ICSE Class 10 History Goyal Brothers Solutions Chapter 7 The National Movement (1919-1934)

Goyal Brothers Prakashan Class 10 History Solutions Chapter 7 The National Movement (1919-1934)

Question 1.
When and why did Gandhi launch the Champaran Satyagraha in Bihar?
Answer:
In 1917, Gandhi launched the Champaran Satyagraha to take up the cause of tenants of the Indigo planters in Champaran.

Question 2.
What is meant by Satyagraha?
Answer:
Gandhiji’s doctrine of Satyagraha consists of two Sanskrit words ‘Satya’ meaning truth and ‘Graha’ meaning insistence. Hence, the term meant firm insistence on truth.

What is meant by Swadeshi?
Answer:
Swadeshi means we should use only those things which are produced by our countrymen within the borders of India.

Question 3.
Why did Gandhi lay emphasis on Swadeshi?
Answer:
Gandhi lay emphasis on Swadeshi to eradicate poverty and the problem of unemployment.

Question 4.
Name any two movements launched by Gandhi against British rule in India.
Or
Mention two methods of political struggle evolved by Mahatma Gandhi as part of the national movement.
Answer:

1. Non-Co-Operation Movement
2. Civil Disobedience Movement

Question 5.
Which provision oftheRowlatt Act aroused widespread popular indignation?
Or
What were the main provisions of the Rowlatt Act? Or Why was the Rowlatt Act enacted?
Answer:
The British government passed Rowlatt Act in March 1919, to crush any popular or revolutionary movement. It empowered the government to arrest any person without reason, search any place without a warrant and imprison anyone without trial. Any person under this act had no right to Appeal, Vakil and Salil.

Question 6.
What was Gandhi’s reaction against the Rowlatt Act of 1919?
Answer:
Gandhi called upon the people to do Satyagraha against such an oppressive act. He asked people to fast, pray and hold public meetings against the Black Act.

Question 7.
When did the Jallianwala Bagh tragedy occur? What did General Dyer do without warning people not to hold a public meeting?
Answer:
The Jallianwala Bagh tragedy took place on 13th April, 1919. General Dyer opened fire upon the peaceful crowd and continued firing on them until all his ammunition was exhausted.

Question 8.
Which tragic incident prompted Gandhi to launch the Non-Cooperation Movement?
Answer:
Jallianwala Bagh tragedy prompted Gandhi to launch the Non-Cooperation Movement.

Question 9.
Why was the Khilafat Committee formed in 1919? Or Why was the Khilafat Movement launched?
Answer:
A Khilafat Committee was formed to champion the cause of the Caliph of Turkey, who had been deprived of real authority even over those territories which were left under his control.

Question 10.
Name any two prominent leaders of the Khilafat Movement.
Answer:

1. Mohammad Ali
2. Shaukat Ali

Question 11.
What was the programme of the Khilafat Movement?
Answer:
The programme of Khilafat Movement included

• Resignation from the government services
• Boycott of Council (c) Refusal to pay taxes
• Lastly, refusal to join the army.

Question 12.
Mention one item each of the positive and negative programme of the Non-Cooperation Movement.
Answer:
The Non-Cooperation Movement lauched by Gandhi had two kinds of programme i.e., negative and the positive. The negative programme implied to the boycott of Legislative Councils. While the positive programme included promotion of Swadeshi.

Question 13.
Why did Gandhi suspend the Non-Cooperation Movement?
Answer:
The Non-Cooperation Movement came to a grinding halt when Mahatma Gandhi ordered it to be withdrawn. He took this painful decision because on 5 February, 1922 an angry mob had attacked and burnt a police station at Chauri Chaura, a village in Deoria district near Gorakpur (UP) in which 22 policemen were killed. Gandhi took a serious view of this incident. He felt that people had not yet properly understood the philosophy of non-violence.

Question 14.
in what way did the Non-Cooperation Movement provide a great national base to the Congress organisation?
Answer:
Gandhi evolved a programme, where all sections of society- peasants, workers, lawyers, students, moneyed classes, women and oppressed people could now actively participate in the struggle for freedom.

Question 15.
How did the Non-Cooperation Movement instil confidence among people and make them bold?
Answer:
Gandhi stood firm like a rock and added to the courage of his people by his own sacrifices and sufferings. People, thus faced police brutalities with a smile.

Name two of the founder members leaders of the Swaraj Party. Why were they called the Pro-changers?
Answer:

1. C.R. Das
2. Motilal Nehru.

The Congressmen led by C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru were of the view that legislatures should no longer be boycotted. They, therefore, came to be known as ‘Pro-Changers’.

Question 16.
Why and when was the Simon Commission appointed?
Answer:
The Simon Commission was appointed in 1927, to inquire into the working of the reforms introduced by the government of India Act, 1919. It was to suggest steps to extend the responsible government in India.

Question 17.
How did the people of India react to the appointment of Simon Commission? Or Why was Simon Commission rejected by the Congress?
Answer:
The Commission headed by Sir John consisted of 7 British members of Parliament and no Indian member. This enraged the Indians which took it as insult to the respect of the Indians. Thus, it was opposed with black flags and country wide agitation. Wherever the commission went, people raised the cry of ‘Simon Go Back’.

Question 18.
Mention any two recommendations of the Simon Commission?
Answer:

1. Dyarchy should be abandoned and the Provinicial Legislative Councils should be enlarged.
2. A Federation, representing both the British India and the Princely states was sought to be set up.

Mention any two provisions of the Nehru Report of 1928.
Answer:

1. The Report recommended a federal set up for India i.e., the linking up of the Princely states with the British India.
2. It proposed Joint Electorates with reservation of seats for minorities in the Legislatures.

Question 19.
In which year and in which Session did Congress declare Poorna Swaraj (Complete Independence) as its objective?
Answer:
Congress declared Poorna Swaraj as its objective at the Lahore Session in 1929 presided by Jawaharlal Nehru.

Question 20.
Which day was to be observed as the Poorna Swaraj Day all over India every year?
Answer:
‘Poorna Swaraj Day’ was celebrated all over India on 26th January 1930.

Question 21.
On which day began Gandhi’s historic march from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi?
Answer:
On 12th March, 1930 Gandhi began his historic march from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi.

In what way did the Civil Disobedience Movement differ from the Non-Cooperation Movement?
Answer:
The Civil Disobedience Movement was different from the Non-Cooperation Movement in the way that it also involved non¬payment of taxes, land-revenue and violation of laws of different kinds.

Question 22.
Why did Gandhi select Salt-laws as his target for the Civil Disobedience Movement of 1930?
Answer:
Gandhi’s Campaign against the Salt-laws was a signal to disobey the government laws. He deliberately selected Salt-laws as his target because it affected all sections of society. Thus, he aimed at organising a mass movement involving masses at large.

Question 23.
Mention one main reason why the Civil Disobedience Movement was launched.
Answer:
The Viceroy, Lord Irwin made a declaration on 31st October, 1929 that dominion status would be granted to India. The National leaders wanted a firm assurance on the same, but the Viceroy was vague and non-committal in his reply.

Question 24.
Who was known as Frontier Gandhi?
Answer:
Abdul Ghaffar Khan, was known as Frontier Gandhi. He organised a voluntary brigade known as Khudai Khidmatgars (the Servants of the God.)

Question 25.
How did the Government react to the Dandi March?
Answer:
The Government wanted to suppress the movement with a heavy hand. Gandhi was arrested on May 5, 1930 along with Jawaharlal Nehru and other prominent leaders.

Question 26.
Mention any two terms (provisions) of the Gandhi-Irwin Pact.
Answer:
The Gandhi Irwin pact was signed on March 5, 1931. The main provision were :

• To release all political prisoners, except those guilty of violence.
• To permit peaceful picketing of liquors and foreign cloth shops.
• Gandhi suspended the civil disobdeience movement and agreed to attend the second round table conference.

Question 27.
Why was Gandhi disgusted with the deliberations of the Second Round Table Conference?
Answer:
Gandhi was disgusted to find that most of the leaders were only concerned about seats in Legislatures for their respective communities. The question of independence or of setting up a responsible government receded into background.

Which provision of the Communal Award made Gandhi to go on Fast unto Death?
Answer:
Communal Award of 1932 extended the system of electorates to the depressed classes as well. This provision led Gandhi to go on fast unto death.

What modification was made to the Communal Award in order to make it acceptable to Gandhi?
Answer:
The system of separate electorates for Harijans was replaced by reservation of seats for them. Thus, the Communal Award was finally accepted by Gandhi.

Question 28.
Mention one main impact (outcome) of the Civil Disobedience Movement.
Answer:
The Movement convinced the government that bold constitutional reforms was the need of the hour. Thus, government of India Act, 1935 was introduced, which paved way for the Responsible government in the provinces.

Question 29.
When was the Communist Party of India formed?
Answer:
The Communist Party in India of India was formed in December 1925.

Question 30.
Name any two pioneers of the Socialist movement in India.
Answer:

1. Jawaharlal Nehru
2. Subhash Chander Bose.

Question 31.
What led Gandhi to launch first Satyagraha campaign in South Africa?
Answer:
In 1906, the South African Government passed a new Asiatic Law directed against the Indian immigrants in Transvaal. This led Gandhi to launch first Satyagraha campaign in South Africa.

Question 32.
What service did Gandhi render to the British Empire during First World War?
Answer:
Gandhiji played an active role in recruiting young Indians for the army.

Question 33.
What is Passive Resistance?
Answer:
Passive Resistance lays stress on fasting and peaceful demonstrations, while responding to police action. However, there is scope for the use of arms when a suitable occasion arises.

Question 34.
How did Gandhi differentiate between Satyagraha and Passive Resistance?
Answer:
In the Passive Resistance, there is a scope for the use of arms while physical force is forbidden altogether in Satyagraha. Thus, according to Gandhi, Passive Resistance is the weapon of the weak, while Satyagraha can be offered by the bravest.

Question 35.
What was the main defect of the system of government known as Dyarchy?
Answer:
The administration is a composite unit and to divide it into two parts was neither sound, nor practical. Thus, the British failed to fulfil their promise to introduce responsible government in India.

Question 36.
When was the Second Round Table Conference held?
Answer:
The Second Round Table Conference was held from September 7, 1931 to 1st December 1931.

Question 37.
When was the Third Round Table Conference held?
Answer:
The Third Round Table Conference was held in London from Nov. 17, 1932 to 24th December 1932.

Structured Questions

Question 1.
With reference to the following points describe the reasons for and circumstances leading to the Non-Cooperation Movement by the Congress under Gandhi’s leadership :
(a) The Rowlatt Act of 1919
(b) The Jallianwala Bagh Tragedy.
(c) Reaction to the Montague-Chelmsford Reforms
Answer:
(a) The English were afraid that the political atmosphere was surcharged with anger against the Act of 1919, hence they passed the Rowlatt Act to crush any popular movement. The Rowlatt Act empowered the government to arrest any person without any reason, search any place without a warrant and imprison anyone without trial.

The Act came to be known as Black Act, as it curbed the civil liberties of the people. It was a blot on the self-respect of the Indians and their national honour. Thus, people rose unitedly against this Act

(b) A peaceful strike was organised at Amritsar on April 6, 1919 to protest against the Rowlatt Act. On 1 Oth April, prominent Congress leaders Dr. Satyapal and Dr. Kitchlew were deported to Amritsar. Thus, people marched to the residence of the Deputy Commissioner to protest about the detention of their two leaders. When the crowd was prevented from moving towards DC’s House, the mob murdered five Europeans and set public buildings at fire.

On April 13, 1919a public meeting took place at Jallianwala Bagh in defiance of the orders. The Bagh was an open space surrounded by the backs of houses on three sides and having only one narrow entrance through the congested lanes of the city. General Dyer, without any warning, opened fire upon the peaceful crowd and continued firing on them until all his ammunition was exhausted. Consequently, such brutal measure led Gandhi to launch Non-Cooperation Movement.

(c) The Act of 1919 did not change the unitary character of the government of India. The central government remained wholly responsible to British Parliament. The system of dyarch introduced in the provinces, also failed because the executive powers in each province was divided into two parts.

Thus, the British authorities failed to fulfil their promise to introduce responsible government in India. Consequently, there was widespread agitation against these reforms. The Indian National Congress at its annual session held at Amritsar described them as inadequate, unsatisfactory and disappointing.

Question 2.
With reference to the Khilafat Movement, answer the following questions :
(a) Why did Mahatma Gandhi support the Khilafat Movement?
(b) What is the Significance of the Khilafat Movement?
(c) What brought the Khilafat Movement to an end?
Answer:
(a) Turkey had fought against the British in the First World War. At the end of the War, Turkey, being one of the defeated nations, suffered punishment and humiliation. The Ottoman empire collapse. Thus, the Sultan of Turkey was deprived of real authority even over those territories which were left under his control. Consequently, this angered the Muslims.

Khilafat Movement was thus launched to champion the cause of the Sultan. Gandhi supported the movement as he was convinced of the justness of the Muslim cause. Secondly, he saw in it an opportunity of uniting the Hindus and the Muslims. At its meeting on June 9, 1920, following Gandhi’s suggestion, the Khilafat Committee unanxiously adopted a resolution to launch a nonviolent Non-Cooperation Movement.

(b) The Khilafat Movement exercised great influence over the Muslim masses, later the Congress also launched the Non-Cooperation Movement. On the whole, it left a strong sentiment of Hindu-Muslim unity. The Partition of Bengal had divided the Hindus and Muslims, which Khilafat Movement brought them close of again. Lastly, it played an important part in strengthening the nationalist feeling and thus, led to political awakening.

(c) The Khilafat Movement died a natural death. When in November 1922, Mustafa Kemal Pasha deposed the Sultan of Turkey and showed no concern for the holy places of Islam. He finally abolished the Caliphate and developed Turkey on secular and progressive lines and developed Turkey on secular and progressive lines.

Question 3.
The Congress in 1920 resolved that there was no course left open for the people of India but to adopt the policy of Non-violent Non-Cooperation. In this context answer the following questions :
(a) What was meant by the Non-Cooperation Movement.
(b) What were the Objectives of this Movement?
(c) What was the programme of this Movement?
Answer:
(a) A special session of Congress at Kolkata on September 4, 1920 adopted the resolution for Non-Cooperation Movement. The movement meant withdrawal of all support and cooperation towards the British government. The movement under Gandhi had two kinds of programmes negative and positive.

The negative aspect included

• the boycott of Legislative Councils
• the boycott of law courts by the lawyers
• the boycott of government schools and colleges
• the boycott of foreign goods
• surrender of titles and honorary posts

The positive programme included

• Hindu-Muslim Unity
• removal of Untouchability
• promotion of Swadeshi
• prohibition of intoxicating drinks’

(b) The Non-Cooperation Movement sought to achieve these objectives –

• restoring the old status of the Sultan of Turkey,
• punishing those guilty of atrocities in Punjab, and
• attaining Swaraj for India. Gandhiji promised ‘Swaraj in One Year’ if his programme was fully implemented.

(c) The Non – Cooperation Movement launched by Gandhi Ji had two kinds of programme : negative and positive.
1. Negative :
The negative aspect of the programme referred to :

• boycott of Legislative Councils,
• the boycott of the law-courts by the lawyers,
• the boycott of government schools and colleges,
• the boycott of British goods, and
• surrender of titles and honorary posts.

2. Positive :
The positive programme included :

• Hindu-Muslim Unity,
• removal of Untouchability,
• promotion of Swadeshi, especially home-spun and home-woven cloth, and
• the prohibition of intoxicating drinks.

Question 4.
Gandhi suspended the Non-Cooperation Movement on 5th Feb., 1922. In this context, answer the following questions :
(a) Why did Gandhi suspend the Movement?
(b) How had some prominent Congressmen reacted to Gandhi’s decision.
Answer:
(a) The Non-Cooperation Movement came to a grinding halt when Mahatma Gandhi ordered it to be withdrawn. He took this painful decision because on 5 February, 1922 an angry mob had attacked and burnt a police station at Chauri Chaura, a village in Deoria district near Gorakpur (UP) in which 22 policemen were killed. Gandhi took a serious view of this incident. He felt that people had not yet properly understood the philosophy of non-violence.

(b) The suspension of the movement gave great dissatisfaction to many Congressmen. They felt that the movement was at its zenith and its withdrawal could have negative consequences in their struggle for independence, Subhas Chandra Bose called it as “A National Calamity”.

Jawaharlal also felt that the movement should not have suspended, simply because some poor peasants had misbehaved. Gandhi, however, asked them to give all their attention to the constructive programme i.e., removal of untouchability, Hindu-Muslim unity and use of the hand-woven cloth. The Congress Working Committee which met on February 12, confirmed the decision.

Question 5.
Explain the Impact or Significance of the Non-Cooperation Movement in India’s Freedom Struggle.
Or
Though the Non-Cooperation Movement broke down, it gave people a bit more confidence in their power to fight for freedom. Describe the impact of the Non-Cooperation Movement of 1920-22 under the following headings :
(a) Provided a great National Base to the Congress
(b) Undermined the Power and Prestige of the Government
(c) Failed to crush the Spirit of the People
(d) Its other Positive Achievements. (Emancipation of the Poor and Hindu-Muslim Unity)
Answer:
Non-Cooperation Movement although failed to achieve their immediate alms, yet it had its own importance in the history of the Freedom Movement of India.

(a) Gandhi evolved a programme which mobilised the masses in the national movement. All sections of society-peasants, lawyers, students and women could now actively participate in the struggle for freedom. People of all castes, creeds and
religion proclaimed Gandhi as their leader.

The movement intensified the national struggle in India. In simple words, when thousands and thousands- of people walked together, shoulder to shoulder, and resisted the British force, the National Movement naturally became quite wider in scope.

(b) The movement was successful in creating Anti-British feeling in the country. Muslims, who at first professed loyalty to the British, now understood the real nature of their rule. They lost faith in the present system of government.

Hindu-Muslim unity was at its peak. Infact, all the sections of society wanted to get rid of their rulers so, much so that the British Officers were now nervous and a bit shaky. The Viceroy Lord Chelmsford wrote a letter to the Secretary of State, where he disclosed that the Indian government had to face a difficult situation because of the great velocity of the Non-Cooperation Movement.

(c) The Movement made people bold and patriotic. They showed remarkable strength to endure all the punishments inflicted by the government.Thus, they became courageous, fearless and strong enough to shake the British rule. People courted arrests and faced police brutalities with a smile. All this clearly shows that Non-Cooperation Movement gave them much needed confidence that nothing could stop them in their struggle for independence.

(d) The Non-Cooperation led to the Hindu-Muslim unity. Thus, it created a feeling of enthusiasm and exhilaration in the country. The weapon of Satyagraha and Non-Cooperation changed the character of Congress from an assembly to organised fighting force. Non-cooperation stood for Swadeshi, which give a fillip to Indian handicrafts and cottage industries. People took to Charkhas in a big way. Message of Swadeshi spread every where arousing the sentiment of nationalism on a larger scale.

Question 6.
With reference to the following points, describe briefly the causes that led to the launching of Civil Disobedience Movement in 1930 :
(a) Reaction against the Simon Commission
(b) The Lahore Session of the Congress in 1929 and the adoption of Purna Swaraj as the Goal of India.

Answer:
(a) The Simon Commission landed in Mumbai on February 3,1928. The Commission was welcomed by strikes and hostile demonstration throughout the country. The whole country rang with the slogan “Simon Go Back”. Though the demonstration took a serious turn at Lahore, where Lala Lajpat Rai was assaulted by a young English police officer on October 30, 1928. Lalaji died on 17th November 1928 as a result of the injuries resulting from the Lathi blows. A wave of discontent rocked the country.

(b) The Viceroy instead of giving any definite assurance, showed keen interest in summoning of Round Table Conference. However it fell short of the expectations of the Congress. Thus, at its Lahore Session, presided over by Jawaharlal Nehru in December 1929, Congress passed the resolution, boycotting the Round Table Conference and declared Pooma Swaraj as its goal. They also took steps to launch a programme of civil disobedience.

Question 7.
The whole country was agog with excitement over the Civil Disobedience Movement launched by the Congress in 1930. In this context briefly describe the following :
(a) The Dandi March
(b) Programme and Course of the Movement
(c) Repressive Measures of the Government.
Answer:
(a) As the British government had failed to meet the expectations of the nationalist, Gandhi wrote a letter to the Viceroy to agree on 11 point programme. On receiving an unsatisfactory response, he began with the Civil Disobedience movement. On 12th March, 1930 he began his historic march from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi, village on Gujarat sea coast. He was followed by 72 persons. He reached Dandi on April 5. On the morning of 6th of April Gandhi violated the salt-laws by picking up some salt left by the sea waves.

Infact, Gandhi campaign against the salt-laws was a signal to disobey the government laws.

(b) Civil Disobedience Campaign involved

• defiance of salt-laws
• boycott of liquor
• boycott of foreign cloth and British goods.
• non-payment of taxes and land-revenue.

The movement soon spread throughout the country. In U.P. Gujarat and Bengal, the farmers refused to pay the land-revenue. In Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra, people began to cut down timber in defiance of forest laws. In the NWFP, Abdul Gaffar Khan, organised a volunteer brigade ‘Khudai Khidmatgars’ to start a fierce anti¬government movement in various ways including non-payment of taxes. On the whole, the movement resulted in mass strikes and the setting up of parallel governments in several places.

(c) With the passage of time, the movement gained momentum. Then the government adopted the policy of repression to suppress the movement. People had to face brutal lathi charges and indiscrimate firing. More than 90,000 people and many leaders were put behind the bars. Forcible breaking of processions and meetings, looting of property, burning of houses, imposing heavy fines and brutal police attacks became the order of the day. The Congress organisations was declared unlawful. Lastly, various restrictions were imposed on the press.

Question 8.
In March 1931, Mahatma Gandhi suspended the Civil Disobedience Campaign and agreed to attend the Second Round Table Conference in London, from where he returned empty-handed to India. In this context describe :
(a) Terms of Gandhi-Irwin pact, 1931
(b) Second Round Table Conference, 1931
(c) Renewal of Civil Disobedience Movement in 1932.
Answer:
(a) The government now tried to have an agreement with Congress. Finally, in March 1931, an understanding was reached between Gandhiji and Lord Irwin and concluded a pact known as Gandhi-Irwin pact. According to this pact, government agreed

• to release all political prisoners except those guilty of violence.
• to withdraw the ordinances that were passed in regard with the Civil Disobedience Movement.
• to give back to the Congressmen their confiscated properties.
• to permit peaceful picketing of liquor and foreign cloth shops.
• to permit such people as lived near sea-shores to manufacture salt.

(b) Gandhi was chosen as the sole representative of the Congress, for the Second Round Table Conference which began on 7th September to 1st December 1931. The Conference devoted most of its time to the communal question and the representation of minorities in the legislatures.

Gandhi was disgusted to find that most of the leaders were concerned only about seats in legislature for their respective communities. The question of Independence or of setting up a Responsible Government receded into background. Gandhi could not achieve anything substantial from the conference.

(c) Gandhi, after his return from England, sought an interview with the new Viceroy, Lord Willingdon which was outrightly refused. Rather, Gandhi was arrested on 4th January 1932. Thus the congress adopted a resolution for the renewal of Civil Disobedience Movement.

The Civil Resisters hoisted Congress flags over government buildings, manufactured salt and boycotted british goods. Government tried to curtail the movement by declaring Congress as a unlawful organisation. Brutal force was used to disperse the crowds. Prisoners were starved and their property and other belongings were confiscated.

Question 9.
Explain the impact of the Civil Disobedience Movement under the following headings :
(a) A tide of patriotic fervour,
(b) Constitutional Reforms by means of the Government of India Act, 1995
(c) Its effect upon the life of the poor and the oppressed
Answer:
Lord Willingdon succeeded in suppressing the movement, though he could not stem the tide of growing nationalism. The Civil Disobedience Movement added a glorious chapter in the struggle for independence.

(a) Patroitic Fervour.
People might have been silent for the time being but they were not subdued. People’s patriotism would not leave government in peace.

(b) Constitutional Reforms.
Government was now convinced that bold constitutional reforms were the need of the hour. Thus, Government of India Act 1935 was introduced to appease the Indians. The Act introduced the federal principle and principle of Provincial Autonomy.

(c) Desired Social Effects.
The anti-untouchability campaign produced desired effect. The depressed classes were given access to schools, temples and wells which were denied to them until now. The boycott of foreign cloth and British goods too, had a good effect on Country’s Economy.

Question 10.
Answer the questions based on the picture given below :

(a) Name the place where this Memorial was built.
Answer:
Jallianwala Bagh, this memorial is located in Amritsar (Punjab).

(b) The Memorial reminds people of what tragic event?
Answer:
The Memorial at Jallianwala Bagh describes the tragedy of massacre of more than one thousand innocent, unarmed people who were holding a meeting to protest against the arrest of their leaders Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlew and Dr. Satyapal. Gemeral Dyer took charge of Law and Order in Amritsar, vowed to teach a lesson to Indians.

He along with his troops blocked the only entrance, a narrow lane to Jallianwala Bagh and ordered his troops to fire upon the peaceful crowd until all his ammunition was exhausted. About four hundred people were killed and two hundred wounded.
Or
Give a brief account of that disastrous event.
Answer:
A peaceful strike was organised at Amritsar on April 6, 1919 to protest against the Rowlatt Act. On 10th April, prominent Congress leaders Dr. Satyapal and Dr. Kitchlew were deported from Amritsar. In protest, people marched to the residence of the Deputy Commissioner. When the crowd was prevented from moving towards DCs House, the mob murdered five Europeans and set public buildings at fire.

On April 13, 1919 a public meeting took place at Jallianwala Bagh in defiance of the orders. The Bagh was an open space surrounded by the backs of houses on three sides and having only one narrow entrance through the congested lanes of the city. General Dyer, without any warning, opened fire upon the peaceful crowd and continued firing on them until all his ammunition was exhausted. About four hundred people were killed and two hundred wounded.

(c) Name the two popular leaders who were arrested and deported before this event.
Answer:
Dr. Satpal and Dr. Kitchlew were two prominent leaders who were deported from Amritsar.

Question 11.
Answer the questions based on the picture given below :

(a) Identify the Great Leader shown in the picture
(b) What event is the picture related to?
(c) In what way did the Civil Disobedience Movement of 1930 differ from the Non-Cooperation Movement of 1920?
Answer:
(a) Mahatma GandhiJi

(b) This event is the picture related to Gandhi breaking the Salt Law by picking up a small quantity of salt from the Sea-coast near Dandi.

(c) Civil Disobedience campaign involved
(i) defiance of salt laws,

(ii) boycott of foregin cloth and British Goods of all kinds. Civil Disobedience Movement was different from the Non-Cooperation Movement in the way that it also involved non-payment of taxes and land-revenue and violation of laws of different kinds.

Whereas the Non-Cooperation Movement launched by Gandhi had two kinds of programme:
negative and positive.
The negative aspect of the programme referred to:

• the boycott of Legislative Councils,
• the boycott of the law-courts by the lawyers,
• the boycott of government schools and colleges,
• the boycott of British goods, and
• surrender of titles and honorary posts.

The positive programme include :

• Hindu-Muslim Unity,
• removal of Untouchability,
• promotion of Swadeshi, especially home-spun and home-woven cloth, and
• the prohibition of intoxicating drinks.

Question 12.
In 1922, some prominent Congressmen established a Swaraj Party within the Congress. In this context describe the :
(a) Events that led to the formation of the Swaraj Party
(b) Achievements or contribution of the Swaraj Party.
Answer:
(a) The suspension of the Non-Cooperation movement caused a void in the Congress Camp. Gandhi was in jail and the Khilafat agitation was also subsiding. There was this argument amongst the Congress leaders about the next step. The Congressmen led by C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru were of the view that Legislatures should no longer be boycotted. While, Sardar Patel, Rajindra Prasad and others felt that Congress should carry their struggle outside the Councils.

Thus, the Congress at its Gaya Session held in December, 1922 rejected the council-entry proposal. Immediately after the session, C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru, established a Swaraj Party with C.R. Das as its President and Motilal Nehru its Secretary. The party aimed at entering the Legislatures and using them as a political platform to attain Swaraj.

(b) The Swarajists failed to bring the government to a stand still, but they rendered a great service to the country. Firstly, they drew attention of the government on some vital problems, such as improvement of labour’s conditions and the necessity of reducing railway force and other taxes and duties. Secondly, they missed no opportunity to atack anti-people policies of the government.Thirdly, it was a good opportunity for many of our leaders to get familiar with rules and procedures of Legislative Assemblies.

Question 13.
Gandhi considered his struggle against British rule as a spiritual crusade. In this context explain :
(a) His Doctrine of Satyagraha
(b) His belief in Non-Violence
(c) His views on Swadeshi,
Answer:
(a) Satyagraha was a great weapon of Gandhi. According to Gandhi, a Satyagrahi must be strong, morally and spiritually so that he may fight injustice with love and non-violence. He believed that passive resistance is the weapon of the weak, while Satyagraha is the weapon of the strong.

To realise the aims of Satyagraha, Gandhi said stress on adopting various means such as peaceful talks, noncooperation, strikes, social boycott and civil disobedience.

(b) The whole of Gandhian philosophy is based on Non-Violence. He never believed that Non-Violence was a weapon of strong and powerful individuals. Rather, he believed that one must oppose injustice and tyranny, but never hurt the tyrant. Infact, he also maintained that it is the lack of power that makes a person coward as he hits out of fear.

But, a non-violent person armed with moral strength can walk on a sword’s edge. Thus he inspired the unanned people of India to fight against the mighty British empire and win freedom.

(c) Gandhi devised the weapon of the Swadeshi to drive the British out of India. Swadeshi, according to Gandhi has three dimension economic, political and religious. In economic sense, it meant use of only those things which are produced by our countrymen within India.

Thus, he advocated the establishment of cottage industries to remove unemployment and poverty. He emphasised the use of ‘Charkha’ and ‘Khadi’ to improve the lot of poor in India. Moreover, he did not favour industrilisation on the lines of the west. In the political and religious sense, it firmly stood for Swaraj i.e., self-government.

Quick Revision

Gandhi’s Early Life

• Born on October 2, 1869 at Porbandar in Gujarat.
• After learning School, he went to England to study Law.
• Returned in 1891.
• From 1893 – 1914, his centre of activity was South Africa.
• Indians subjected to humiliation in South Africa.
• 1906 New Asiatic Law directed against Indian immigrants in Transvaal
• Gandhi launched his 1st Satyagraha Campaign.

Methods of Gandhi’s Struggle

• Satyagraha
• Swadeshi
• Passive resistance
• Doctrine of Trusteeship
• Non-violence
• Moral values in Politics

Non-Cooperation Movement
Causes

• In 1917 Gandhi took up the cause of tenants of the Indigo-planters in Champaran district of Bihar.
• In 1918 he fought for the rights of the peasants at Kheda in Gujarat.
• In 1918 – 1918 Ahmedabad Mill Workers, strike also received Gandhi’s support.
• Act of 1991 failed to fulfil the promise of Responsible Government.
• The Rowlatt Act of 1919 curbed the civil liberties and freedom of the people
• Satyagraha against the Rowlatt Act began on April 6, 1919.
• Jallianwala Bagh Tragedy.

Khilafat Movement
1. Cause

• Ottoman empire collapsed
• Sultan deprived of real authority

2. Course

• Khilafat Committee set to champion the cause of Caliph of Turkey
• Ali Brothers – Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali were the leading lights of the campaign
• Gandhi supported as it looked in it an opportunity to cement the Hindu-Muslim Unity

3. Effect

• Cemented Hindu-Muslim Unity
• Non-Cooperation Movement

Non-Cooperation Movement

• adopted at Kolkata Session on 4th September, 1920
• Ratified at Nagpur Session in December, 1920

1. Aim

• Restoring the old status of the Sultan of Turkey
• Punishing those guilty of atrocities in Punjab
• Attaining Swaraj

Spread

• Congress boy-cotted the elec-tions to be held under the act of 1919
• Spinning wheels distributed to popularise hand- woven cloth
• Unrest and hartals welcomed the Prince of Wales

Withdrawal
On 5th February 1922, about 3000 peasants organised a procession at Chauri Chaura, a village in the Gorakhpur district of UP. The police opened the fire on this procession. The angry crowd attacked and burnt the police station killing 22 policemen.

2. Programme

Positive	Negative
Hindu-Muslim Unity	Boycott of Legislative Councils
Removal of Untouchability	Boycott of law-courts
Prohibition of intoxicating drinks	Boycott of government schools and colleges
Promotion of Swadeshi	Surrender of titles and honorary posts

3. Importance of Non-Cooperation Movement

• The movement provided a great national base to the Congress organisation
• It undermined the power and prestige of the British Government
• Repression failed to crush the movement
• Social Reforms
• Hindu-Muslim Unity
• Weapons of Satyagraha and Non-Cooperation changed the character of Congress from an assembly to an organised fighting force

Swaraj Party

• founded by C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru
• Party aimed at entering the Legislatures and using them as a political platform

1. Achievements

• It drew government’s attention on vital problems
• Attacked anti-people policies
• Leaders got familiar with rules and procedures of Legislative assemblies

Simon Commission
Purpose

• Act of 1919 pro-vided for appointment of a committee to inquire into the working of the Reforms introduced by it
• Commission consisted of 7 British members and not a single Indian

Reaction

• Commission landed in Mumbai on Feb. 3, 1928
• Country rang with the slogan ‘Go back Simon’

Recommendation

• Dyarchy should be abolished.
• Federation representing both British India and princely states was to be set up
• Governor-General should select and appoint the members of his Executive Council
• The High Courts would be under administrative control of the government of India

Civil Disobedience Movement

Causes

• Reaction against the Simon Commission
• Nehru Report
• The Viceroy Declaration of Oct. 1929
• Lahore Session

Course

• Dandi March
• In U.R Gujarat and Bengal, farmers refused to pay the land-revenue
• NWPP-Abdul GaffarKhan organised a volunteer brigade known as Khudai Khidmatgars
• mass srikes and setting up of parallel government in several places

Repression

• 60,000 persons put behind the bars
• Satyagraha brutally assaulted
• Gandhi arrested on 4th May, 1930
• Other prominent leaders, also arrested

Round Table Conference
1st Round Table Conference

• 10th Nov.- Jan. 19, 1931
• Congress boycotted the conference
• British Government was unwilling to grant the dominion states
• Controversy rega-rding representation of communities in Legislatures

2nd Round table

• 7th Sept.-1st Dec. 1931
• Gandhi as sole representative of the Congress
• Congress devoted its time to the communal question and representation of minorities
• Gandhi was dis-gusted that setting up of responsible government rece¬ded in background

3rd Round table

• 17th November-24th Dec. 1932
• Civil Disobedience Movement was suspended temporarily
• Gandhi started the Individual Civil Disobedience Movement

Extra Practice Questions

Question 1.
When and where was Gandhi Ji born?
Answer:
M.K. Gandhi was born on October 2, 1969 at Porbandar in Gujarat.

Question 2.
Why did Rowlatt act come to be known as Black Bill?
Answer:
It came to be known as Black Bill because it gave the government unlimited powers to curb Civil and Political freedom.

Question 3.
On the recommendation of which committee was Rowlatt Bill introduced?
Answer:
On the report of a Sedition Committee headed by Justice Rowlatt, the act was passed.

Question 4.
What factors made the Khilafat Movement lost its vigour?
Answer:
The Khilafat Movement lost its vigour when in November 1922, Mustafa Kemal Pasha deposed the Sultan of Turkey and showed no concern for the holy places of Islam. He finally, abolished the Caliphate and developed Turkey on secular and progressive lines.

Question 5.
Why is the Khilafat Movement significant in the history of the National Movement?
Answer:
(a) It led to such Hindu, Muslim unity as was never seen before.
(b) Mahatma Gandhi took advantage of this suitable opportunity and started the Non-Cooperation Movement in 1920.

Question 6.
When was the resolution for Non-Cooperation Movement adopted?
Answer:
A special session of the Congress, held at Kolkata on September 4, 1920 adopted the resolution for Non-Cooperation Movement.

Question 7.
Name two Congress leaders who were known as ‘No Changers’?
Answer:

1. Sardar Patel
2. Rajendra Prasad.

Question 8.
Which two leaders encouraged socialism in the Congress?
Answer:

1. Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru
2. Subhash Chandra Bose.

Question 9.
What led to the revival of terrorism after the suspension of the Non-Cooperation Movement?
Answer:
The failure of the first Non-Cooperation Movement led to the revival of terrorism. Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Raj Guru avenged Lala Lajpat Rai’s death in 1927 by murdering officer Saunders.

Question 10.
Give the name of three revolutionaries who were hanged in 1931?
Answer:

1. Bhagat Singh
2. Rajguru
3. Sukhdev

Question 11.
Name the Congress leaders who were called ‘Pro-Changers’.
Answer:

• C.R. Das
• Motilal Nehru.

Question 12.
On which day Civil Disobedience Movement started?
Answer:
The Civil Disobedience movement started with Gandhi’s famous Dandi March on 12th March, 1930.

Question 13.
When was the First Round Table Conference held?
Answer:
The First Round Table Conference was held from November 12, 1930 to January 19, 1931.

Question 14.
Why did Mahatma Gandhi suspend the Civil Disobedience Movement in 1931?
Answer:
The government moved towards reconciliation and signed Gandhi Irwin Pact on 5th March, 1931. Accordingly, the government agreed to withdraw all ordinance, release of all political prisoner and grant permission for free, collection and manufacture of salt. Thus, Gandhi on the behalf of Congress, agreed to suspend the movement.

Question 15.
When and between whom was Poona Pact signed?
Answer:
Poona Pact was signed in 1932 between B.R. Ambedkar leader of the depressed classes and Gandhi.

Question 16.
What is the importance of the Poona Pact?
Answer:
The Poona Pact nearly doubled the number of seats reserved for the depressed classes, but there would be no separate electorates. In simple words, it reserved seats for the Depressed Classes without fragmenting the Hindu Community.

ICSE History and Civics Class 10 Goyal Brothers Prakashan Solutions