ICSE Living Science Biology for Class 6 Solutions Chapter 7 Health and Hygiene
Check Your Progress
State if the following statements are true or false. Correct the statement if it is false.
Question 1.
Carbohydrates and fats are energy-giving food.
Answer:
True.
Question 2.
Pulses, beans, meat and fish are rich sources of fats.
Answer:
False : Pulses, beans, meat and fish are rich sources of proteins.
Question 3.
Minerals are needed in traces for normal body functions.
Answer:
True
Question 4.
A person doing physical work needs less energy and therefore less carbohydrates.
Answer:
False. A person doing physical work needs more energy and therefore more carbohydrates.
Question 5.
A person taking inadequate amount of food is said to be undernourished.
Answer:
True
Practice Question 1.
The top white portion of each tooth is known as pulp.
Answer:
False : The top white portion of each tooth is known as enamel.
Practice Question 2.
Excessive eating of vegetables causes tooth decay.
Answer:
False.
Check Your Progress
A. State if the following statements are true or false. Correct the statement if it is false.
Question 1.
Tooth decay is caused by eating lots of vegetables.
Answer:
False. Tooth decay is not caused by eating lots of vegetables.
Question 2.
Always keep the reading material too close to your eyes.
Answer:
False : Do not keep the reading material too close to your eyes.
Question 3.
The best method of having germ-free water is to boil it for 15 minutes.
Answer:
True
Question 4.
Producing manure from waste by use of microorganisms is called biodegradation.
Answer:
False. Producing manure from waste by use of microorganisms is called composting.
B. Fill in the blanks.
Question 1.
Diseases that spread through direct contact are called infections.
Answer:
Diseases that spread through direct contact are called contagious infections.
Question 2.
Insects that transmit disease causing germs are called
Answer:
Insects that transmit disease causing germs are called vectors.
Question 3.
Cold and measles are spread by in the air.
Answer:
Cold and measles are spread by droplets in the air.
Question 4.
Dengue is caused by the bite of an infected mosquito.
Answer:
Dengue is caused by the bite of an infected female Aedes mosquito.
Practice Question 1.
helps you look and feel better.
Answer:
Exercise helps you look and feel better.
Practice Question 2.
Oil spills from oil tankers into oceans cause pollution.
Answer:
Oil spills from oil tankers into oceans cause water pollution.
Practice Question 3.
Loud, harsh sound that is unpleasant to the ear is called pollution.
Answer:
Loud, harsh sound that is unpleasant to the ear is called noise pollution.
A. Tick the most appropriate answer.
Question 1.
The nutrient needed for growth and repair of the body are ……….
a. proteins.
b. carbohydrates.
c. fats.
d. vitamins.
Answer:
a. proteins.
Question 2.
The major source of vitamins and minerals is
a. meat.
b. milk.
c. butter.
d. fruits and vegetables.
Answer:
d. fruits and vegetables.
Question 3.
Calcium and phosphorus are required for
a. healthy teeth and bones.
b. long and black hair.
c. haemoglobin in blood.
d. healthy heart.
Answer:
a. healthy teeth and bones.
Question 4.
Carbohydrates and fats provide us with
a. growth of body.
b. energy for doing work.
c. protection against disease.
d. regulation of body function
Answer:
b. energy for doing work.
Question 5.
Which of the following is spread by a droplet infection?
a. Cholera
b. Malaria
c. Common cold
d. Typhoid
Answer:
c. Common cold
Practice Question 1.
A thin, sticky film which is formed on the tooth leading to tooth decay is called a
a. cavity.
b. plaque,
c. floss.
d. crown.
Answer:
b. plaque.
Practice Question 2.
Deficiency diseases are caused due to
a. viruses.
b. bacteria,
c. protozoa.
d. lack of nutrients.
Answer:
d. lack of nutrients.
Practice Question 3.
Which of these is a waterborne disease ?
a. Conjunctivitis
b. Polio
c. Typhoid
d. Bronchitis
Answer:
c. Typhoid
Practice Question 4.
Small swelling of the skin filled with a watery substance is called a
a. cut
b. bruise
c. wound.
d. blister.
Answer:
d. blister.
Practice Question 5.
The number of permanent teeth in a person is
a. 32.
b. 24.
c. 20.
d. 16.
Answer:
a. 32.
B. Fill in the blanks.
Question 1.
prevents constipation.
Answer:
Roughage prevents constipation.
Question 2.
…………. is a contagious viral disease in which the eye is infected.
Answer:
Conjunctivitis is a contagious viral disease in which the eye is infected.
Question 3.
………… and ………… are called energy-giving foods.
Answer:
Carbohydrates and fats are called energy-giving foods.
Question 4.
Malaria is spread by an infected female …………. mosquito.
Answer:
Malaria is spread by an infected female Anopheles mosquito.
Question 5.
………….. is an airborne disease caused by droplet infection.
Answer:
Common cold is an airborne disease caused by droplet infection.
Practice Question 1.
Teeth are held in the jaw by ………………
Answer:
Teeth are held in the jaw by their roots.
Practice Question 2.
The hard coating on the teeth is called ………………
Answer:
The hard coating on the teeth is called enamel.
Practice Question 3.
A disease which spreads from one person to another is called …………….. a disease.
Answer:
A disease which spreads from one person to another is called a communicable disease.
Practice Question 4.
Blue-black marks that appear due to injury to the tissues under the skin due to breakage of small blood vessels are called ……………
Answer:
Blue-black marks that appear due to injury to the tissues under the skin due to breakage of small blood vessels are called bruises.
Practice Question 5.
……………… is the loud and harsh sound that is unpleasant to the ear.
Answer:
Noise is the loud and harsh sound that is unpleasant to the ear.
C. Match the following.
Column A (Diseases) Column B (Causes)
1. ringworm bacteria
2. malaria excess of food
3. cholera virus
4. dengue protozoa
5. obesity fungus
Ans.
Column A (Diseases) Column B (Causes)
1. ringworm fungus
2. malaria protozoa
3. cholera bacteria
4. dengue virus
5. obesity excess of food
D. Complete the analogous pairs.
Question 1.
Wheat: carbohydrate : : Milk : ………….
Answer:
Wheat: carbohydrate :: Milk : minerals.
Question 2.
Hair : …………….. : : Teeth : brush
Answer:
Hair : Comb :: Teeth : brush
Question 3.
…………….. : water pollution :: Tuberculosis : air pollution
Answer:
Typhoid : water pollution:: Tuberculosis : air pollution
Question 4.
Malaria : Anopheles : : Dengue :
Answer:
Malaria: Anopheles :: Dengue : Aedes.
E. Tick the correctly matched pairs. Rewrite the wrongly matched pairs correctly.
1. Cholera-Waterborne disease
Answer:
✓
2. Typhoid-Foodborne disease
Answer:
✓
3. Conjunctivitis-Droplet infection
Answer:
X Conjunctivitis-Disease spread by direct contact
4. Common cold-Droplet infection
Answer:
✓
5. Dysentery-Airborne infection
Answer:
X Dysentery-Food and water borne disease
6. Dengue-Disease spread by insect
Answer:
✓
7. Tuberculosis-Disease spread by direct contact
Answer:
X Tuberculosis-Air bore disease
F. Give below are sets of nutrients. Identify their category and circle the odd one among them.
Question 1.
Glucose, starch, cellulose, calcium
Answer:
Calcium is the odd one out as it is a mineral while rest are carbohydrates.
Question 2.
Butter, ghee, jaggery, oil
Answer;
Jaggery is the odd one out as it is a source of carbohydrate while rest are sources of fats.
Question 3.
Egg, milk, meat, carrot
Answer:
Carrot is the odd one out as it a source of minerals while rest are sources of proteins.
Question 4.
Calcium, phosphorous, rice, Iron
Answer:
Rice is the odd one out as it is a source of carbohydrate while rest all are minerals.
G. Answer the following in short.
Question 1.
What is health ?
Answer:
Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well being and not merely an absence of disease or infirmity.
Question 2.
List all the food nutrients needed for healthy growth of your body.
Answer:
For the healthy growth of our body, we should take the following nutrients in the right proportion present in different food items:
a. Carbohydrates
b. Proteins
c. Fats
d. Vitamins
e. Minerals
along with water and roughages.
Question 3.
What is a balanced diet ?
Answer:
A diet that gives us all the required nutrients i.e. carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals and roughages in the right proportion for healthy growth of an individual is called a balanced diet.
Question 4.
What are minerals ? Write few sources of food that are rich in minerals.
Answer:
Minerals are the nutrients that help the body to function normally and to use other nutrients properly. They do not give energy but protect our body from many diseases. Some of its sources are milk, green leafy vegetables, meat, pulses and fruits.
Question 5.
What type of first aid is given for a deep cut ?
Answer:
In case of a deep cut, the immediate effort is to stop bleeding. For this, raise the cut part and if the bleeding does not stop, press a pad of clean cloth over the wound. Once the blood stops, wash it with water or some antiseptic lotion, apply antiseptic cream and cover with a bandage.
Practice Question 1.
What are deficiency diseases ?
Answer:
A disease caused by the lack of some particular essential nutrient in a person’s diet is called a deficiency disease, e.g. Deficiency of iron leads to Anaemia.
Practice Question 2.
What habits lead to obesity ?
Answer:
If a person eats more than his body requires, the person suffers from obesity. Excess calories get stored as fats in our
bodies. Some habits leading to it are :
a. eating excessive junk food.
b. eating while watching TV.
c. sitting lifestyle.
d. not chewing food properly.
e. lack of sleep.
Practice Question 3.
What are vectors ?
Answer:
Vectors are the insects which carry disease causing germs. e. g. Infected female Anopheles mosquito spreads malaria. Vectors do not cause disease themselves but spreads the infection by carrying the germs.
Practice Question 4.
What is biodegradable waste ?
Answer:
Biodegradable waste is the waste material like vegetable and fruit peels, dry leaves, animal excreta and dead plants that can be decomposed by microorganisms (mostly bacteria) into simpler substances.
Practice Question 5.
What is first aid ?
Answer:
First aid is the immediate temporary care given to a person in case of an accident or sudden illness before he or she is i taken to a doctor.
H. Answer the following in detail.
Question 1.
What is plaque ? How is it formed ?
Answer:
Plaque is a sticky film of food, saliva and bacteria formed over teeth. It is formed when we don’t brush our teeth properly and food particles are left on the teeth. Bacteria that live in the mouth act on them and produce acids. These acids combine with food particles and saliva to form a sticky hard substance called plaque over teeth.
Question 2.
What are the different ways by which communicable diseases are spread ?
Answer:
Different ways by which communicable diseases are spread are :
a. Through air – some diseases like cold, influenza, tuberculosis spread through droplets in the air by a sneeze or a cough from a diseased person.
b. Through food and water – diseases like typhoid, dysentery, cholera and other intestinal infections spread through polluted water and contaminated food.
c. Through direct contact – some diseases like conjunctivitis and scabies spread through direct contact with the infected person.
d. By insects – Insects act as a carrier to spread infection by carrying the disease causing germs, e.g. Malaria, dengue are spread by the bite of infected mosquitoes.
Question 3.
List five personal habits which can prevent the spread of communicable diseases.
Answer:
Five personal habits which can prevent the spread of communicable diseases are:
a. Keep your food covered and do not eat exposed food items.
b. Use your own towels and handkerchief.
c. Wash your hands with soap before and after meals.
d. Cover your nose and mouth when you sneeze or cough.
e. Keep your nails trimmed to avoid the growth of germs there.
Question 4.
What is the role of exercise in keeping our body healthy?
Answer:
Exercise helps a lot to keep us healthy and fit Regular exercise makes our muscles and bones strong. It also improves the co-ordination between your nerves and muscles. Our heart muscles and lungs become stronger and more efficient. Exercise relieves tension and helps us look and feel better. It controls our weight. It combats diseases and boosts energy.
Question 5.
What is air pollution ? How does it affect our health ?
Answer:
Air pollution is defined as the presence of unwanted, mostly harmful, substances like gases, dust, fumes etc. in air which has an adverse effect on living beings. It affects our health in many ways as :
a. Smoke and other particles in air cause respiratory diseases like asthma, cough, bronchitis and even lung cancer.
b. Headache and dizziness is caused due to inhalation of carbon-monoxide in small quantities. Large quantities of it may lead to death.
c. Stinging and irritation of eyes, nose and throat occurs due to the presence of oxides of nitrogen in the air.
d. Particulate matter like lead particles can have harmful effect on liver and kidney.
Question 6.
What steps should be taken to reduce noise pollution ?
Answer:
Following steps should be taken to reduce noise pollution :
a. One should listen to radios, stereos and TV at low volume.
b. One should make it a habit to talk in low tone.
c. Airports and factories should be located away from residential places.
d. Homs must be used only when really required.
e. Loud speakers should be used only occasionally.
Practice Question 1.
List any five things which can help in maintaining good health.
Answer:
Five things which can help in maintaining good health are :
a. eating balanced diet.
b. maintaining personal hygiene, i. e. keeping our body clean.
c. maintaing community hygiene, i.e. keeping our surroundings clean.
d. doing adequate exercise and taking ample rest.
e. protecting ourselves from the communicable diseases by checking pollution.
Practice Question 2.
List five things which one can do to have healthy hair.
Answer:
To have healthy hair, we should :
a. Eat healthy food.
b. Wash our hair regularly and keep them clean.
c. Use a clean comb.
d. Avoid using chemicals or blow-dryers on our hair.
e. Massage our hair with oil atleast once a week.
Practice Question 3.
What steps are being taken to reduce air pollution ?
Answer:
Steps we can take to reduce air pollution are :
a. Get the vehicles checked for pollution at regular intervals.
b. Use car pool wherever possible. Encourge walking or using bicycles for short distances.
c. Industries must release their gases in the air only after removal of solid particles from them.
d. Some steps taken by government like the use of unleaded petrol in cars, scooters and using CNG (compressed natural gas) instead of diesel in buses has reduced air pollution to quite an extent.
e. Factories and industries should be placed away from residential areas.
Practice Question 4.
What are the causes of water pollution ?
Answer:
Water pollution is being caused by :
a. disposal of sewage (waste water) directly into water bodies.
b. direct release of industrial waste containing poisonous substances into nearby water bodies.
c. throwing of garbage and animal carcasses near and into water bodies.
d. bathing, washing, defecating near and into water bodies.
e. excessive fertilizers, pesticides and insecticides get washed off by rain and enter into water bodies.
f. accidental oil spills from oil tankers into oceans.
g. release of hot water by power plants into rivers (thermal pollution).
Practice Question 5.
Write a short note on land pollution.
Answer:
Land pollution is the contamination and degradation of Earth’s land surfaces and soil. It is caused by human activities like throwing of litter and garbage, dumping of solid industrial waste, radio-active wastes, mining activities, usage of pesticides etc. It affects soil fertility and can cause serious illnesses in humans and animals. It can be controlled with proper disposal of domestic as well as industrial waste.
Practice Question 6.
What is the difference between a bruise and a blister?
Answer:
A bruise is an injury to the tissues under the skin where in small blood vessels break and blood oozes out in the injured part inside the skin only. It becomes bluish black in color. It may be caused by bumping into objects or by being hit or falling. They go away naturally within few days. Immediate use of cold pack reduces the coloration and swelling.
Whereas a blister is a small bubble like swelling of the skin filled with a watery substance. It may be caused by bums or allergies or diseases like chicken pox. Blisters should not be punctured. We should wash them with water and cover with clean bandage.
Practice Question 7.
Explain the structure of a tooth with the help of a diagram.
Answer:
Each tooth has three parts :
a. crown
b. root
c. neck
The part of a tooth that we see is the crown. The root of a tooth is embedded in the soft tissue called gum. The neck is the portion in between the crown and the root. The top white portion of each tooth is called enamel. Below the enamel is the soft dentine. Inside the dentine, there is pulp cavity. The pulp cavity has blood vessels and nerves.
I. Give reasons for the following.
Question 1.
You need more proteins and carbohydrates in your diet than your grandparents.
Answer;
We need more proteins and carbohydrates in our diet than our grandparents because proteins help in the growth of our body (proteins are building blocks of our body) and carbohydrates give us energy for playing and other activities.
Question 2.
Your mother insists that you should eat fruits and vegetables.
Answer:
Our mother insists that we should eat fruits and vegetables because they contain many essential nutrients required for the healthy growth of our body like vitamins and minerals. They protect our body from many diseases by improving our immune system. They also provide fibre (roughages) to our body. Since fruits and vegetables are low in calories, they help us to control our body weight also.
Question 3.
Polluted water has a harmful effect on aquatic organism.
Answer:
Polluted water has a harmful effect on the marine life as some undecomposed water pollutants enter the bodies of water animals like fish and poison them. Accidental oil spills and other water pollutants like industrial waste, fertilizers lead to the lack of dissolved oxygen in the water and hence make it difficult for the marine life to breathe resulting in their death.
Question 4.
You should sleep for at least seven to eight hours everyday.
Answer:
Adequate sleep is very important for our health. We should sleep for at least seven to eight hours everyday to stay mentally alert and physically healthy. Without enough sleep, we look dull and tired, we tend to be irritable and less efficient. Our body relaxes while we sleep and it is more necessary for children for growth.
Practice Question 1.
An eight year old boy needs to eat more proteins than a sixty year old man.
Answer:
An eight year boy needs to eat more proteins than a sixty year old man because a young boy’s body is still growing. Proteins are the building blocks of our body and they help in the growth of a body.
Practice Question 2.
A labourer needs to eat more carbohydrates than a clerk.
Answer:
A labourer does more physical work than a clerk for which he needs more energy. Since carbohydrates are eneigy giving foods, so a labourer needs to eat more carbohydrates than a clerk doing a desk job.
Practice Question 3.
It is important to rinse your mouth after every meal and brush your teeth before going to sleep.
Answer:
It is important to rinse our mouth after every meal and brush our teeth before going to sleep because it helps to remove the food particles which may have stuck between the teeth oner nieais. n we aon i rinse or orusn our teetn, bacteria will act on the food particles and produce acid which erodes the tooth enamel and can even lead to tooth decay. We can prevent bad breath by following oral hygiene as well.
Practice Question 4.
Junk food is not good for health.
Answer:
Junk food is not good for health because they have lots of calories in it but very little nutritional value. These foods are high in fats, salts and sugars and lead to obesity and other deficiency diseases if taken in excess on regular basis.
Practice Question 5.
In many states factories and industries have been shifted to places away from residential areas.
Answer:
In many states, factories and industries have been shifted to places away from residential areas because the gases and wastes released by such industries lead to air, water and land pollution along with noise pollution. The smoke and gases lead to acid rain, respiratory and other diseases. Water disposal of their wastes cause serious water borne diseases in humans and effect aquatic life too. Noise pollution can cause loss of hearing and anxiety in people living nearby the industries.
J. Classify the following food items as energy-giving, body-building and protective food items.
chappattis
papaya
rice
meat
egg
spinach
soyabean
potato
amla
ghee
peas
peanut
orange
fish
carrot
mango
Answer:
chappattis – energy-giving
papaya – protective – food
rice – energy – giving
meat – body – building
egg – body – building
spinach – protective – food
soyabean – body – building
potato – energy-giving
amla – protective – food
ghee – energy – giving
peas – protective – food
peanut – energy – giving
orange – protective – food
fish – body – building
carrot – protective – food
mango – protective – food
K. Given below is an incomplete table. Complete the table by filling in the blanks numbered 1-6.
Answer:
Living Science Biology Class 6 ICSE Solutions