether a solar cell produces a.c. or d.c. current.

Question 89: Name two places in India where electricity is generated from nuclear power plants.
Answer: (i) At Kalpakkam in Tamil Nadu, and
(ii) At Narora, in Uttar Pradesh.

Question 90: What should be the characteristic of a source of energy?
Answer: A good source of energy should have the following characteristics:
(i) It should do a large amount of work per unit mass or volume.
(ii) It should have high calorific value.
(iii) It should be easily accessible over a long period of time.
(iv) It should be economical and easy to store and transport.
(v) It should be Safe and convenient to use.

Question 91: What is hydro-energy? Explain the principle of generating electricity from hydro-energy.
Answer: The energy possessed by the flowing water is called hydro-energy.
Principle: It works on the principle of conversion of kinetic energy of flowing water into electrical energy. When the stored water is allowed to fall from the top of dam on the blades of water-turbine, the potential energy of stored water is converted into kinetic energy which rotates the water turbine rapidly which in turn rotates the armature coil of generator and generates electricity.

Question 92: How much hydro-electric power is generated in India?
Answer: At present, 23% of total electricity is generated in India using hydro-energy.

Question 93: State two advantages and two disadvantages of using hydro-energy for producing electricity.
Answer: Advantages:
(i) When the electricity is generated, no greenhouse gases are made.
(ii) It is an inexhaustible source of energy.
Disadvantages:
(i) The dam is expensive to build.
(ii) By building a dam, the nearby area has to be flooded and this could affect nearby wildlife and Plants.

Question 94: What is wind energy? Explain the principle of working of windmill for generating electricity.
Answer: The blowing wind has kinetic energy is called wind energy.
Principle: It works on the principle of conversion of kinetic energy of blowing wind into electrical energy. When the blowing wind strikes across the blades of a windmill it exerts a force which rotates its blade. The turning of the blades would simultaneously cause the shaft to turn, which is connected to a generator. This makes the generator produce electricity.

Question 95: State two advantages and disadvantage of using wind energy for producing electricity.
Answer: Advantages:
(i) Wind is free and will not run not (renewable sources).
(ii) Wind energy does not create greenhouse gases.
Disadvantages:
(i) The wind farms can be established only at places near the coastal areas where wind blows around the year steadily with a speed not less than 15 Km h^-1.
(ii) The establishment of wind farm is expensive.

Question 96: State two advantages and disadvantage of using nuclear energy for producing electricity.
Answer: Advantages:
(i) A very small amount of nuclear fuel produces huge amount of energy.
(ii) Nuclear fuel does not contribute harmful greenhouse gases to the atmosphere on burning.
Disadvantages:
(i) The waste that is produced when using nuclear fuel is radioactive and very harmful. It needs to be disposed of carefully.
(ii) World uranium supplies may run out in about 50 year.

Question 97: State two ways for the judicious use of energy.
Answer: (i) The wastage of energy should be avoided.
(ii) The excessive use of non-renewable resources such as coal, petroleum and natural gas should be reduced.

Question 98: Explain, why submarines are able to dive under water as well as sail on the surface of water?
Answer: Submarines are provided with ballast tanks. When required to dive, the water is allowed to enter in the tanks. And when required to sail, the water is forced out by compressed air.
Work is a scalar quantity.

Question 99: State the principle of conservation of energy.
Answer: Principle of conservation of energy: It states that energy can neither be created nor be destroyed but can be transferred from one form to another form.

Question 100: Distinguish between work and power.
Answer: Work does not depend on time, while the power depends on time. Power is the work done in unit time.

Question 101: State the energy changes which takes place when:

A body released from rest from the top of a building.
A body thrown vertically upwards from the ground.
In a heat engine.
A bulb glows, when torch light is switched on.
A car moves up a hill.
A toy car spring is wound and car is made to run on level floor.
Water stored in dams rotates turbine connected to a dynamo.
An air gun is loaded and then fired.
A magnesium ribbon burns in air.
A stone projected vertically upwards, returns back to the thrower.
Water freezes in the freezing chamber of a fridge.
Photographic film is exposed to sunlight.
Food is digested by animals.
During electrolysis.
Burning of coal.
Petrol engine of a running motor car.
A battery lighting up a bulb.
Electricity obtained from nuclear energy.
Electricity obtained from solar energy.
Electricity obtained from wind energy.
Electricity obtained from hydro energy.

Answer:

The potential energy changes to kinetic energy.
The kinetic energy changes to potential energy.
The heat energy changes to mechanical energy.
The chemical energy of cell changes to electric energy. The electric energy first changes to heat and finally to light energy.
The K.E. of moving car changes to potential energy.
The mechanical energy changes to potential energy during winding. The potential energy is then released in the form of kinetic energy.
P.E. of stored water changes to K.E. of flowing water, The K.E. of flowing water rotates turbine. The turbine in turn rotates the coil of generator and changes into electric energy.
During loading, the mechanical energy changes to potential energy of spring. On firing, the P.E. of spring changes to K.E. of bullet.
During burning of magnesium, chemical energy changes to heat and light energy.
The kinetic energy changes to potential energy when stone rises up. The potential energy then changes back to kinetic energy, when stone comes down.
The kinetic energy of water molecules is released in the form of heat energy.
The light energy changes to chemical energy?
The chemical energy changes into heat energy.
The electrical energy changes to chemical energy.
The chemical energy changes into heat energy.
The chemical energy changes into mechanical energy.
The electrical energy changes into heat energy and light energy.
The heat energy changes into electricity.
The heat energy changes into electricity.
The K. E. changes into electricity.
The Kinetic energy changes into electricity.

Question 102: Give one example when:

Heat energy changes to kinetic energy.
Kinetic energy changes to heat energy.
Sound energy changes to electric energy.
Electric energy changes to sound energy.
Light energy changes to chemical energy.
Chemical energy changes to light energy.
Electric energy changes to mechanical energy .
Mechanical energy changes to electric energy.
Potential energy changes to electric energy.
Electric energy changes to potential energy.
Mechanical energy to heat energy.
Kinetic energy to potential energy.
Electrical energy to heat energy.
Chemical energy to electrical energy.

Answer:

In the automobile engine, heat energy changes to kinetic energy.
When two stones are rubbed against each other, kinetic energy changes to heat energy.
When we speak in front of microphone, sound energy changes to electric energy.
When a loudspeaker works, the electric energy changes to sound energy.
During photosynthesis, light energy changes to chemical energy.
During burning of magnesium, chemical energy changes to light energy.
In an electric motor, electric energy changes to mechanical energy.
In an electric generator, the mechanical energy changes to electric energy.
The P.E. of stored water in dams, changes to electric energy in generators.
When electrolysis is carried out, the electric energy changes to potential energy.
Rubbing of palms.
Throwing up a pebble from the ground.
Electric heater while in use.
Drawing current from an electric cell.

Long Answers

Question 1: Give two examples each of contact and non-contact forces.
Answer: Contact Forces:
(i) Pushing of a pile of rubble by a bulldozer.
(ii) Squeezing of a gum tube to extract the gum.
Non-contact Forces:
(i) When a magnet is brought near iron-nails, they stick to the magnet.
(ii) A ripen apple falls by itself from the tree.

Question 2: Why is it easier to open a door by applying the force at the free end of it?
Answer: If we open or shut a door, we need to apply less force at the free end because according to the formula of moment of force
M = Force × Perpendicular distance of force from axis of rotation
Magnitude of force is inversely proportional to the perpendicular distance of force from axis of rotation. Thus, as the distance between the point of force application and hinge will increase, the amount of force required to open the door will decrease.

Question 3: Explain the term ‘centre of gravity’ of a body.
Answer: A body can be considered to be made up of a number of particles, each particle has weight ‘W’. Weight of all these particles act vertically downward and can be replaced by a single resultant force. This force passes through a fixed point. ‘G’ which is a point where algebraic sum of moments of weight of all the particles is zero, and is called centre of gravity of the body.
Thus we can define ‘CG’ as ‘the point through which the weight of the body acts irrespective of the position of the body.’

Question 4: State the effects that a force can produce. Given one examples of each.
Answer: A force can produce following three effects:
(i) It can bring changes in dimensions. For example, in stretching a spring its length increases.
(ii) It can start or stop motion. For example, a ball moves when kicked.
(iii) It can changes speed or direction of motion. For example, a hockey player changes the speed and direction of motion of the ball by his stick.

Question 5: What is meant by equilibrium and state the conditions of equilibrium of a body.
Answer: Equilibrium: When a number of forces acting on a body produce no change in its state of rest or of uniform motion the body is said to be in equilibrium.
The two conditions of equilibrium of a body:
(i) The resultant of all the forces acting on the body should be equal to zero.
(ii) The resultant moment of all the forces acting on the body about a point should be zero.

Question 6: What do you mean by dynamic and static equilibrium? Give one example of each.
Answer: When the body remains in the state of rest under the influence of applied forces, it is in static equilibrium and if it remains in the state of uniform motion, it is in dynamic equilibrium.
For example: In a beam balance when the beam is balanced in the horizontal position, the clockwise and anti-clockwise moments balance each other and the beam has no rotational motion i.e., it is in static equilibrium.
A body moving with uniform velocity in a straight line over a friction less surface is in dynamic equilibrium.

Question 7: State two methods of increasing the stability of the body.
Answer: The stability off a body is increased if:
(i) The centre of gravity is as low as possible. It should be above the base and near the geometric centre of the body. This is the case when mass of the body is large at the bottom.
(ii) The area of base of the body is large so that the vertical line through the CG of the body passes through its base. If the body is slightly tilted, its CG rises higher and it has a tendency to regain its original position to lower the CG.

Question 8: What is the difference between renewable and non-renewable resources?

Renewable Sources	Non-renewable Sources
1. The resources that can be renewed by reproduction are called renewable resources.	The resources that are present in fixed quantities are called non-renewable.
2. Renewable resources are inexhaustible.	Non-renewable resources are exhaustible.
3. Renewable resources are not affected by the human activities.	Non-renewable resources are affected by human activities.
4. They are the non-conventional sources.	They are the conventional sources.
5. Example: Wind energy, solar energy and hydro energy.	Example: Coal, petroleum and natural gas.

Question 9: What are the advantages and disadvantages of using solar cells for producing electricity?
Answer: Advantages of Solar Cells:
(i) Solar cells have no moving parts, easy to construct, require little maintenance.
(ii) Solar cells derive their energy from solar radiations which is a renewable source of energy and also inexhaustible.
(iii) They are most suitable for the remote inaccessible and isolated places where laying a power transmission line may be expensive and not commercially viable.
(iv) They are environment friendly as they do not cause any pollution.
(v) Use of solar cells enables us to save usage of fossil fuels as solar cells require no fuel.
Disadvantages of Solar Cells:
(i) The manufacturing cost of solar cells is sufficiently expensive.
(ii) The efficiency of energy conversion of solar energy to electricity is low.
(iii) The electricity produced in solar cells is direct current (DC) which cannot be directly used for many household appliances.

Figure Based Short Answers

Question 1: What is a couple?
Answer:
icse-solutions-class-10-physics
Two equal parallel and opposite forces acting on a rigid body at different points constitute a couple. The distance ‘d’ is called arm of the couple.

Question 2: Is it possible to have an accelerated motion with a constant speed? Explain.
Answer:
icse-solutions-class-10-physics-1
Yes, it is possible to have accelerated motion with constant speed, when a body is moving in a circular path. The body changes its path so there is a change in direction (velocity) but its speed remains the same.

Question 3: One end of a spring is kept fixed while the other end is stretched by a force as shown in the diagram.
icse-solutions-class-10-physics-2
(i) Copy the diagram and mark on it the direction of the restoring force.
(ii) Name one instrument which works on the above principle.
Answer:

(i) F’ in the fig. shows the direction of restoring force.
(ii) Spring balance.

Question 4: A boy of mass 30 kg is fitting at a distance of 2 m from the middle of a see-saw. Where should a boy of mass 40 kg sit so as to balance the see-saw?
Solution:
icse-solutions-class-10-physics-4

Question 5: Write the expression for calculating the moment of force about a given point.

Answer: Moment of force about the point O
= Force × Perpendicular distance of force from the point O
= F × OP

Question 6: The moment of a force of 10 N about a fixed point O is 5 Nm. Calculate the distance of the point O from the line of action of the force.
Solution:
icse-solutions-class-10-physics-7
Given: Moment of force = 5 Nm
Force = 10 N
According to the formula,
Moment of force = F × OA
5 Nm = 10 × OA
OA = 5/10
= 0.5 m

Question 7: A boy sits and stands repeatedly. Draw a graph showing the variation of potential energy with time.
Answer:
icse-solutions-class-10-physics-8

Question 8: A ball is placed on a compressed spring. When the spring is released, the ball is observed to fly away.
(i) What form of energy does the compressed spring possess?
(ii) Why does the ball fly away?
Answer: (i) Compressed spring possess potential energy.
(ii) Potential energy of the spring is imparted to the ball in the form of kinetic energy.

Question 9: Draw a diagram to show the energy changes in an oscillating simple pendulum. Indicate in your diagram how the total mechanical energy in it remains constant during the oscillation.
Answer: Diagram shows a freely oscillating pendulum.
icse-solutions-class-10-physics-9
In position A, it has max. P.E. and zero K.E.
In position B, it has zero P.E. and max. K.E.
In position C, it has max. P.E. and zero K. E.
Thus, experiment clearly proves that sum of total of energy is conserved, but it can change its form.

Question 10: What is the form of that graph between
(i) K.E. and velocity for a constant mass?
(ii) K.E. and mass for a constant velocity?
Answer: (i) We have, for a constant mass,
K.E. ∝ v²
Hence, the graph is a parabola.
icse-solutions-class-10-physics-10
(ii) We have, for a constant velocity

K.E. ∝ m
Hence, the graph is a straight line.

Question 11: Define an Inclined plane.
Answer:
icse-solutions-class-10-physics-12
An inclined plane is usually a smooth, flat rigid surface inclined at an angle (θ) to the horizontal. It is used to raise heavy loads with relatively small force. The longer the slope, the smaller is the effort needed.

Figure Based Long Answers

Question 1: Two unlike forces (parallel) of 10 N and 25 N act at a distance of 12 cm. from each other. Find the point about which the body balance.
Solution:
icse-solutions-class-10-physics

Question 2: A uniform metre scale is balanced at 40 cm mark, when weights of 20 gf and 5 gf are suspended at 5 cm mark and 75 cm mark respectively. Calculate weight of metre scale.
Solution: A metre scale is uniform, therefore its weight acts at 50 cm mark.
Taking moments about to cm mark.
icse-solutions-class-10-physics-2

Question 3: Give an experiment to verify the principle of moments.
Answer: Verification of Principle of Moments:
Suspend a metre scale horizontally its mid point O’, by means of a thread with its other end connected to a fixed support.
Now suspend some weights on both sides of the mid-point and adjust their distances in such a way that scale again becomes horizontal.

icse-solutions-class-10-physics-4
Let W₁, W₂ and W₃, W₄ be the weights suspended and l₁, l₂ and l₃, l₄ are respective lengths.
The weights W₁ and W₂ tend to turn the scale clockwise while the weights W₃ and W₄ tend to turn the scale anti-clockwise.
Total clockwise moments = W₁ × l₁ + W₂ × l₂
Total anti-clockwise moments = W₃ × l₃ + W₄ × l₄
In equilibrium, when the scale is horizontal, it is found that:
Total clockwise moments = Total anti-clockwise moments
W₁l₁ + W₂l₂ = W₃l₃ + W₄l₄
This verifies the principle of moments.

Question 4: A uniform metre rule rests horizontally on a knife-edge at the 60 cm mark when a mass of 10 gram is suspended from one end. At which end must this mass be suspended? What is the mass of the rule?
Solution: Let M gram be the mass of the rule. Since density of the rule is uniform, its weight Mg will act at its middle point i.e., at the 50 cm mark (Fig.).
icse-solutions-class-10-physics-5
The weight of the rule produces an anti-clockwise moment about the knife-edge O. In order to balance it, 10 gram mass is to be suspended at the end B, to produce a clockwise moment.
From the principle of moments,
Anti-clockwise moment = Clockwise moment
Mg × (60 – 50) = 10 g × (100-60)
or Mg × 10 = 10 g × 40
∴ M = 40 gram

Question 5: A uniform metre scale can be balanced at the 70.0 cm mark when a mass of 0.05 kg is hung from the 94.0 cm mark.
(i) Draw a diagram of the arrangement.
(ii) Find the mass of the metre scale.
Solution: (i) Diagram of the given arrangement is shown below.
icse-solutions-class-10-physics-6
(ii) As the given meter scale is a uniform scale. So its centre of gravity lies at 50 cm. Let mass of meter scale be W₁ kg.
By principle of moments,

Question 6: A block of mass 30 kg is pulled up a slope, as shown in diagram with a constant speed, by applying a force of 200 N parallel to slope.
A and B are initial and final positions of block.
icse-solutions-class-10-physics-8
(i) Calculate the work done by force in moving the block from A to B.
(ii) Calculate P.E. gained by block. [g = 10ms^-2]
Solution: (i) Work done in moving the block from = F × d
A to B = 200 N × 3m = 600 J
(ii) Gain in potential energy = mgh = 30 × 10 × 1.5 = 450 J.

Question 7: (i) A 200g ball is thrown vertically upward with a initial velocity of 30 ms^-1. Draw a velocity time graph for the motion of ball.
(ii) How long will the ball take to reach the highest point?
(iii) What will be the kinetic energy of ball, when it returns to starting point, neglecting the air resistance?
(iv) What will be the potential energy of ball at highest point?
Solution:
icse-solutions-class-10-physics-9

Question 8: A truck driver can load oil drums into the back of the truck by pushing them up a sloping plank, or by lifting them directly. Each drum has a mass of 80 kg, the plank is 3 m long, and the back of the truck is 0.8 m above the ground.
icse-solutions-class-10-physics-11
(i) How much force would be needed to lift a drum into the truck directly/without using the plank? (Take g = 10 m/s²)
(ii) How much energy would be required in lifting the drum into the truck without the plank?
(iii) If the force needed to push the drum up the plank is 300 N, why is this less than the answer to part (i)?
(iv) When the truck is loaded, the driver drives off. List the major energy changes that take place in moving the truck.
(v) The driver has to stop at the factory gates. What happens to the kinetic energy of the truck?
Solution:
icse-solutions-class-10-physics-12
It is less than the answer in part (i) as the efforts acts through 3 m whereas the weight is lifted up through 0.8 m. The effort needed may be 300 N instead of 213.3 N owing to loss of energy in overcoming friction and air resistance.
(iv) The energy released owing to combustion of fuel changes into kinetic energy of the truck and load, and this changes in heat energy of the pebbles on the road and of wheels.
(v) The kinetic energy is dissipated as heat.

Question 9: Show that in case of a body falling freely under gravity, total mechanical energy remains conserved (neglect air resistance).
Answer: Let a body of mass m fall freely under gravity from height h above ground.
Let A, B and C be the positions of body.
Let x be the distance fallen from A to B.
icse-solutions-class-10-physics-13

From (i), (ii) and (iii) it is clear that sum of mechanical energy remains same at any point in the path of free fall of a body.

Question 10: What is nuclear energy? Explain the principle of producing electricity using the nuclear energy is a nuclear reactor.
Answer: The process whereby an atomic nucleus breaks up into two or more major fragments with the release of tremendous amount energy is called nuclear fusion and the energy thus released is nuclear energy.
Principle: The production of electricity using nuclear energy is based on principle in which steam is produced by heating water through heat energy released during the controlled nuclear fission of uranium-235 (or plutonium-239). When atoms of uranium fuel are hit by neutrons they fission (split), releasing heat and more neutrons. Under controlled conditions, these other neutrons can strike more uranium atoms, splitting more atoms, and so on. Thereby, continuous fission can take place, forming a chain reaction releasing heat. The heat is used to turn water into steam that, it turn, spins a turbine that generates electricity. At present nuclear power is used to generate 3% of all the country’s electricity.
icse-solutions-class-10-physics-15

Short Numericals

Question 1: Derive a relation between the S.I. and C.G.S. unit of force.
Solution:
icse-solutions-class-10-physics

Question 2: A man can open a nut by applying a force of 150 N by using a lever handle of length 0.4 m. What should be the length of the handle if he is able to open it by applying a force of 60 N?
Solution:
icse-solutions-class-10-physics-1

Question 3: The perpendicular distance between the point of application of force and turning point is 1.75 m, when a force of 80 N acts on a rigid body. Calculate the moment of force.
Solution:
icse-solutions-class-10-physics-2

Question 4: Calculate the minimum distance between point of application of force and axis of rotation of a rigid body, if a force 125 N produces a moment of force of 25.75 Nm.
Solution:
icse-solutions-class-10-physics-3

Question 5: A couple of 15 N force acts on a rigid body, such that arm of couple is 85 cm. Calculate moment of couple in SI system.
Solution:
icse-solutions-class-10-physics-4

Question 6: Calculate magnitude of the force of a couple, when arm of couple is 63 cm and moment of couple is 21 Nm.
Solution:
icse-solutions-class-10-physics-5

Question 7: Calculate the change in the Kinetic energy of a moving body if its velocity is reduced to 1/3rd of the initial velocity.
Solution:
icse-solutions-class-10-physics-6

Question 8: If the power of a motor is 40KW, at what speed can it, raise a load of 20,000 N?
Solution:
icse-solutions-class-10-physics-7

Question 9: Calculate the length of arm of couple, if a force of 13 N produces a moment of couple of 14.3 Nm.
Solution:
icse-solutions-class-10-physics-8

Question 10: Calculate the work done when:
(i) A 5 kg weight is lifted 10 m vertically. (g = 9.8 m/s²)
(ii) A car is moved on a rough road through 30 m against a frictional resistance of 75 N.
Solution:
icse-solutions-class-10-physics-9

Question 11: A coolie carrying a load on his head and moving on a frictionless horizontal platform does no work. Explain the reason why.
Solution:
icse-solutions-class-10-physics-10

Question 12: A girl of mass 35 kg climbs up from the first floor of a building at a height 4 m above the ground to the third floor at a height 12 m above the ground. What will be the increase in her gravitational potential energy? [g = 10 ms^-2]
Solution:
icse-solutions-class-10-physics-11

Question 13: A force is applied on a body of mass 20 kg moving with a velocity of 40 ms^-1. The body attains a velocity of 50 ms^-1 in 2 seconds. Calculate the work done by the body.
Solution:
icse-solutions-class-10-physics-12

Question 14: (i) The world record for weight lifting was held by Sergei Didyk of USSR. He lifted 261 kg to a height of 2.3 m in 4s; find:
(a) Weight lifted by him (b) Work done by him
(c) Power developed by him. (g = 10m/s²)
(ii) The work done by the heart is 1 Joule per beat. Calculate the power of the heart if it beats 72 times in one
Solution:
icse-solutions-class-10-physics-13

Question 15: How long should an electric motor, of power 2 H.P. operate, so as to pump 5 m³ of water from a depth of 15m. [Take g = 10 N kg^-1]
Solution:
icse-solutions-class-10-physics-14
Question 16: A man having a box on his head, climbs, up a slope and another man having art identical box walks the same distance on a levelled road. Who does more work against the force of gravity and why?
Solution: Man having a box on his head who climbs up a slope does more work against the force of gravity because he has more potential energy by virtue of his position i.e., height.
As, P.E. = W.D. = F × S
= mg × h

Question 17: A machine raises a load of 750 N through a height of 16 m in 5 seconds. Calculate the power at which the machine works.
Solution:
icse-solutions-class-10-physics-15

Question 18: State the C.G.S. unit of work. How it is related to its S.I. unit?
Solution:
icse-solutions-class-10-physics-16

Question 19: A body of mass 0.2 kg falls from a height of 10 m to a height of 6 m above the ground. Find the loss in potential energy taking place in the body. [g = 10ms^-2]
Solution:
icse-solutions-class-10-physics-17

Question 20: A ball of mass 200 g falls from a height of 5 m. What will be its kinetic energy when it just reaches the ground? (g = 9.8 m s^-2)
Solution:
icse-solutions-class-10-physics-18

Question 21: Two bodies, A and B of equal mass are kept at heights 20 m and 30 m respectively. Calculate the ratio of their potential energies.
Solution:
icse-solutions-class-10-physics-19

Question 22: A ball of mass 0.20 kg is thrown vertically upward with an initial velocity of 20 m/s. Calculate the maximum potential energy it gains as it goes up.
Solution:
icse-solutions-class-10-physics-20

Question 23: A body is thrown vertically upwards. Its velocity keeps on decreasing. What happens to its kinetic energy as its velocity becomes zero?
Answer:
icse-solutions-class-10-physics-21

Question 24: A moving body weighing 400 N possesses 500 J of kinetic energy. Calculate the velocity with which the body is moving. (g = 10 ms²)
Solution:
icse-solutions-class-10-physics-22

Long Numericals

Question 1: How do you define force? What are the forces acting on a man standing in a lift? If the lift moves down with an acceleration of 2 ms^-2, what is the net force on the man if his mass is 50 kg?
Solution: Net force acting on a body is equal to mass into acceleration or we may define force as a push or pull which changes or tends to change the state of rest or of uniform motion in a straight line of the body on which it acts.
The forces acting on a man in a lift are
(i) weight of the man acting vertically downwards,
(ii) the reaction of the floor acting vertically upwards.
In a lift accelerating downwards the net force on the man is
F = m(g – a) = 50(9.8 – 2)
= 50 × 7.8 = 390 N.

Question 2: A boy of mass 40 kg runs up a height of 30 steps, each 20 cm high. Find:
(i) The force of gravity acting on the boy.
(ii) The work done by the boy against gravity. (Take g = 9.8 ms^-2)
Solution:
icse-solutions-class-10-physics-1

Question 3: A coolie is pushing a box weighing 1500 N up an inclined plane 7.5 m long on to a platform, 2.5 m above the ground.
(i) Calculate the mechanical advantage of the inclined plane.
(ii) Calculate the effort applied by the coolie.
(iii) In actual practice, the coolie needs to apply more effort than what is calculated. Give one reason why you think the coolie needs to apply more effort.
Solution:
icse-solutions-class-10-physics

Question 4: Calculate the work done when:
(i) A 5 kg weight is lifted 10 m vertically upward (g = 9.8 ms^-2).
(ii) A car is moved on a rough road through 3 m against a frictional resistance of 75 N.
Solution:
icse-solutions-class-10-physics-2

Question 5: An electric motor of power 100 W is used to drive the stirrer in a water bath. If 50% of the energy supplied to the motor is spent in stirring the water. Calculate the work done on the water in one minute.
Solution:
icse-solutions-class-10-physics-3

Question 6: The weights of two bodies are 2.0 N and 2.0 kgf respectively what is the mass of each body?
Solution:
icse-solutions-class-10-physics-4

Question 7: A truck weighing 1000 kg changes its speed from 36 km/h to 72 km/h in 2 minutes. Calculate the work done by the engine and its power.
Solution:
icse-solutions-class-10-physics-5

Question 8: A coolie carries a load of 30 kgf through a distance of 500 m in 5 minutes while another coolie B carries the same load through the same distance in 10 minutes. Compare the (i) work done, and (ii) power developed. (Take: g = 10md^-2)
Solution:
icse-solutions-class-10-physics-6

Question 9: A girl of mass 40 kg runs a height of 80 stairs, each 25 cm high with a load of 20 kg on her head in 25 sec. If g is 10 m/s², find:
(i) Gravitational force acting on the girl.
(ii) Work done by her.
(iii) Useful work done by her.
(iv) Her power in watt.
Solution:
icse-solutions-class-10-physics-7

Question 10: A man weighing 700 N runs up a flight of 15 steps, each 20 cm high, in 5 seconds. Calculate the power of the man.
Solution:
icse-solutions-class-10-physics-8

Question 11: A water pump raises 50 kg of water through a height of 25 m in 5s. Calculate the power Supplied by the pump (Take: g = 10 N kg^-1).
Solution:
icse-solutions-class-10-physics-9

Question 12: An electric motor pump is 60% efficient and is rated 2.5 H.P. Calculate the maximum load it can lift through a height of 10m in 8 sec. (1 H.P. = 750 W).
Solution:
icse-solutions-class-10-physics-10

Question 13: For the same kinetic energy of a body, what should be the change in its velocity if its mass is increased nine times?
Solution:
icse-solutions-class-10-physics-11

Question 14: Calculate the kinetic energy of a body of mass 0.1 kg. and momentum 40kg m/s.
Solution:
icse-solutions-class-10-physics-12

Question 15: A body of mass 50 kg has a momentum of 3000 kg^-1 ms. Calculate:
(j) the kinetic energy of the body.
(ii) the velocity of the body.
Solution: (j) m =50 kg. p = 3000 kg ms^-1
icse-solutions-class-10-physics-13

Question 16: A body of mass m falls from a height h₁ to a height h₂, above the ground (h₁ > h₂). What is the loss in potential energy?
Answer:
icse-solutions-class-10-physics

Question 17: Obtain an expression for the kinetic energy of a body of mass m moving with a velocity v?
Answer: Let the body is brought to rest by a retarding force F after travelling a distance s.
icse-solutions-class-10-physics-14
Hence K.E = ½ mv²

Question 18: A body of mass m is taken from a height h to 2h. What is the increase in its potential energy?
Answer:
Initial potential energy = mgh
Final potential energy = mg × 2h = 2mgh
Increase in potential energy = Final potential energy – Initial potential energy
= 2mgh – mgh = mgh.

Question 19: A ball of mass 50 g falls from a height of 2m and rebounds from the ground to 1.6 m. Find:
(i) The potential energy possessed by the ball when initially at rest.
(ii) The kinetic energy of the ball before it hits the ground.
(iii) The final potential energy of the ball.
(iv) The loss in kinetic energy of the ball on collision. (Take: g = 10N kg^-1)
Solution:
icse-solutions-class-10-physics-15

Question 20: In a hydroelectric power station, 1000 kg of water is allowed to drop through a height of loo m in 1 sec. If the conversion of potential energy to electric energy is 60%. Calculate the power output. [Take: g = 10m/sec²]
Solution: In a hydroelectric power station:
Mass of water (m) 1000 kg.
Height (h) = 100 m.
Time (t) = ¡sec.
Produced potential energy (P.E.) = mgh = 1000 × 10 × 100 JouIe
= 1000000 joule
icse-solutions-class-10-physics-17

Question 21: On’a see-saw, two children of masses 30 kg and 50 kg are sitting on one side of it at distance 2 m and 2.5 m respectively, from its middle, where should a man of mass 74 kg sit to balance it?
Solution: Let the two children be sitting on the left arm. They will produce anti-clockwise moment due to their weights about the middle point.
Total Anti-clockwise moment = 30 kgf × 2 m + 50 kgf × 2.5 m
= 60 kgf m + 125 kgf m = 185 kgf m
To balance it, the man should sit on the right arm (to produce clockwise moment). Let his distance from the middle be x m. Then
icse-solutions-class-10-physics-18

Question 22: A force of 1 kgf displaces a body by a distance of 10 cm (i) in direction of force, (ii) normal to the force (iii) at an angle of 60° to the direction of force. Calculate the amount of work done in each case. (Take: g = 9.8 ms^-2 )
Solution:
icse-solutions-class-10-physics-19

For More Resources

The Partition of Bengal Class 10 History and Civics ICSE Solutions

ICSE Class 10 History and Civics Chapter 11 The Partition of Bengal Solutions

ICSESolutions.com provides ICSE Solutions for Class 10 History and Civics Chapter 11 The Partition of Bengal for ICSE Board Examinations. We provide step by step Solutions for ICSE History and Civics Class 10 Solutions Pdf. You can download the Class 10 History and Civics ICSE Textbook Solutions with Free PDF download option.

Very Short Questions

Question 1: Mention one important anti-India policy adopted by Lord Curzon, which brought about aggressive nationalism in India.
Answer: Partition of Bengal was one important anti-India policy adopted by Lard Curzon, which brought about aggressive nationalism in India.

Question 2: When and by whom was Bengal partitioned?
Answer: Bengal was partitioned on 16 October 1905 by Lord Curzon.

Question 3: What reason was given for the partition of Bengal by the British?
Or
How did Lord Curzon justify the Partition of Bengal?
Answer: The reason for the partition as given by the British was that the partition was to introduce efficiency in the administration of the province of Bengal.

Question 4: Briefly state how people reacted to the partition of Bengal?
Answer: People observed 16th October 1905 the effective day for partition as a day of mourning. There were protests everywhere. People fasted, walked barefoot to the Ganges singing patriotic songs.

Question 5: Who wrote the Vande Mataram?
Answer: Bankim Chandra Chatterjee composed the Vande Mataram.

Question 6: Why was 16th October 1905 observed as Raksha Bandhan Day?
Answer: 16th October 1905 was observed as Raksha Bandhan Day because it signified brotherhood between people of East and West Bengal.

Question 7: What was the main impact of the partition of Bengal on the national movement?
Answer: The agitation against the partition of Bengal went on growing and became a great national movement known as Swadeshi and Boycott Movement.

Question 8: Of which areas did the new Bengal province comprise?
Answer: East Bengal comprised of Assam, Chittagong with fifteen districts of old Bengal.

Question 9: Why were the people from Bengal opposed to its partition?
Answer: The people of Bengal were opposed to its partition because Bengalis felt that Curzon was trying to split their unity by stirring up religious differences.

Question 10: What is meant by Swadeshi?
Answer: Swadeshi means ‘of one’s own country’ and it implies that people should use goods produced within the country.

Question 11: Which countries used the idea of Swadeshi and Boycott before it was used in the Indian National Movement?
Answer: America and China used the idea of Swadeshi and Boycott before it was used in Indian National Movement.

Question 12: What virtues did the Swadeshi Movement instill among the Indians?
Answer: The Swadeshi Movement united the people of India. It instilled in the people a wave of nationalist feeling that united the whole country in its fight for the freedom from foreign rule.

Question 13: Who was Anandamohan Bose? For what is he remembered?
Answer: Anandamohan Bose was a veteran leader of Bengal. He is remembered for laying the foundation of The Federation Hall in Calcutta.

Short Questions – I

Question 1: What were Curzon’s two real motives behind the partition of Bengal.
Answer: Curzon’s motive behind partitioning Bengal were:
(i) Curb the radical Bengali nationalists and thus to weaken the nationalist movement.
(ii) To set the Hindus and Muslims against each other.

Question 2: What was Lord Curzon’s argument in favour of the partition of Bengal.
Or
What was the motives of Lord Curzon behind the Partition?
Answer: Lord Curzon’s argument in favour of the partition of Bengal was that it was too large a province to be efficiently administered by a single provincial Government. It was quite difficult for Lt. Governor to administer it effectively. Therefore it should be divided into two provinces which would help to improve the administration of the two provinces.

Question 3: How did the ideas of Swadeshi help Indians to be united against the British?
Answer: Large crowds at meetings took the oath of Swadeshi. Swadeshi brought into politics a new class of people without any distinction of class or creed. It taught the press to be fearless, Hindus and Muslims to co-operate, students to defy unjust authority and to make sacrifices of their lives for the sake of their country. In this manner the idea of Swadeshi helped Indians to be united against the British.

Question 4: How did Indians react to the call of Boycott and Swadeshi under Tilak’s leadership?
Answer: Under Tilak’s leadership the movement of Swadeshi and Boycott gained momentum. The youth of Bengal marched in organised procession protesting against the partition of Bengal. British goods were burnt at public places. Women stopped wearing foreign bangles and gave up the use of glass and students refused to use foreign paper.

Question 5: Give two reasons for the partial failure of the Swadeshi Movement.
Answer: The two reasons for the partial failure of the Swadeshi Movement were:
(i) It had no broad base as the common man had not been touched by it.
(ii) The British succeeded in creating a split between the Moderates and the Assertives in the Congress at the session held in Surat in 1907.

Question 6: Give two examples to show how the Swadeshi Movement gave stimulus to native industries.
Answer: (i) Swadeshi textile mills, match and soap factories, tanneries and potteries spread up everywhere.
(ii) The Tata Iron and Steel Company refused all foreign Government help which was subscribed to Indians within three months.

Question 7: How did the Swadeshi Movement affect culture and education?
Answer: The Swadeshi Movement affected culture and education. A new type of nationalist poetry, prose and journalism charged with passion and idealism was born. The spirit of Swadeshi enabled people to educate themselves on national lines. National educational institutions were opened for imparting literary, technical and physical education.

Question 8: Briefly describe how the partition of Bengal led to die separatist tendency between the Hindus and Muslims.
Answer: The newly created Muslim majority province gave them the feeling that it was a source of strength to them and a center of their political activity, separate from die Hindus.

Short Questions – II

Question 1: How did the people express their unhappiness against this decision of the British.
Or
What was the reaction of the people to the partition?
Answer: When the proposal was published then there was a great hue and cry from all quarters. When the partition came into effect the people started a strong movement against it known as the Anti Partition Movement. The people, under the leadership of great Nationalist leaders, understood the real motive of the partition which was to flare up the confrontation between the Hindus and Muslims. The people felt humiliated, insulted and tricked. They were ready to sacrifice their lives and face death fearlessly.

Question 2: What did the people do to make Swadeshi and Boycott Movement more successful.
Answer: In all public and Anti-Partition meetings all over the region (Bengal), even other States and big town the call for total boycott and for use of Swadeshi was given. Bal Gangadhar Tilak played a significant role as a leader and soon the Movement gained great force. Young and old men and women of Bengal marched in well-organised processions in protest against the division of Bengal. Thousands of meetings were organised in which British goods were burnt at public places. The crowds disallowed shopkeepers to sell British goods. People of all shades co-operated in this agitation.

Question 3: What was the reaction of the British Government to the Swadeshi and Boycott Movement?
Answer: The British Government reacted sharply:
(i) During 1905 to 1909, thousands of people were arrested and sent to jail.
(ii) The Government grants to Schools and Colleges, participating in the Swadeshi Movement, were discontinued.
(iii) The British invoked the Regulation of 1818, to suppress the movement and arrested and deported several leaders.

Question 4: Discuss how Anti-Partition Movement gave a stimulus to indigeneous industries.
Answer: The National leaders of Anti-Partition Movement adopted Boycott as the strongest weapons agairtst the partition of Bengal. It gave a stimulus to the growth of indigenous industries. Many factories, mills and business establishment were set-up. Articles of daily use were manufactured in India. Swadeshi textile mills, match and soap factories, tanneries and potteries sprung up everywhere P.C. Ray set-up his Bengal Chemicals Factory. The Tata Iron and Steel Factory was set up only by IndiAnswer: All foreign help of men and money was turned down. Swadeshi movement also helped to unite the Moderates and the Assertives.

Question 5: How did the agitation bring about the ‘real awakening of India’ as Gandhiji said later?
Answer: The agitation brought about ‘real awakening’ through its programmes like the Swadeshi and Boycott Movements, involvement of masses in this movement, involving women and youth, popularising the concept of National Education, strengthening the bonds between Hindus and Muslims despite attempts by the British to draw a wedge between the two communities. The cry Vande-Mataram filled the air everywhere.

Long Questions

Question 1: On the grounds of improving administrative efficiency, how Curzon justified the partition of Bengal.
Answer: Lord Curzon, who was the Viceroy of India from 1898 to 1905, became unpopular in India. The reason was that he had followed a policy against the Indians. He tried to justify the partition of Bengal by explaining that Bengal was too large as a province to be administrated by a single Governor. He, even in this dispatch, mentioned the view-points of Sir A. Fraser, Lt. Governor of Bengal. He said that the Presidency of Bengal had become large and unwieldy. It consisted of Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, Chhota Nagpur and some other far off areas. It extended over an area of about 4,89,500 sq. km. It had a huge population of about 7.8 million. The Royal assent was given on 18th September, 1905 to the proposals of Lord Curzon for the division of Bengal. According to this, the new province was created by amalgamating Assam and Chittagong with fifteen districts of old Bengal. The area of this new province was about 2,74,540 sq. km. and its population was about 31 million.

Question 2: Discuss how Curzon striked at the roots of Bengal nationalism to weaken the National Movement.
Answer: Lord Curzon, on assuming the office, felt that patriotic nationalism was gaining ground too rapidly. To counter this spirit of nationalism Lord Curzon thought, it would come to no good unless the Hindu and Muslims of India were not turned against each other. Therefore Lord: Curzon sent his proposal for the division of Bengal, to obtain the Royal assent. Bengal was divided and the nationalist sentiments of Bengal leaders were badly hurt. The two Bengals were created in such a way that there were two districts Hindu and Muslim blocs. The people of Bengal understood that Lord Curzon was trying to split their unity by stirring up religious differences. East Bengal had Muslim majority and the West had Hindu majority. Both had common language, culture and traditions. This created a wave of indignation all over the country against the British Government. Curzon wrote, ‘The Congress is tottering to its fall and one of my ambitions, while in India, is to assist it to a peaceful demise.’ This was the clear motive of Curzon for the partition of Bengal.

Question 3: How did the Nationalists interpret Lord Curzon’s motives?
Answer: The Indian Nationalists interpreted this as follows:
(i) Bengal was the nerve center of Indian nationalism at the time. So the British hoped to stop the rising tide of nationalism by partitioning Bengal.
(ii) The partition of Bengal intended to curb Bengali influence by not only placing Bengalis under two administrations but by reducing them to a minority in Bengal itself.
(iii) The partition was meant to foster division on the basis of religion. East Bengal would be predominately a Muslim majority state and west Bengal a Hindu majority state.
(iv) It was considered as a price for Muslim League’s loyalty towards British.

Question 4: Discuss about the measures taken by the British to crush the Anti-Partition Movement.
Answer: Government Measures to Crush the Bengal Movement: The government followed a policy of repression to stop the Swadeshi movement and Boycott movement, which was launched as a reaction against the partition of Bengal in 1905.
(i) The people and local leaders were beaten mercilessly by the solders and hundreds were put behind the bars.
(ii) Meetings were disrupted and the political leaders were jailed. Lala Lajpat Rai and Ajit Singh were arrested and deported to Burma. In 1906, Tilak was sentenced to six year imprisonment.
(iii) The students were beaten, flogged and expelled. Teachers and professors were threatened with the disciplinary action.
(iv) The British Government followed a policy of divide and rule. They tried to prevent Muslims from joining the Congress by following a policy of conciliation towards Muslims.
(v) School and colleges were warned. The Government grants to educational institutions which were suspected of participating in the Swadeshi Movement, were discontinued.

Question 5: “Anti-Partition movement roused the national sentiments which led to the outbusst of revolutionary activity”. Discuss in brief.
Answer: The spirit of unrest and discontent spread rapidly to different parts of the country when Bengal was divided in two parts in 1905. Lord Curzon gave the reason that the province was too large to be administered properly and effectively as a single unit. But the people of Bengal were not satisfied with this reason and they saw a different reason in this action. This was looked upon as a treacherous attempt to destroy national spirit of the patriots of Bengal, by splitting them into two sections.
Another reason, according to the people of Bengal, was to create a feeling of division between the Hindus and Muslims. Therefore, it roused the national sentiments of all the Bengalis. A wave of indignation against the British Govemment spread all over the country. Meetings were organised and the partition of Bengal was vehemently condemned. Soon it took the form of a widespread Movement, called ‘Anti-Partition Movement’.
Surendra Nath Banerjee went from place to place and roused the people against this injustice. The Indian Nationalists decided to Boycott British goods and take to swadeshi or indigenous goods. The volunteers, especially students, stood in front of the shops where British goods were sold and stopped all Indians from buying them. They even collected foreign goods,and made bonfires of them. This agitation continued for six years, during that time it had turned into a great national movement. At last the Government was compelled to revoke the partition of Bengal in 1911.

Question 6: Anti-Partition Agitation of 1905 was essentially aimed at undoing the Partition of Bengal. In this context what limitations did the agitation suffer?
Answer: The Anti-Partition Agitation suffered from many limitations which are often described as causes of the failure of the Movement. First of all the agitationists though spoke about overthrowing the British, they had no plan to provide any alternative Government in India. The Swadeshi and Boycott Movement focused only on economic aspects of the programme. It was not used as a political weapon to destabilise the Government. It had the potential of causing such a Revolution but nothing of that sort was done. Even the Congress remained a divided house between the Moderates and Assertives and the doors had finally to be closed to the Assertives at the Surat session of the Congress in 1907. These limitations however don’t undermine the significance of the Anti-Partition Movement.

Picture Based Questions

Question 1: Answer the following:
ICSE Solutions for Class 10 History and Civics – The Partition of Bengal 1
(i) Name the person in the picture given alongside.
(ii) Which event the person showing in the picture was associated with? What justification he give for that incident.
Answer: (i) Lord Curzon.
(ii) He was associated with Partition of Bengal. He gave justification that the Bengal province was too large to be administered by a single governor and thus was partitioned for administrative reasons.

For More Resources

The Union Judiciary (The Supreme Court) Class 10 History and Civics ICSE Solutions

ICSE Class 10 History and Civics Chapter 4 The Union Judiciary (The Supreme Court) Solutions

ICSESolutions.com provides ICSE Solutions for Class 10 History and Civics Chapter 4 The Union Judiciary (The Supreme Court) for ICSE Board Examinations. We provide step by step Solutions for ICSE History and Civics Class 10 Solutions Pdf. You can download the Class 10 History and Civics ICSE Textbook Solutions with Free PDF download option.

Very Short Questions

Question 1: Name the highest judicial tribunal in India.
Answer: The highest judicial tribunal in India is the Supreme Court.

Question 2: Which body has the final authority to interpret the Constitution?
Answer: The Supreme Court has the final authority to interpret the Constitution.

Question 3: How many Judges are there in the Supreme Court?
Answer: The Supreme Court consists of a Chief Justice and not more than 25 other Judges.

Question 4: Who appoints the Judges of the Supreme Court?
Answer: The President appoints the Judges of the Supreme Court on the advice of the Chief Justice of Supreme Court.

Question 5: Who determines the strength of the Supreme Court?
Answer: The Parliament determines the strength of the Supreme Court.

Question 6: Who can increase the number of Judges of the Supreme Court?
Answer: The number of Judges of the Supreme Court can be increased by the Parliament of India.

Question 7: Mention the term of a Judge of the Supreme Court.
Answer: A Judge of Supreme Court continues in office till he attains the age of sixty-five years.

Question 8: Who appoints the administrative staff of the Supreme Court?
Answer: The President appoints the administrative staff of the Supreme Court on the advice of other members of judiciary.

Question 9: Under what circumstances can the salaries and allowances of the Judges of the Supreme Court be reduced?
Answer: The salaries and allowances of the Judges of the Supreme Court can be reduced during periods of financial emergency.

Question 10: If the President of India considers that a question of law may be referred to the Supreme Court, under which jurisdiction will the Supreme Court express its opinion in the matter?
Answer: Advisory Jurisdiction.

Question 11: Of which Constitutional system is the independent Judiciary a characteristic?
Answer: The independent Judiciary is a characteristic of the federal system.

Question 12: Why should the Judiciary be separated from the Executive?
Answer: The Judiciary should be separated from the Executive because it should be free to impart impartial justice without any differentiation among people.

Question 13: Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court can be divided into how many categories? Name them.
Answer: Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court can be divided into three categories. They are:
(i) Original Jurisdiction, (ii) Appellate Jurisdiction, (iii) Advisory Jurisdiction.

Question 14: Appellate Jurisdiction of Supreme Court can be divided into how many groups? Name them.
Answer: Appellate Jurisdiction of Supreme Court can be divided into three groups. They are:
(i) Appeal in Constitutional Cases, (ii) Appeal in Civil Matters, (iii) Appeal in Criminal Cases.

Question 15: What is the advisory role of the Supreme Court of India?
Or
What is meant by advisory Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court?
Answer: Under advisory role, the President can seek the opinion of the Supreme Court on any question of law or fact of public importance.

Question 16: Name any one Writ issued by the Courts for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights.
Answer: Habeas Corpus.

Question 17: Why is the Supreme Court said to be the guardian of the Constitution?
Answer: The Supreme Court is known as the guardian of the Constitution as it can issue writs for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights.

Question 18: Mention any one power of the Supreme Court, which is not enjoyed by other courts.
Answer: One power of the Supreme Court, which is not enjoyed by other Courts, is that only Supreme Court has the right to revise its earlier decisions.

Question 19: What happens if either the Parliament or a State Legislature passes any law that is against the Constitution?
Answer: If either the Parliament or a State Legislature passes any law that is against the Constitution, the Supreme Court can declare that law as unconstitutional.

Short Questions – I

Question 1: Who appoints the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court?
Answer: The President appoints the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court with the consultation of Judges of the Supreme Court and Chief Justice of the High Courts whom he may think fit.

Question 2: Mention the salary and allowances of the Chief Justice and the other Judges of the Supreme Court.
Answer: The Chief Justice of India and other Judges of the Supreme Court are entitled to a nominal monthly salary. They are also entitled to rent-free residential accommodation, other allowances and amenities.
In order to become a Judge of the Supreme Court, a person must possess the following qualifications:

He/She must be a citizen of India.
He/She should have worked as a Judge in any of the High Court continuously for not less than five years.
He/She should have or have been an advocate of a High Court for at least 10 years.
He/She must be a distinguished Jurist.

Question 3: Discuss about the manner of appointement of Judges of the the Supreme Court.
Answer: The Judges of Supreme Court are appointed by the President by warrant under his hand and seal after consultation with such Judges of Supreme Court and High Courts as he deems necessary.

Question 4: Why there is need for an independent Judiciary in India?
Answer: An independent Judiciary is an essential part of a federal system. As such, disputes regarding the interpretation of the Constitution and the division of powers between centre and the states necessitate an impartial Judiciary.

Question 5: What is understood by a ‘Single Integrated Judicial System’ as provided in the Indian Constitution?
Answer: In a ‘Single Integrated Judicial System’ provided in the Indian Constitution, the Supreme Court of India is the Apex Court of India and administers both Union and State law. Below the Supreme Court are the High Courts in each State or group of States followed by Subordinate Courts.

Question 6: Mention three circumstances in which the office of the Judge of the Supreme Court falls vacant.
Answer: The circumstances in which the office of the Judge of the Supreme Court falls vacant are:
(i) He can be removed on grounds of ‘Proved Misbehaviour’ or ‘Incapacity’.
(ii) A Judge may resign himself on the grounds of health, or may retire from his office.

Question 7: Why is the Supreme Court described as a ‘Court of Record’?
Answer: The Supreme Court is a Court of Record. A ‘Court of Record’ is a Court whose judgements are recorded for evidence and testimony which are duly printed for the future references in the Court as well as for the use of lawyers in their pleadings.

Question 8: What do you understand by the term ‘Judicial Review’?
Answer: The Judicial Review means that the Supreme Court can reject the laws passed by the Legislature and the orders issued by the Executive and declare them void, if they are not in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution.

Short Questions – II

Question 1: Explain the term of office and removal of Judges of the Supreme Court.
Answer: Term of office and removal of Judges: A Judge of the Supreme Court continues in office until he attains the age of 65. However, Article 124 (2) provides that a Judge may resign by writing under his hand addressed to the President.
A Judge of the Supreme Court may be removed from office on the grounds of proved misbehaviour and incapacity by the president by an order issued after an address has been presented to him by the Parliament. Such an address must be supported by a majority of not less than two-thirds of the members present and voting in each House of Parliament.

Question 2: Mention the ways in which the Supreme Court has been made independent of the influence of the Executive.
Or
Mention two ways by which the Constitution ensures independence of the Judges of the Supreme Court?
Answer:

The Judges are although appointed by the President but he cannot remove them.
Security of Tenure.
Security of Salaries and service conditions.
The Judges are free to announce their decisions and decrees in the Court Chamber.
Can punish for the Contempt of Court.
Forbids the discussion of the conduct of a Judge of the Supreme Court in Parliament.
The Judges are not allowed to practice after retirement.

Question 3: The meaning of Independence of the Judiciary and the need to do so.
Answer: Meaning of Judiciary: By Independence of Judiciary means its independence from the control of the executive and the legislature. This also means a fair, impartial, fearless and honest judiciary. An independent judiciary alone can do Justice. The Supreme Court and the High Courts administer justice not only between citizen’s but between ‘Citizens’ and ‘State’. Thus the Independence of Judges is essential for the functioning of a democratic constitution.

Question 4: What is Appellate Jurisdiction? Mention any two types of cases over which the Supreme Court has Appellate Jurisdiction.
Or
In the extensive Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court state the difference between the Original Jurisdiction and the Appellate Jurisdiction. Mention two functions that come under Original Jurisdiction.
Answer: A Court of Appeal is one which may change the decision or reduce the sentence passed by the lower Courts. The Supreme Court is the final Court of Appeal. An appeal lies to the Supreme Court from any judgement or final order of a High Court in the following conditions:
(i) If the High Court certifies that the case involves a substantial question of law of general importance and (ii) that the question needs to be decided by the Supreme Court.
An appeal in criminal matters also lies to Supreme Court.

Question 5: Hew does supreme court play the Guardian of the Fundamental Rights?
Answer: The Fundamental Rights are guaranteed by the Constitution against the action of both the Executive as well as Legislature. Any act of the Executive or of the Legislature which takes away or abridges any of these fundamental rights shall be unconstitutional and the Court is empowered to declare it as void. Article 32(1) guarantees for the enforcement of the Fundamental Rights, Article 32(2) lays down that the Supreme Court has the power to issue directions or orders or writes like habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quo warranto and certiorari for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights. The Supreme Court is thus the protector, and guardian of the Fundamental Rights guaranteed under the Constitution.

Question 6: What is meant by Court of Record.
Answer: Court of Record: The Constitution makes the Supreme Court a Court of Record. A Court of Records is a Court whose judicial decisions can be cited as judicial precedents before other Courts. The truth of these decisions cannot be questioned in any court. They are binding upon other Courts. The acts and proceedings of a Court of Record are recorded for perpetual memory and testimony. As a Court of Record, the Supreme Court has the power to punish for contempt’s of its authority.

Question 7: The Supreme Court is the Guardian of the Fundamental Rights. In this connection explain the following units which its can issue:
(i) Habeas Corpus (ii) Mandamus.
Answer: (i) Habeas Corpus: It literally means to “have his body”. Habeas Corpus implies that the Supreme Court might issue an order upon a person to produce a prisoner, whom the person has kept in confinement, before the Court so that the Court may ascertain whether the detention of the prisoner has been made strictly in accordance with law or not. The Court thereby can either set him free or bring about his speedy trial.
(ii) Mandamus: It literally means “We command”. This writ is a sort of command from the Supreme Court to a Subordinate Court or an administrative authority in case they fail to exercise their jurisdiction and fail to perform their duty.

Question 8: Name any two writs issued by the courts for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights.
Answer: (i) Certiorari: It is an order by the Supreme Court to the judicial or quasi-judicial authorities to quash its order or decision. Prohibition is issued when certain proceedings are still going on. Certiorari is issued only when the order has already been passed.
(ii) Quo-warranto: This writ prevents an unlawful claimant from holding a superior public office. The Court issues a writ to a public servant to enquire into the legality of his holding a public office and ousts him if his claim is not well founded.

Question 9: How does Supreme Court act as: Custodian of the Constitution?
Answer: As the custodian of the Constitution, the Supreme Court has been equipped with the power of judicial review to check the arbitrary power of the Executive. Supreme Court can review the laws passed by the Legislature and the orders issued by the Executive and declare them void, if they are not in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution. In India, Parliament and State Legislature can exercise their powers subject to the limitations, imposed by the Constitution. The Constitution has imposed definite limitations upon each of the organs, and it is for the Courts to decide whether any of the Constitutional limitations has been transgressed or not. No organ of the Government, whether Union or State can violate the provisions of the Constitution.

Question 10: Why the Judges of the Supreme Court are prohibited to practice after retirement?
Answer: Prohibition of practice after retirement: The Judges of the Supreme Court and High Court receive good pensions but they are not permitted to practice as Lawyers after their retirement. This restriction has been laid down so that the Judges do not feel obliged during their tenure as Judges to any prospective employers. On the other hand, they could influence their former colleagues in the judiciary if they are allowed to practice.

Long Questions

Question 1: Discuss the composition of the Supreme Court of India.
Answer: Composition of the Supreme Court: The Supreme Court consists of a Chief Justice and 25 other Judges or as decided by the Parliament. The Judges of Supreme Court are appointed by the President by warrant under his hand and seal after consultation with such Judges of Supreme Court and High Courts as he deems necessary. Every Judge of the Supreme Court shall hold office till he attains the age of 65 years. During his office, a Judge may be removed by the Parliament or resign from his office by submitting his resignation to the President. The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court with the prior consent of the President may appoint ad hoc Judges for the time being, if quorum of Judges is not available to hold the sessions of the Court. The qualifications required to become a Supreme Court Judge are:
(i) He must be a citizen of India.
(ii) He should have worked as a judge of High Court continuously for at least five years.
Or
He should have been for 10 years an advocate of two or more High Courts.
Or
He should be a distinguished jurist in the opinion of the President.

Question 2: Discuss the manner in which the constitution seeks to maintain the Independence of the Judges of Supreme Court.
Answer: The Independence of the Judges of the Supreme Court is ensured by the Constitution in following ways:
(i) Security of Service: The judges of Supreme Court cannot be removed from office until they complete 65 years of age or they have been removed by the Parliament.
(ii) Emoluments not Subject to Reduction: Emoluments of judges cannot be reduced during their tenure until there is a financial emergency in the country.
(iii) No discussion in Legislature on the Conduct of Judge: This discussion is held only when the house wants to remove the judge, otherwise the discussion about the conduct of any judge cannot be held in any legislature.
(iv) Freedom to Announce Decisions and Decrees: The judges have freedom to decide cases without any danger to their person, property or fame.

Question 3: Explain the Appellate Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court.
Answer: The cases which come to the Supreme Court to appeal from the decision or order of High Court or a Tribunal in India come under as ‘Appellate Jurisdiction’. Appellate Jurisdiction covers three types of cases:
(i) Constitutional Cases: An appeal can lie to the Supreme Court from any judgment or order of a High Court, whether in civil, criminal or other proceeding, if the High Court certifies that the case involves a substantial question of law as to the interpretation of the Constitution.
(ii) Civil Cases: If the High Court certifies that the case involves a substantial question of law
and the said questions needs to be decided by the Supreme Court then an appeal can lie to the Supreme Court.
(iii) Criminal Cases: An appeal can lie to the Supreme Court against the judgment of a High Court in criminal cases if:
(a) The High Court has reversed the judgment of Lower Court and converted the acquittal into death sentence; or
(b) The High Court has reversed the judgment of the Subordinate Court and converted capital punishment into acquittal, or
(c) The High Court gives certificate that case (criminal) is fit to be sent for appeal to the Supreme Court.
The Supreme Court has the power to grant special leave to appeal against any judgment or order of any court or tribunal.

Question 4: What is meant by Judicial Review and Original Jurisdiction?
Answer: The Judicial Review refers to the power of the Supreme Court to declare null and void those laws of the legislature and those orders of the executive which go against the provisions of the constitution. The power of Judicial review is an implied power under Art-13 as it is not explicity mentioned in the constitution. The court can not initiate suo moto the proceedings of judicial review. It has to be brought before the court by the affected party.
The Original Jurisdiction extends to those cases which Supreme Court has authority to hear and decide in the first instance. The Supreme Court in its Original Jurisdiction entertains suits in the following cases:
(i) A dispute between the Government of India and one or more States.
(ii) Disputes between two or more States.
(iii) A Dispute between the Union and any State on the one side and other States on the other.
Also, in cases involving the violation of Fundamental Rights, the Supreme Court enjoys Original Jurisdiction.

Question 5: With reference to the Independence and Impartiality of the Supreme Court, explain the role of each of the following factors:
(i) No discussion with respect to the conduct of any Judge.
(ii) Power to punish for contempt of itself.
Answer: (i) No discussion with respect to the Conduct of any Judge: No discussion shall take place in Parliament with respect to the conduct of any Judge in the discharge of his duties, except when a motion for his removal is under consideration. The conduct of a Judge cannot ordinarily be a subject-matter of discussion inside legislature.
(ii) Punishment for the Contempt of Court: Genuine criticism of a judgment is allowed, but nothing should be done to lower the authority or dignity of the Court. The Supreme Court has the power to punish for contempt of itself.

Question 6: What is the procedure for the removal of a Supreme Court Judge.
Or
Explain the impeachment procedure for the removal of Judges.
Answer: A Judge can be impeached on grounds of proven misbehaviour or incapacity. The process involves a motion being passed by a special majority of each House of Parliament.
(i) A motion addressed to the President which has been signed by atleast 100 members of the Lok Sabha or 50 of the Rajya Sabha is given to the chairman or Speaker.
(ii) It is then investigated by a committee of 2 Supreme Court Judges and a distinguished jurist.
(iii) If the motion is found acceptable then it is given to the initiating House for consideration.
(iv) It is prospected to the President after it has been passed by two third majority of each house.
(v) The judge will be removed after the President gives the order for his removal.

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