ICSE Class 9 Biology Solutions Chapter 3 Tissues: Plant and Animal Tissues

Class 9th ICSE Biology Solutions Chapter 3 Tissues: Plant and Animal Tissues

Progress Check

Question 1.
What are the two basic types of plant tissues?
Answer:
Plant tissues are basically of two types –

1. Meristematic tissue.
2. Permanent tissue.

Question 2.
Give the technical terms for the following :
(i) The category of plant tissues that have lost their ability to multiply ……………….
(ii) The kind of plant cells with thin walls and usually a single large vacuole ………………..
(iii) Elongated cells which are thickened at the corners …………………
(iv) The two types of tissues which provide the upward movement of water and dissolved materials from the roots to other parts of the plant ………………….
Answer:
(i) Permanent tissue
(ii) Parenchyma
(iii) Collenchyma
(iv) Xylem tissues.

Question 3.
Mention if the following statements are true (T) or false (F)
(i) Phloem cells carry manufactured food from leaves to other parts.T/F
(ii) Veins of leaves have both xylem and phloem.T/F
(iii) The older xylem tissue does not participate in transport.T/F
(iv) The sclerenchyma consists of actively dividing cells.T/F
Answer:
(i) True
(ii) True
(iii) True
(iv) False.

Progress Check

Question 1.
Name the kind of animal tissue in which
(i) Cells are flat, cuboidal or columnar, forming protective layer ………………
(ii) Cells produce and pour out chemical substances. …………………..
(iii) Cells can contract and relax ………………
(iv) Cells can conduct impulses …………………..
Answer:
(i) Epithelial cells
(ii) Glandular epithelium cells
(iii) Muscular tissue
(iv) Cardiac muscles.

Question 2.
Give one example of each of the following tissues where they are located.
(i) Ciliated columnar epithelium ………………….
(ii) Elastic cartilage ………………….
(iii) Unstriated muscles ………………….
Answer:
(i) Ciliated columnar epithelium is found at some places in , the body such as in the lining of the trachea.
(ii) Elastic cartilage is found in nose, ear and rings of trachea, and between the vertebrae.
(iii) Unstriated muscles are found in the lining of blood vessels, urinary bladder and in the iris of eye.

Question 3.
Write one speciality each of the following :
(i) Cartilage ………………
(ii) Bone …………………….
(iii) Striated muscle ……………….
(iv) Cardiac muscle ………………….
Answer:
(i) Cartilage. It has no blood vessels or nerves.
(ii) Bone. It has a good supply of blood vessels and nerves.
(iii) Striated muscles works under the control of the will of an individual.
(iv) Cardiac muscles is branched and found only in the heart.

Question 4.
Mention if the following statements are true (T) or false (F)
(i) Axons of nerve cells are very long.T/F
(ii) Dendrons bundled together form a nerve.T/F
(iii) Cardiac muscles get tired soon. T/F
(iv) Epithelial cells leave space in between.T/F
(v) Perikaryon is the nucleus of a nerve cell.T/F
(vi) Muscles of the iris of the eye are of voluntary type.T/F
(vii) Cartilage has no blood vessels or the nerves in it.T/F
Answer:
(i) True
(ii) True
(iii) False
(iv) False
(v) True
(vi) False
(vii) True.

Review Questions

A. Multiple Choice Type

Question 1.
In potato starch is stored in :
(a) Sclerenchyma
(b) Collenchyma
(c) Parenchyma
(d) Chlorenchyma
Answer:
(c) Parenchyma

Question 2.
Tendons and ligaments are examples of
(a) Fibrous connective tissue
(b) Cartilage
(c) Muscular tissue
(d) Adipose tissue.
Answer:
(a) Fibrous connective tissue

Question 3.
Which one of the following pairs is correctly matched?
(a) Meristem – Actively dividing cells
(b) Xylem – Transport of food
(c) Phloem – Transport of water
(d) Sclerenchyma – Storage of starch
Answer:
(a)Meristem – Actively dividing cells

Question 4.
Parenchyma containing chloroplasts is known as :
(a) Parenchyma
(b) Aerenchyma
(c) Collenchyma
(d) Chlorenchyma
Answer:
(d) Chlorenchyma

Question 5.
Annual rings are the number of :
(a) Internodes in a stem
(b) Rings of vascular bundles in a monocot stem.
(c) Barks layers in a woody stem.
(d) Layers of Xylem in a stem.
Answer:
(d) Layers of Xylem in a stem.

Question 6.
Which of the following cells in plants are said to be nonliving?
(a) Meristem
(b) Parenchyma
(c) Collenchyma
(d) Sclerenchyma
Answer:
(d) Sclerenchyma

Question 7.
Which of the following connects a muscle to a bone?
(a) Cartilage
(b) Ligament
(c) Tendon
(d) Interstitial fluid
Answer:
(c) Tendon

Question 8.
Cardiac muscle is :
(a) Involuntary
(b) Smooth
(c) Striated
(d) Involuntary and Striated.
Answer:
(d) Involuntary and Striated.

B. Very Short Answer Type

Question 1.
Name the kind of tissue found
(a) at the tip of plant roots.
(b) at the lower surface of leaf.
(c) in the inner lining of intestine.
(d) at the joint between two long bones.
(e) in the walls of the veins of leaves.
(f) as gritty masses in the skin of pears.
Answer:
(a) Apical or Terminal tissue
(b) Protective tissue
(c) Epithelial tissue
(d) Ligament
(e) Conducting tissue
(f) Sclerenchyma (supporting tissue).

Question 2.
Where is the least specialized tissue located in plant?
Answer:
Sclerenchyma which is composed of long, narrow and thick cells which have become dead, forms the least specialized tissue. This tissue forms the walls and boundaries and provides strength to tissue plant parts.

Question 3.
Give one word for each of the following :
(a) A group of similar cells performing a specific function.
(b) Cells least-specialized in the plants.
(c) Cells responsible for increase in diameter of the stem and root of dicot plants.
Answer:
(a) Tissue
(b) Permanent Tissues
(c) Cambium.

Question 4.
Name one place in living organisms where the following tissues are located :
(a) Meristematic tissue
(b) Cartilage
(c) Squamous epithelium.
(d) Sclerenchyma
(e) Ciliated epithelium
(f) Ligament
Answer:
(a) Tip of roots
(b) Nose, ears
(C) Lining of mouth and Nasal cavity.
(d) Stems and veins of leaves
(e) Trachea wall
(f) Bone

Question 5.
Name the kinds of cells found in the following places:
(a) Surface of the human skin
(b) Salivary gland
(c) Brain
(d) Inner lining of the windpipe.
Answer:
(a) Squamous epithelium cells
(b) Cuboid epithelium
(c) Nervous tissue (neurons)
(d) Ciliated columnar epithelium.

C. Short Answer Type

Question 1.
Name any one body part where ciliated epithelium is found in humans? What is its function?
Answer:
At some places in the body of human beings such as in the ; lining of the wind pipe (trachea), the columnar epithelium is ciliated. This epithelium has thread-like protoplasmic projections, called cilia at their free ends. These cilia constantly keep lashing and move the material which enter these organs.

Question 2.
What is the difference between nervous tissue and nervous system?
Answer:
The tissue made up of elongated cells called neurons or nerve cells is called nervous tissue. This tissue is concerned with the perception and responses of animals.

The nervous tissue constitutes the nervous system. The nervous system controls and coordinates all the systems and parts of the body.

Question 3.
List the tissues found in the human heart?
Answer:
Tissues found in human heart are as follows :
Muscular tissue (cardiac muscles)
Nervous tissue.
Epithelial tissue (Squamous epithelium in blood vessels of heart)
Connective tissue (Fluid connective tissue in form of red blood corpuscles)

Question 4.
Can you consider a cluster of eggs as a tissue? Why?
Answer:
We can consider a cluster of eggs as a tissue, as they are * similar cells and perform a specific function.

Question 5.
Name three kinds of muscles found in the human body. In each case, name one region in the body where they are found.
Answer:

1. Striated muscles –
   Striated muscles provide the force for locomotion and all voluntary movements of body e.g. movements of arms and legs etc.
2. Unstriated muscles –
   Unstriated muscles are not under the control of one’s will. Found in iris of the eye, lining of blood vessels, urinary bladder and uterus.
3. Cardiac muscles –
   Involuntary muscles : found only in heart of human beings.

D. Long Answer Type

Question 1.
What is the difference between
(a) cell and tissue?
(b) organ and organism?
(c) organ and organelle?
(d) organ and organ system?
Answer:

cell	tissue
It is the structural and functional unit of life.	A group of similar cells to perform a specific function.

(b) Several tissues together contributing to specific function inside the body, constitute an organ.
While many organs act together to perform a specific life process constitute an organ system. Organ systems together constitute the organism e.g., root system and shoot system constitute the plant, an organism.

(c) As there are organs in the body of an organism, so are the organelles inside a cell.
As an organ has one or more special functions, similarly, each organelle has a specific function in a cell.

(d) Several tissues collectively performing a specific function inside the body, constitute an organ such as tongue, eye, ear, heart etc.
Many organs act together to perform a specific life process constitute an organ system such as nervous system, reproductive system etc. Thus, organ is a part of organsystem.

State the characteristics of muscle tissue?
Answer:

• These tissues form the muscles of the body.
• They help in contraction and relaxation.
• They help in the body for all it’s movements.

Question 2.
Differentiate between cells of :
(a) Parenchyma and collenchyma
(b) Meristematic tissue and permanent tissue
(c) Sclerenchyma and parenchyma
(d) Cells of involuntary and voluntary muscle.
(e) Fibres of voluntary muscle and cardiac muscle.
Answer:
(a) Parenchyma –
It is composed of large thin-walled, cells usually with a single large vacuole.
Collenchyma –
It is made up of parenchymatous cells which are elongated and are thick at the comers.

(b) Meristematic tissue –
It is made of small cells which are usually cubical and cell-walls are thin.
Permanent tissue – Permanent tissues are made up of cells which have lost their ability to multiply.

(c) Sclerenchyma –
It is composed of long, narrow and thick cells, which have become dead; these cells develop very thick walls.
Parenchyma – It is composed of large thin-walled cells usually with a single large vacuole.

(d) Cells of Voluntary Muscles –
These are under the control of the will. They are made of long cells(fibres) which are nucleated and striated. This muscle moves when you want it to.
Cells of InVoluntary Muscles –
These are not under the control of the will. Ther are made up of spindle shaped/ slender tapering cells which are uninucleated.

(e) Fibres of Voluntary Muscles –
They are made of long cells(fibres) which are nucleated and striated. This muscle moves when you want it to.
Fibres of Cardiac muscles –
The fibres of cardiac muscle are straited, uninucleated and branched. They are relatively short.

E. Structured/Application Questions

Question 1.
Study the diagram given below and then answer the questions that follow :
(a) Identify the tissue and give a reason to support your answer.
(b) Name the parts labelled 1, 2, 3 and 4.
(c) Where is this tissue likely to be found in the plant?
(d) State the function of the parts labelled 1, 2, 3 and 4.

Answer:
(a) The tissue highlighting the figure is Conducting tissue also known as vascular tissue, provides passage for water and dissolved materials to move up and down in the plant. Its the type two of conducting tissue i.e. Phloem.

(b) The parts labelled in 1 is SIEVE CELL, 2 is PHLOEM PARENCHYMA, 3 is COMPANION CELL and 4 is SEIVE PLATE.

(c) Conducting tissues are found in the bark of the plant.

(d) The functions of the parts labelled 1, 2, 3 and 4 are as follow:

1. Sieve Cell :
   They form a long tube called sieve plates which are perforated.
2. Companion Cells :
   They are living parenchyma cells closely associated with sieve tube cells. They help in the functioning of the sieve tube cells.
3. Phloem Parenchyma :
   Parenchyma tissue found associated with Phloem and it is concerned with the storage of starch, fat and other organic food material.
4. Sieve Plates :
   They help in the transport of food from leaves to storage organs and other parts of the plant.

Question 2.
Study the diagram given below and then answer the following questions that follow :
(a) Identify the cell
(b) Name the parts labelled l, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6.
(c) Where is the cell likely to be found in the human body and what is its function?

Answer:
(a) A nerve Cell (NEURON)
(b)

1. Dendrites
2. Axon, Nucleus, Neurolemma,
   Myelin Sheath, Node of Ranvier.
3. Nucleus
4. Perikaryon (CYTON)
5. Neurolemma

(c) It is located in brain and spinal cord.
Function :
The dendrites receive impulses and the axon takes impulses away from, the cell body.

Additional Questions

Question 1.
Define a tissue.
Answer:
“A group of cells of the same type or of the mixed type, having a common origin and performing an identical func-tion is called a TISSUE.”

Question 2.
Classify the following as cell, tissue, tissue system, organ and organism :
(i) Amoeba
(ii) Heart
(iii) Muscles
(iv) Blood
(v) Neuron
(vi) Kidneys
(vii) Roots
(viii) Lion
(ix) Cambium
(x) Bacteria
(xi) Mushroom
(xii) Liver
(xiii) Ligament
(xiv) Xylem
(xv) Stem
Answer:
(i) Organism
(ii) Organ
(iii) Tissues
(iv) Tissue
(v) Cell
(vi) Organ
(vii) Organs
(viii) Organism
(ix) Tissue
(x) Organism
(xi) Organism
(xii) Organ
(xiii) Tissue
(xiv) Tissue
(xv) Organ

Question 3.
State the function of the two tissues :
(a) Parenchyma
(b) Collenchyma
Answer:
(a) Serves as FOOD STORAGE TISSUE, Transport material, helps in Photosynthesis, Serves as packing tissue sup¬ports to stem of herbaceous plants.

(b) Is a mechanical tissue, provides tensile strength with flexibility to organs in which it is found, helps in manufacture of sugar and starch.

Question 4.
Name the following tissues :
(i) Found in the cortex of roots.
(ii) Conducts water and minerals absorbed by the roots, upwards to the leaves.
(iii) A simple plant tissue that is made up of dead cells.
(iv) Found at the growing tips of stems and roots.
(v) Found in the mesophyll of leaves.
(vi) Food in the veins of leaves.
(vii) Connects bones to each other.
(viii) Connects muscles to bones.
(ix) Found in the vascular bundles.
(x) Conducts food prepared by the leaves to the storage organs.
Answer:
(i) Phloem and Xylem
(ii) Xylem
(iii) Sclerenchyma
(iv) Apical meristem (meristematic Tissue)
(v) Parenchyma
(vi) mesophyll pnioem
(vii) Ligament
(viii) Tendon
(ix) Phloem and Xylem
(x) Phloem

Question 5.
State the function of the following tissues :
(i) Red blood cells
(ii) White blood cells
(iii) Platelets
(iv) Sclerenchyma
(v) Ciliated epithelium
(vi) Squamous epithelium
(vii) Bones
(viii) Cartilage
(ix) Smooth muscle
(x) Skeletal muscle
(xi) Cardiac muscle
(xii) Nerve tissue
Answer:
(i) To carry oxygen to cells and tissues of the body.

(ii) To defend the body from diseases and to immune the body.

(iii) Help in clothing the blood to stop bleeding.

(iv) Serves as food storage tissue, maintains the shape and firmness of plant. Stores waste products such as TANNIN, GUM, Crystals.

(v) The rhythmic, concerted beating of the cilia moves solid particles in one direction through the ducts.

(vi) It protects the underlying parts of body from mechanical injury, entry of germs, chemicals and drying up.

(vii) Help in locomotion, make blood cells, give shape to the body and protect delicate organs.

(viii) Provide support and flexibility to body parts.

(ix) Cause slow and prolonged contractions which are involuntary.

(x) Provide the force for locomotion and all other voluntary movements of the body.

(xi) Help to pump the blood and distribute it to the various parts of the body.

(xii) Receive stimuli from within or outside and send impulses to different parts of the body.

Question 6.
State whether the following statements are true or false. Also correct the incorrect statements.
(i) Cells of meristematic tissues are capable of dividing.
(ii) The cell walls of sclerenchyma tissue are thickened with cellulose.
(iii) Xylem is made up of dead cells.
(iv) Bone is a non-porous tissue.
(v) Smooth muscles have stripes or striations.
(vi) Skeletal muscles are branched.
(vii) Several tissues working together to perform the same function gives rise to the organ.
(viii) The cells of permanent tissues cannot divide.
(ix) Blood vessels are absent in cartilage.
(x) White blood cells lack nuclei.
Answer:
(i) True
(ii) False The cell walls thickened with LIGNIN.
(iii) True
(iv) True
(v) False Smooth muscles are unstriated muscles.
(vi) False Skeletal muscles are unbranched.
(vii) True
(viii) True
(ix) True
(x) False White blood cells are nucleated

Question 7.
Pick out the odd member from the list provided alongside each term.
(i) Blood : Erythrocytes, leucocytes, platelets, fibres, plasma.
(ii) Cartilage : Pinna, nose tip, epiglottis, capillaries, trachea.
(iii) Neuron : Cyton, dendron, nucleus, lignin, axon.
(iv) Smooth muscle : Stomach, intestines, body wall, blood vessels.
(v)Cardiac muscle : Stripes, branches, nucleus absent.
Answer:
(i) Blood : Fibres
(ii) Cartilage : Capillaries
(iii) Neuron : Lignin
(iv) Smooth muscle : Body wall
(v)Cardiac muscle : Nucleus absent

Question 8.
Explain briefly :
(a) Meristematic tissues have a large, prominent nucleus.
(b) Ciliated epithelium is found lining the wind pipe and the food pipe.
Answer:
(a) No vacuoles present. Plastids in protoplastide state and are in state of division.

(b) Inside the wind pipe and food pipe they form lining and protect these organs. They keep out unwanted particles and elimination of such particles. ’

A. Tick the most appropriate answer.

Question 1.
The cells with similar structure and functions are organised to form a
a. tissue.
b. organelle,
c. organ.
d. organism.
Answer:
a. tissue

Question 2.
A group of living organisms which can breed among themselves belong to the same
a. population.
b. community,
c. ecosystem
d. species.
Answer:
d. species

Question 3.
A biotic community consists of
a. only plants.
b. only animals,
c. plants and animals
d. plants, animals and microorganisms.
Answer:
c. plants and animals.

Question 4.
The number of individual organisms of a particular species form a
a. population.
b. community,
c. ecosystem.
d. biosphere.
Answer:
a. population

Question 5.
The tissue which covers the external surface or forms the internal lining of the organs is
a. nervous tissue.
b. striated muscles.
c. areolar tissue.
d. epithelial tissue.
Answer:
d. epithelial tissue.

Question 6.
The cells of cartilage are present in fluid-filled spaces called
a. matrix.
b. stroma,
c. lacunae
d. vacuoles.
Answer:
c. lacunae.

Question 7.
White fibrous tissue present in tendons joins
a. bone to a bone.
b. bone to a muscle,
c. muscle to a muscle.
d. all of these.
Answer:
b. bone to a muscle.

Question 8.
Voluntary muscles are
a. cylindrical and branched.
b. cylindrical and unbranched.
c. spindle-shaped.
d. spherical.
Answer:
a. cylindrical and unbranched

Question 9.
The short thread-like branches arising from the cell body of a nerve cell are
a. cyton.
b. axon,
c. neuron.
d. dendrites.
Answer:
d. dendrites.

Question 10.
Meristematic tissues have
a. continuously dividing cells.
b. dead cells.
c. cells which divide for a short period.
d. cells which do not divide at all.
Answer:
a. continuously dividing cells.

Question 11.
Which of the following tissues do not possess living protoplasm at maturity?
a. collenchyma.
b. sclerenchyma.
c. tracheids.
d. xylem parenchyma.
Answer:
c. tracheids

Question 12.
Vascular bundles are formed of
a. parenchyma and sclerenchyma.
b. collenchyma and xylem.
c. phloem and vessels.
d. phloem and xylem.
Answer:
d. phloem and xylem.

Question 13.
Xylem consists of
a. vessels, sieve tubes, fibres and xylem parenchyma.
b. vessels, phloem parenchyma, fibres and companion cells.
c. vessels, tracheids, fibres and xylem parenchyma.
d. vessels, sieve tubes, fibres and phloem parenchyma.
Answer:
c. vessels, tracheids, fibres and xylem parenchyma.

Question 14.
Phloem consists of
a. vessels, collenchyma and phloem fibres.
b. tracheids, phloem fibres and phloem parenchyma.
c. sieve cells, phloem fibres and phloem parenchyma.
d. vessels, sieve tubes, xylem fibres and phloem parenchyma
Answer:
c. sieve cells, phloem fibres and phloem parenchyma.

B. Fill in the blanks.

1. ……………… tissue is made of cells without any intercellular spaces.
2. ……………… muscles help in the movement of limbs.
3. A long cylindrical process arising from the cyton is called ………………
4. ………………… tissue joins bones to muscles.
5. ……………….. is a fluid connective tissue without red blood cells.
6. ……………… connects one bone to another.
7. The cells of ………………. tissue in plants divide continuously.
8. ………………… tissue consists of more than one kind of cells.
9. ………………… tissue is situated at the tip of root and stem.
10. ………………. is a complex tissue that distributes food in plants.
Answer:
1. Epithelial tissue is made of cells wihout any intercellular spaces.
2. Skeletal muscles help in the movement of limbs.
3. A long cylindrical process arising from the cyton is called axon.
4. White fibrous tissue joins bones to muscles.
5. Lymph is a fluid connective tissue without red blood cells.
6. Yellow fibrous tissue connects one bone to another.
7. The cells of meristematic tissue in plants divide continuously
8. Complex permanent tissue consists of more than one kind of cells.
9. Meristematic tissue is situated at the tip of root and ’ stem.
10. Phloem is a complex tissue that distributes food in plants.

C. Define these terms.

1. neurons
2. matrix
3. lacunae
4. plasma
Answer:
1. Neurons :
Nervous system is made up of nerve cells which are called neurons. The nerve cell has a central : part which is called cell body or cyton. From the cell body many thread like branches arise which are called ’ dendrites. From it arises a long branch. It is called Axon. Nerve cells form the nerves. Nerves are connected to the brain and spinal cord

2. Matrix :
Connective tissue is different from other tissues as the cells in it are separated from each other. The space left between the cells is filled up with substances that forms the matrix or called ground substance. Connective tissue joins and supports different parts of the body. The space between different organs is also filled up by it. It connects muscles to bones and bones to the bones.

The matrix is secreted by the cells during the course of development. The matrix is non living. Various types of , fibres lie in it. The connective tissue binds the muscles with one another, with the skin, and also with the bones.

3. Lacunae :
Skeletal tissue is solid connective tissue. It forms internal skeleton or supporting framework. It protects the internal organs. The cartilage tissue of skeletal tissue is firm and elastic. It is softer than the bone but harder than the connective tissue. Its matrix is formed of protein substances called chondrin. The matrix has cartilage cells. These cartilage cells lie in groups of twos, fours or eights in fluid filled spaces.

These spaces are called Lacunae.
Cartilage tissue is very elastic. It occurs in the wind pipe and at the end of the bones of fore and hind limbs. This reduces friction between the bones. External ear and end of the nose are formed of it.

4. Plasma :
Blood consists of straw coloured fluid matrix called plasma. Plasma is fluid part and it corresponds to matrix. It is composed of several inorganic salts in solution and a few blood proteins in colloidal state. It also contains gases, food wastes, hormones etc. It has no fibres. It is not formed by the corpuscles. It has three types of cells.

• White blood corpuscles or Leucocytes
• Red blood corpuscles or Erythrocytes
• Blood platelets or thrombocytes.

D. Write true or false for each statement. Rewrite the false statements correctly.

1. Cardiac muscles are involuntary muscles.
Answer:
True.

2. Cardiac muscles have light and dark bands.
Answer:
True.

3. Voluntary muscles are present in the internal organs of the body.
Answer:
False – It is cardiac and unstriped muscles are present in the internal organs of the body.

4. Short thread-like branches arising from the surface of the cyton are called axons.
Answer:
False – Short thread like branches arising from the surface of the cyton are called dendrites.

5. Yellow fibrous tissue, a type of connective tissue, is found in ligaments.
Answer:
True.

6. The fluid-filled spaces in which cartilage cells are present are called lacunae.
Answer:
True.

7. Tendons connect muscles to muscles.
Answer:
False – Tendons connect muscles to bones.

8. RBCs and WBCs are formed in the bone marrow.
Answer:
True.

9. The fluid part of the blood is called plasma.
Answer:
True

10. Sclerenchyma cells are dead cells with no protoplasmic content.
Answer:
True.

E. Write at least two differences between each.

Question 1.
bone and cartilage
Answer:
1. Bone and Cartilage –

Bone :	Cartilage
1. It is a firm, tough, hard and inflexible structure.	1. It is also tough, firm but is flexible structure.
2. Lamellae present.	2. Lamellae absent.
3. Bone cells lie in the lacunae singly.	3. Cartilage cells lie in the lacunae singly or in two or fours.
4. Canaliculi present.	4. Canaliculi absent.
5. It has its blood supply.	5. It is without blood supply.
6. It grows from back sides.	6. It grows from within.
7. On boiling, it yields gelatin.	7. On boiling, it yields chondrin.
8. It receives its nourishment from, the marrow cavity and Haversian canals.	8. It gets nourishment from lymph.

Question 2.
voluntary and involuntary muscles
Answer:

Voluntary Muscles :	Involuntary Muscles :
1. Multinucleate	1. Uninucleate.
2. Cylindrical, unbranched	2. Spindle shaped.
3. These muscles are under the control of the animal.	3. Not under the control of the animal.
4. Help in the movement of bones.	4. Help in the movement of food, passing of urine from the urinary bladder.

Question 3.
parenchyma and sclerenchyma
Answer:

Parenchyma :	Sclerenchyma :
1. It is made up of thin walled cells.	1. It is made up of thick walled cells.
2. The cells are living with intercellular spaces.	2. The cells are dead with no protoplasm and intercellular cells.
3. Store food material	3. Give mechanical strength to the stem.

Question 4.
involuntary and cardiac muscles
Answer:

Involuntary muscles :	Cardiac muscles :
1. They are involuntary.	1. They are involuntary.
2. They occur in sheets	2. They occur in bundles.
3. The fibres are uninucleate.	3. The fibres are multinucleate.
4. They are infatiguable.	4. They are infatiguable.
5. There are no bands.	5. There are alternating dark and light bands.
6. They have no cross connections.	6. The fibres are connected by oblique cross connections.
7. Intercalated discs absent.	7. Intercalated discs present.
8. They occur in viscera arranged in tubes or sheaths.	8. They are found only in the walls of heart..

Question 5.
meristematic and permanent tissue
Answer:

Meristematic tissue :	Permanent tissue
1. Meristematic tissue is present at the tip of the root and stem and in between the xylem and phloem. Form apical meristematic tissue when present at the tips. It is in the form of cambium in between the xylem and phloem.	1. Permanent tissue may be simple as parenchyma, collenchyma or sclerenchyma and it may be complex as xylem and phloem.
2. Meristematic cells divide and form other types of tissues. The cells are thin walled.	2. These are made up of more than one kind of cells. These perform a common function Xylem and phloem form vascular system of the plant. These cells do not have the power to divide.
3. Meristematic cells may be intercalary as in case of monocots.	3. These cells may act as epidermis cortex or grit cells. Sclerenchyma gives strength.
4. The cells are small and isodiametric, vacuoles are small or absent.	4. Living cells of permanent tissue have vacuoles. The cells are large and of different shapes.
5. Respiratory and biosynthetic activities maximum.	5. Both these activities are low.
6. The cells are immature and mitochondria simple.	6. The cells fully mature, mitochondria fully developed.
7. Proplastids act as plastids.	7. Living cells have plastids.

Question 6.
apical and lateral meristematic tissue
Answer:

Apical meristematic	Lateral meristematic
1. Apical meristems are prepresent on the apical ends of the stem and root.	1. Lateral meristems are pre¬sent on the lateral side of the stems and the root.
2. Plant gains height due to presence of stem meristems, root also gains length due to the presence of apical meristem.	2. Diameter or thickness of the plant increases due to presence ofiateral meristems.
3. It is the meristematic tissue present at the tips of the stem and root which divides rapidly.	3. Here the meristematic tissue is present between the xylem and phloem which is called cambium.

Question 7.
simple permanent tissue and complex permanent tissue
Answer:

Simple permanent tissue	complex permanent tissue
1. It is formed of cells which are similar structurally and functionally.	1. It is formed of cells which are different from one another but peiform the same function.
2. It is of three types : parenchyma which stores food, collenchyma which gives strength to the part in which it is present. Sclerenchyma which gives mechanical strength to the stem.	2. Xylem and phloem are complex tissue which form the vascular tissue which extends
3. It mainly acts as storage and strengthening tissue.	3. Xylem and phloem form the vascular tissue of the plant which gives strength to the plant. It forms a channel through which water and food supply is maintained.

 

E. Find the odd one out. Give reasons.

Question 1.
lymph, white fibrous tissue, yellow fibrous tissue, areolar tissue
Answer:
Lymph is odd one as it is fluid connective tissue all others are connective tissue proper. This connects parts of the body. Those connect muscles to the bones and to other bones, give support to the body.

Question 2.
parenchyma, collenchyma, vascular bundle, sclerenchyma
Answer:
Parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma are simple permanent tissue.
But vascular bundle is odd one as the phloem and xylem when grouped together they form vascular bundle. This forms the vascular system in the plants.

Question 3.
apical meristematic tissue, xylem, phloem, collenchyma
Answer:
Xylem, phloem are the vascular system of the plant. They give strength to the plant and the water and mineral supply is through them.
Apical meristem is meristematic tissue where new cells are formed at the apical tip of the stem and stem branches. So, Apical meristematic is odd one.

Question 4.
tendon, squamous epithelium, ligament, bone
Answer:
Tendon, Ligament, Bone the three belong to connective tissue, ground substance is matrix. These form and support different parts of the body. Squamous epithelium is odd one as it is a kind of epithelium tissue. Its cells are hexagonal and covers the body parts. It protect the body parts and entry of germs is checked.

Question 5.
thrombocytes, erythrocytes, lacunae, leucocytes
Answer:
In the plasma of blood there are 3 types of cells.
(a) Thrombocytes (blood platelets)
(b) Erythrocytes (RBC’S)
(c) Leucocytes (WBC’S)
But Lacunae is odd one as these are found in the cartilage. The matrix of cartilage has cells which are arranged in two’s, four’s, eight’s in the fluid filled spaces. These spaces are called Lacunae.

Question 6.
What is a tissue?
Answer:
The body of an organisms is formed of one (amoeba, paramecium, chlamydomonas, yeast etc.) or more cells. A group of cells performing a definite function is called a tissue. Tissue may be simple or compound. (Simple tissue is a group of similar tissues).
A group of different types of simple tissue form a compound tissue.
Simple tissue:-

• Epithelial tissue,
• Muscular tissue
• Connective tissue,
• Skeletal tissue
• Vascular tissue,

Nervous tissue Compound tissue or complex tissues :-In plants xylem & phloem.

Question 7.
What are the four types of animal tissues?
Answer:
Animal tissue are as such :

• Epithelial tissue
• Muscular tissue
• Nervous tissue
• Connective tissue

I. Epithelial tissue :-

The epithelial tissue are the lining or covering tissue. This tissue forms the free surface of the organs or line their cavities that is it covers the external surface of the body it also lines the internal organs. The cells are placed very close and do not have any intercellular space or substance. The cells may be flat, cuboidal, irregularly shaped. Their classification depends on the shape of cells.

II. Muscular tissue :-

It consists of elongated cells of great contractility. These are called muscle fibres. The intercellular
substance is absent as the cells are muscular tissue do not secrete it. Connective tissue hold the muscular tissues together. These muscle fibres are helpful in locomotion and other movements of body parts. Muscular tissues are of 3 types :
1. Voluntary muscles (Striated or striped) muscles

2. Involuntary muscle or unstriped or smooth muscles :

3. Cardiac – muscles :

III. Connective tissue proper :

1. Areolar tissue :

2. Tendon (White Fibrous tissue)

3. Ligament
(Yellow fibrous tissue)

2. Skeletal tissue :
I. Bone
II. Cartilage
T.S. Dried femur of frog 61 ArunDeep’s I.C.S.E. Biology 9th

Fluid Tissue
I Blood

II.Lymph

IV. Nervous tissue

Question 8.
Explain the structure and functions of epithelial tissue.
Answer:
Epithelial tissues :-
Epithelial tissue covers the free surfaces and line the cavities. The external surface of the body is covered by the continuous sheet of cells

A. Simple squamous epithelium : B. Endothelium of the wall of blood cell.
Epithelial tissue. The cells lie very close and do not have any intercellular space or substance.
The cells may be flat, cuboidal, irregularly shaped. Their classification depends on the shape of cells.

Functions:-

• It forms a continuous sheet of cells that covers external surface of the body.
• It covers the internal organs and cavities.
• Hair, horns, hoofs, nails and feathers, the enamel of the teeth, the scales of reptiles, birds and mammals originate from surface epithelium.
• Structures originating from the lining of internal cavities, the glands associated with the digestive tract are of epithelial origin.
• Epithelial tissues were the earliest tissue to evolve in the animal kingdom.
• These appear as ectoderm and endoderm in the development of the individual.
• No intercellular space or substance, cells lie close to another.
• While forming the uriniferous tubules of the testis. It is concerned with the excretory process of the body.
• Epithelium plays its part in the reproductive mechanism of the body.
• It has power of regeneration as it can repair the injured parts.
• Every thing that enters and leaves the body must pass through the epithelium.
• Epithelium enters in the formation of sense organs and forms taste buds of the tongue and hair cells of the olfactory mucosa.

Question 9.
How is connective tissue different from other tissues?
Answer:
Connective tissue is different from other tissues as it consists of cells which are separated from each other. The space between the cells is formed of different substance which form the matrix or ground substance. Contrary to epithelial tissue, the connective tissue has large amount of intercellular substance or matrix.

Connective tissue binds together the various structures of the body and it forms the framework of many organs. Epithelial tissue arises from three primary germ layers but connective tissue arises from mesoderm so it has abundance of intercellular substances. Connective tissue joins and supports different part of the body. It also fills up space between the organs.

It binds different tissues together. It binds muscles with one another, with the skin and also with the bones. The matrix of connective tissue has fibres of different types. It forms packing around organs. It replaces tissues which have been destroyed by injury. It combats foreign toxins.

Question 10.
What are involuntary muscles?
Answer:
Involuntary muscles (unstriped or smooth muscle fibres) :
These are not under the control of will. They are found in the wall of the urinary bladder, blood vessels and gonoducts. They contract slowly and can remain contracted for a long time. They occur in sheets or form tubes around the organs.

Each unstriped muscle fibre is long and spindle shaped. It is swollen in the middle & tapers at both the ends. There is a single nucleus in the centre. The fibre is bounded by a plasma membrane and has no sarcolemma. The myofibrils do not show transverse alternating dark and light bands. The unstriped muscle fibres are also called plain or visceral muscle fibres.

Question 11.
How can you make your cardiac muscles work harder?
Answer:
These special type of involuntary muscles are present in the heart. Heart muscles are called Cardiac muscles and these work non stop day and night and do not tire. To make the cardiac muscles work harder we will work very hard physically. If we do cycling, or do exercise or walk briskly or run. All these activities will make the heart to beat frequently. This will lead to Cardiac muscles of the heart to work harder as the heart pumps more and more blood.

Question 12.
Which tissue is responsible for the increase in the height of a plant? Where is it located?
Answer:
Apical meristem, is responsible for the increase in the height of a plant. It is born at the tip of the stem and side branches. It arises from promeristems and hence are primary meristems. Meristem cells are thin walled and mostly cuboidal. They have the power to divide. The cells go on dividing and form primary permanent tissue resulting in the growth of the apical tip.

The cells of the meristematic tissue are small in size . and spherical, oval or polygonal and are isodiametric. ; Cells are without intercellular spaces. They have active protoplasm with or without vacuole and have large nuclei. Cell walls are thin. These are active in division.

It goes on dividing in the apical end and new cells are, formed. These cells go on piling layers after layer and help in increasing the stem in length.
Apical meristem is lodged at the tip of the stem.

Question 13.
What are the differences between parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma tissues?
Answer:

Parenchyma :	Collenchyma :	Sclerenchyma :
1. Cell wall is usually thin but uniform thickness.	1.The cell wall thickened at the angles.	1. The cell wall thick due to cellulose, lignin or both.
2. It gives mechanical strength only when the cells are fully turgid.	2. It is living mechanical tissue.	2. It is the mechanical tissue.
3. It show many modifications as chlore nchyma, aerenchyma, storage parenchyma, secretary cells.	3. Modifications are are few.	3. Modifications are are few.
4. Parenchyma is found in both the outer and innar parts of plants organs	4. Mostly present in the outer part of plant organs.	4. They are dead cells and provide strength rigidity to the plants
5. Its cells have protoplasm.	5. Cells have protoplasm.	5. No protoplasm.cells dead
6. It Keeps the plant organ soft.	6. Keeps the plant organ soft.	6. Gives hardness to plant organ
7. Have chloroplasts carry on photosynthesis	7. Sometimes it has chloroplasts may be photosynthetic.	7. No chloroplasts never photosynthetic.
8. Cells may act as storage for sugar and starch	8. Provides elasticity to the organs as cucurbita stem.	8. Provide fibres from plants like jute flax hemp
9. Form spongy tissue in water plants	9. No spongy tissue.	9. No spongy tissue.

ICSE Class 9 Biology Solutions