ICSE Class 10 History Goyal Brothers Solutions Chapter 6 National Movement during the First World War: Lucknow Pact and Other Development

Goyal Brothers Prakashan Class 10 History Solutions Chapter 6 National Movement during the First World War: Lucknow Pact and Other Development

Question 1.
When was the Lucknow Pact adopted by the Congress and the League?
Answer:
The Lucknow Pact was adopted by the Congress and the League in December 1916.

Question 2.
Mention any two factors which brought the Muslim League and the Congress closer by the year 1916.
Answer:
Two factors which brought the Muslim League and the Congress closer by the year 1916:
1. Initially the league aimed at promoting loyalty towards the British. But, in 1913, it amended its constitution, and agreed with Congress on the goal of self-government.

2. International Events also distanced the League from the government. In the First World War, Turkey had to fight against the Great Britain. The Turkish ruler was a Caliph or religious head of the Muslims. Therefore, Muslims all over the World made a common cause for encouraging Anti-British feelings.

Question 3.
Why was the 1916 Lucknow Session of the Indian National Congress significant?
Answer:
The significance of the Lucknow Session was that a joint scheme of reforms, that later came to be known as the Lucknow Pact, was formally adopted at Lucknow.

Question 4.
Mention any one feature of the Lucknow Pact.
Answer:
Provinces should be given a large measure of autonomy in their respective spheres. The Imperial government should not interfere in the local affairs of the province.

Question 5.
What changes did the makers of the Lucknow Pact contemplate in the composition of Viceroy’s Executive Council?
Answer:
The makers of the Lucknow Pact contemplated that half the members of the Viceroy’s Executive council should be Indian. Secondly, these members must be elected by the elected members of the Imperial Legislative Council.

Question 6.
Mention any one defect of the Lucknow Pact.
Answer:
The Executive branch of Government Governors and the Governor- General were responsible to the Secretary of state for India operating in England.

Question 7.
Mention any one factor showing the significance of the Lucknow Pact.
Or
The Lucknow Pact is considered important in the history of India’s national movement for two main reasons. State those reasons.
Answer:
The Lucknow Pact was an important step on the road to Hindu- Muslim unity. Secondly, it led to the gradual development of self- governing institutions.

Question 8.
What was the aim of the First World War as proclaimed by the British and American statesmen?
Answer:
The British and the American statesmen described the First World War as a struggle of right against might. They opined that the main aim of the war was to make world safe for democracy.

Question 9.
How did the Indian leaders seek to utilize War Aims to India’s advantage?
Answer:
The national leaders hoped that Britain had no moral right to deny freedom and political rights to India, for which Britain has been fighting in Europe.

Question 10.
Mention any two factors responsible for the launching of the Home Rule Movement?
Answer:
The First World War brought a new ray of light Indian leaders fully co-operated with the government. As the war continued, national leaders grew impatient and began to agitate for reforms. Secondly, Tilak and Annie Besant, decided to put a new life in the National Movement. Thus, they started two separate Home Rule Leagues to carry on the propoganda all over the country in favour of self -government.

Question 11.
Name the founders of the Home Rule Movement in India.
Answer:

• Bal Gangadhar Tilak
• Mrs. Annie Besant

Question 12.
When was the Home Rule League formally inaugurated by Mrs. Besant? In which country was the Home Rule Movement first launched?
Answer:
Mrs. Besant formally inaugurated Home Rule League in 1916 in Madras. Republic of Ireland was the first country to launch Home Rule Movement.

Question 13.
Who led the Home Rule Movement in Maharashtra?
Answer:
Tilak led the Home Rule Movement in Maharashtra.

Question 14.
What was the aim or the main objective of the Home Rule Movement?
Answer:
The Home Rule Movement aimed at achieving Swaraj i.e., self-government. It wanted country to be governed by Councils elected by the people.

Question 15.
Why did the leaders of the Home Rule Movement avoid radical (revolutionary) measures to achieve their objective?
Answer:
The leaders of the Home Rule Movement avoided radical measures because they did not want to harass the government at a time when England was at war with Germany.

Question 16.
What was the reaction of the Government to the Home Rule Campaign?
Answer:
The Home Rule Campaign alarmed the government and it tried to crush the movement with a heavy hand. The various restrictions were imposed on the leaders of the movement followed by their arrests.

Question 17.
Mention the significance of the Home Rule Movement.
Answer:
Participation of women and the revival of the Swadeshi spirit were two significant features of the Home Rule Movement.

Question 18.
Give two main factors which prompted the making of the historic Declaration on August 20, 1917.
Or
Mention two of the main causes calling for the Montague. Chelmsford Reforms (Government of India Act, 1919).
Answer:
The question of political reforms came prominently before the government in 1917 on account of two main factors. Firstly, Muslim League had made a common cause with the Congress. Secondly, Home Rule Movement was then at its height.

Question 19.
Give two essential features of the Declaration of August 1917.
Answer:

1. The gradual development of self-governing institutions.
2. Increasing associations of Indians in every branch of administration.

Question 20.
Mention any two features (provisions) of the Government if India Act, 1919 (the Montagu – Chelmsford Reforms).
Answer:

1. The system of dyarch was introduced in the provinces.
2. In the Executive Council of the Viceroy, the number of Indian members was raised to three.
3. The system of indirect election was replaced by the system of direct election.

Structured Questions

Question 1.
The bond of alliance between the Congress and the Muslim League was cemented by the conclusion of the Lucknow Pact in 1916. In this context answer the following questions :
(a) What were the three main factors that led to the signing of the Lucknow Pact?
(b) What were the main features (terms) of the Lucknow Pact?
(c) What was the two main drawbacks of the Lucknow Pact?
Answer:
(a) Following factors can be attributed for the Lucknow Pact:
1. New Objectives of the Muslim League.
Initially the League aimed at promoting loyalty towards the British. But, in 1913, it amended its constitution, and agreed with Congress on the goal of self-government.

2. International Events.
International Events also distanced the League from the government. In the First World War, Turkey had to fight against the Great Britain. The Turkish ruler was a Caliph or religious head of the Muslims. Therefore, Muslims all over the World made a common cause for encouraging Anti-British feelings.

3. A Compromise between the two factions of the Congress.
Mrs. Annie Besant made efforts to reunite the two wings of Congress viz. the Moderates and the Aggressive Nationalists. Thus, Tilak and his followers rejoined the Congress in 1914.

4. Efforts to bring settlement between the Congress and the Muslims League.
By 1913, the League had become more liberal under the leadership of Jinnah and Muhammad Ali, who favoured cooperation with the Congress. This change was further accelerated by leaders like-Dr. Ansari, Maulana Shibli and others.

(b) The main features of the Lucknow Pact were as follows :-

• Four-fifths of the members of the Provincial legislatures were to be elected and one-fifth nominated. The Proportion of Muslim members in the provinces was large like 50% in Punjab and 40% in Bengal.
• The Imperial Legislative Council should consist of 150 members. Out of these, four-fifths to be elected and 1/5th nominated.
• Making of war and peace treaty, were excluded from the control of the Imperial Legislature.
• Half of the members of the Viceroy’s Executive Council should be Indians, elected by the elected members of the Imperial Legislative Council.
• Provinces should be given a large measure of autonomy in their respective spheres.
• No Legislative Council, Imperial or Provincial shall proceed bill concerning , any community if 3/4th of the members of that community oppose on the ground that it would adversely affect their interests.
• The Council of the Secretary of State for India operating from England, should be abolished.
• Executive officers should have no Judicial powers entrusted to them.

The greatest achievement of the World War period was the Lucknow Pact between the Congress and the Muslim League.

(c) Drawback of Lucknow Pact:

• The Pact kept alive the system of separate electorates.
• The Pact provided for Muslims representation in the Council for excess of their population in the total population.
• The Pact introduced ‘communal veto’ in legislation, because no legislature could proceed with any Bill, if 3/4th of the members of a particular community opposed it.
• The Executive i.e., Governors and the Govemer-General were responsible to the secretary of the state for India, operating from England.
• Finally, all these decisions were made at the level of top leadership, Hindu and Muslim masses were not involved in this pact.

Question 2.
Tilak and Jinnah were the forces behind the Lucknow Pact, 1916. Describe the significance (Impact) of the Lucknow Pact under these headings :
(a) A step towards Hindu-Muslim Unity
(b) Unity between the Congress and the League demoralised the Government
(c) August Declaration, 1917
Answer:
(a) It was an important step on the road to Hindu-Muslim unity.
The Hindi-Muslim cooperation and unity continued throughout the years 1914-1922. It had been said that the Congress had yielded too much to the Muslim League. Tilak’s reply to this criticism was : “When we have a fight against a third party, we stand on this platform united ; united in race, united in religion.”

(b) The unity between the Congress and the Muslim League and between early Nationalists and Assertive Nationalists demoralised the Government of India.
Our leaders were convinced that the Government would grant India a significant measure of self-government only if there was “a united political front” to bring pressure upon them. The Government now had no excuse for delaying political or constitutional reforms.

(c) On 20 August, 1917, the Secretary of State, Mr. Montague, made an important Announcement in the House of Commons. He said that the policy of Her Majesty’s Government was that of “gradual development of self-governing institutions” in India.

This meant that all local bodies (Municipalities and District Boards, etc.) and Provincial Legislatures should contain substantially elected majorities and they would make decisions regarding taxes and financial matters also.

Question 3.
The Home Rule Movement had a great impact on Indian politics and the plans of Government. Describe its significance under the following heads :
(a) Infused new life in the national movement
(b) Revived the Swadeshi spirit.
(c) Led to the Declaration of August 1917 and the enactment of the Government of India Act, 1919.
Answer:
(a) The Home Rule Movement, started in 1916, worked as a lighthouse when the political atmosphere in the country was quite gloomy. The First World War was on then, and the Congress had become a spiritless body.

Tilak and Mrs. Annie Besant infused new life in the national movement. The movement made Indians conscious of their rights. Infact, when most of Indians did not know about the future of their country, Home Rule Leagues pledged to work zealously for the sole aim of achieving Home Rule.

(c) The Congress and the League had joined hands in presenting a Common Charter of Demand. The Government therefore, felt that it was absolutely necessary to pacify the Indians by a declaration of policy.

Thus, on 20th August, 1917 the Secretary of State, Mr. Montague, announced in the House of Commons that the policy of His Majestry’s Government was that of “gradual development of self-governing institutions”. The Government of India Act 1919, made a beginning towards transferring some powers to Indians at Provincial level.

Question 4.
The Declaration of August 20, 1917 created a stir in political circles, almost unparalleled in the history of British India. In this context describe :
(a) Significance (essential features) of the August Declaration
(b) Party leaders’ reaction to the August Declaration.
Answer:
The First World War, rapid growth of the revolutionary activities and the popularity of the Home Rule Movement, led the Britsh Government to adopt a conciliatory attitude towards the demands of the Indian nationalists. Thus, on August 20th, 1917 Montague, the Secretary of state made a historic declaration which had following features :
(a)

• Increasing association of Indians in every branch of administration.
  In other words, wider employment of Indians in the higher services.
• The gradual development of self-governing institutions.
  In other words, all local bodies and Provincial Councils should contain substantially elected majorities. They would make decisions about finances and taxes.
• Progressive Realisation of Responsible Government in India.
  To begin with, the Provinces were to be the areas, where transfer of power was to be made. Though the Central Government would remain responsible to British Parliament through the Secretary of State of India.
• The August Declaration proposed a permanent connection between India and the Great Britain.

(b) Within the Congress, reactions to Montague’s historic- declaration varied sharply, the Early Nationalists welcomed it as the‘Magna Carta of India’while the nationalists doubted whether the Declaration could satisfy the people of India.

Quick Revision
World War 1 (1914-1918)

Causes : Was a war chiefly between two groups of hostile nations to expand their territories

Allied Powers

• Russia
• Britain
• France
• Japan

Axix Powers

• Germany
• Austria
• Italy, Turkey Hungary

Attitude Of The Nationalists

• Indians resented British move to use Indian soldiers as fodder for war.
• Moderates however felt British Government would grant Swaraj as soon as the war would end in its favour.

Effects

• Nationalism grew stronger.
• In 1915-16 two Home Rule Leagues were started.
• Government of India Act 1919.

Lucknow Pact Or Congress-League Accord 1916 Factors

• In 1913, League agreed with Congress on ‘Swaraj’ as the political goal of India.
• World War 1 encouraged anti—British feelings among the Muslims.
• Compromise between the two factions of the Congress.
• League came under liberal leaders like Jinnah and Muhammad Ali, who favoured co-operation with the Congress.

Main Features As Regard
Imperial Legislative Council

Defence, foreign affairs and political relations of India, encluded from the control of the Imperial Legislative

Provincial Legislative

Council

• 4/5th of members to be elected
• 1/5th to be nominated
• More autonomy should be given in their respective spheres

Viceroy’s Executive
Council

 

• Half of the members to be Indians
• Elected by the elected mem-bers of the Imperial Legislative Co-uncil
  • No Council (Provincial or Imperial) shall proceed with any bill, affecting one or the other community, if 3/4th of the members of that community opposed it.
  • Abolition of the Indian Council.
  • Separation of Judiciary from Executive

Drawbacks

• It kept alive the system of separate electorates.
• It gave representation to the Muslim in the Council far excess of their proportion in the total population.
• It introduced communal veto.
• The executive branch was made responsible to Secretary of State operating from England.
• Hindu and Muslim masses were not actively involved.

Importance

• Hindu-Muslim unity continued throughout the years (1914-1922).
• Government was forced to grant political and constitutional reforms.
• August Declaration by Montague.

Home Rule Leagues
1. Factors

• The First World War
• Tilak’s release from the Prison and Annie Besant’s entry into National Politics gave new hopes to the Nationalists.
• No concrete assurances from the Government.
• Tilak founded Home Rule League in April 1916, in Poona.
• League would work in Maharashtra and the Central Provinces.
• Mrs. Besant founded Home Rule Movement in September 1916 in Madras.
• League would work in rest of the country.

2. Aim

• Swaraj or self-Govemment.
• They wanted Councils to govern the people.
• Councils must be elected by all the people.
• Councils should control their respective budgets and the Ministers should be responsible to the Legislature.

3. Programme

• Adopted constitutional means.
• They made extensive tours criticising the government for neglecting industries and education.
• Pamphlets and booklets were distributed all over India.
• Efforts were made to revive Swadeshi Spirit.

4. Govt’s Reaction

• Government tried to crush the movement.
• Tilak was prohibited to enter the province.
• Mrs. Besant along with B.P. Wadia and G.S. Arundale were arrested.

5. Importance

• Infused new life in the National Movement.
• Women’s Participation and the Revival of the Swadeshi Spirit.
• The Movement spread far beyond the frontiers of India.
• August Declaration 1917.
• Government of India Act 1919.

Declaration of August 1917
Mr. Montague, the new Secretary of state for India, made a historic pronouncement on August, 20, 1917.
1. Features

• Increasing association of Indians in every branch of administration.
• Gradual development of self-governing institutions.
• Progressive realisation of Responsible Government in India.
• India to remain as an integeral part of the British empire.

2. Reaction

• Moderates hailed as Magma Carta.
• The aggressive nationalists doubted whether it could satisfy people of India.
• Demand for fair representation to be given to Depresed Classes and Sikhs in Councils.

Govt, of India Act 1919
1. Causes

• Reforms of 1909 failed to appease the Indians and they asked for more reforms.
• Muslims got disillusioned with the policies of British.
• Indians had helped with men and money during the war.
• The Activities of the leaders of the Home Rule Movement and terrorists alarmed the government.

2. Provisions
Executive Council Of The Viceroy
no. of Indians were raised to 3.
Central Legislature

• Upper House Council of State
•  Lower House or Legislative Association

Provincial Legislature

• Consisted of one House i.e., Legislature Council.
• Members varied between 23 and 139 according to the population.
• The system of dyarchy introduced.
• System of direct election replaced system of indirect election.
• Separate election for Sikhs and the Anglo-Indians.
• High commission in London to look after the interests of the Indian people.
• Important The Act did not establish a federal system of government in the country.

3. Criticism

• The powers of the Central and State Legislature proved ineffective because the real powers were vested with the Viceroy or Governor, as they could endorse or reject any bill passed by the Legislature.
• Act encouraged communalism.
• System of Dyarch was dejective.

4. Dyarchy
Provincial Government was to deal with subjects divided into 2 parts

Reserved subjects

• Finance
• Law
• Irrigation
  administered by the Governor with the help of the Executive Council nominated by him.

Transferred subjects

• Education
• Health
• Agriculture administered by the Government with the help of Council of members chosen from among the elected members of the Legislature.
• They were responsible both to the Governor and Legislature. However, Governor was not bound to their advice.

5. Demerits of Dyarchy

• Administration is a composite unit and to divide it into two parts was neither sound nor practical.
• All the nation-building departments were given to the Ministers, but they were given no money for the same because the Finance Department was under the control of the members of the Executive Council

Extra Practice Questions

Question 1.
Which international event brought the League and the Congress closer?
Answer:
In the first World War, Turkey had to fight against Great Britain. The Turkish ruler was Caliph i.e., religious head of the Muslims. Hence, Muslims all over the world felt that the Turkish ruler needed their help and sympathy. Thus, anti-British feeling among the Muslims drew them close to Congress.

Question 2.
What was the immediate reaction to the August Declaration?
Answer:
The Early Nationalists welcomed the August Declaration as the Magna Carta of India. The Assertive nationalists doubted whether the Declaration could satisfy people of India.

Question 3.
Give two points of criticism for the Government Act of 1919.
Answer:

1. The system of dyarch was very defection, since it gave nation-building department to Ministers but the finance department came was under the control of the members of the Executive Council.
2. This Act encouraged communalism.

ICSE History and Civics Class 10 Goyal Brothers Prakashan Solutions