ICSE Class 10 History Goyal Brothers Solutions Chapter 4 Second Phase of the Indian National Movement: Partition of Bengal and Other Developments

Goyal Brothers Prakashan Class 10 History Solutions Chapter 4 Second Phase of the Indian National Movement: Partition of Bengal and Other Developments

Question 1.
Mention any two measures that illustrated Lord Curzon’s repressive policy,
Answer:

1. The Calcutta Corporation Act of 1899
2. The Universities Act of 1904

Question 2.
When and by whom was Bengal partitioned?
Answer:
Bengal was partitioned by Lord Curzon in 1905 on grounds of administration convenience.

Question 3.
How did Lord Curzon justify the Partition of Bengal?
Or
What was the official version (Government’s argument) in favour of the Partition of Bengal ?
Answer:
Lord Curzon was the Viceroy responsible for the partition of Bengal. According to him the Province of Bengal had an area of 1,90,000 sq. miles with a population of 78.5 million. Thus, the government regarded the size of the province too large to be efficiently administered by a single Provincial Government. Hence, the scheme of Partition was evolved.

Question 4.
What were Curzon’s two real motives behind the Partition of Bengal?
Or
What was the Nationalists’ perspective in relation to the Partition of Bengal?
Answer:
Lord Curzon’s two real motive was :
(1) to break “the growing solidarity of Bengali nationalism.”
(2) to drive a wedge between the Hindus and the Muslims.

Question 5.
How did the Bengalis feel about the partition of Bengal?
Or
Mention briefly how did the people react to the partition of Bengal.
Answer:
The Bengalis felt that they have been insulted, humiliated and tricked. They were ready for all sacrifices and fearlessly faced death to show the strength of solidarity.

Question 6.
Name any two Bengali leaders who led the Anti-Partition Movement.
Answer:

1. K.K. Mitra
2. Rabindranath Tagore.

Question 7.
Which day was observed as the Day of Mourning by the people protesting against the Partition of Bengal?
Answer:
16th October, 1905 was declared as a Day of Mourning throughout Bengal.

Question 8.
What was the main purpose of the Swadeshi Movement?
Or
What is meant by the term ‘Swadeshi’?
Answer:
‘Swadeshi’ literally means ‘of one’s own country’ aimed at the expansion of Indian Industries for strengthening the nation. It was an effective tool to organise capital and mobilise all our resources.

Question 9.
Swadeshi and Boycott go together. How?
Answer:
Swadeshi meant, use of those things which are produced in our own country. However, the concept is incomplete without the boycott of foreign goods. Thus Swadeshi and Boycott go hand-in-hand.

Question 10.
Who composed the song Bands Mataram?
Answer:
Bankimchandra Chatterji.

Question 11.
At which Session and in which year did the Split in the Congress become official?
Answer:
On December 26, 1907, at the Surat session the split in Congress become official.

Question 12.
Mention any one belief of the Assertive Nationalists. What was their ultimate objective?
Answer:
The Assertive Nationalists like-Bi-pin Chandra Pal, Lala Lajpat Rai and Aurobindo Ghose had no faith in the British sense of justice and fair play. In fact, B.C. Pal opined ‘It is not reform but reform which is the new cry in the country. The phase of the three P’s ‘Pray’, ‘Please’ and ‘Petition’ was over. However, their ultimate objective was Swaraj or self-government.

He said “Swaraj is my birthright and I shall have it”. While moderates asked for ‘Dominion Status’ i.e. ‘self-government under the British Crown. The extremists thus, wanted to achieve Swaraj through the policy of passive resistance, vigorous political control and continuous struggle.

Question 13.
Name any two methods of struggle of the assertive nationalists.
Answer:

1. They had no faith in the British sense of justice and fair play. They highlighted the deceit and treachery by means of which the British had conquered India.
2. Lajpat Rai wrote: “an Englishman hates or dislikes nothing like beggary. It is our duty to tell Englishmen that we are no longer beggars.” The phase of the three P’s-’Pray’, ‘Please’ and ‘Petition’-was now over.
3. Tilak said: “Political rights will have to be fought for. The Moderates think that these can be won by persuasion. We think that they can only be got by strong pressure.” Their sturdy spirit provoked self-reliance and self-determination.

Question 14.
What was the main difference between the ‘ultimate object’ of the Early Nationalists and the assertive nationalists?
Answer:
Early nationalists talked of Swaraj as the goal of India. Before that, they had been agitating only for certain administrative and economic reforms. Assertive Nationalists, on the contrary, did not aim at mere economic or administrative reforms. Their ideal was “absolute Swaraj. In the words of Pattabhi Sitaramayya: “Gokhale’s plan was to improve the existing Constitution; Tilak’s was to reconstruct it. Gokhale’s methods sought to win the foreigner; Tilak’s to replace him.”

Question 15.
Name the persons who constituted the trio of Assertive Nationalists.
Answer:

1. Bal Gangadhar Tilak
2. Bipin Chandra Pal
3. Lala Lajpat Rai.

Question 16.
Name the two Weeklies through which Tilak spread the message of liberty and justice.
Answer:

1. The Mahratta
2. The Kesari

Question 17.
Who gave the battle-cry: “Swaraj is my birth right and I will have it”? Mention one of his contribution to the national movement.
Answer:
Bal Gangadhar Tilak declared ‘Swaraj is my birth right and I shall have it’. Tilak along with Bipin Chandra and Lajpat Rai transformed the anti-partition movement of Bengal into a movement for Swaraj.

Question 18.
Who organised Akharas (places of wrestling) and Lathi Clubs? Why were they organised?
Answer:
Akharas and Lathi Clubs were organised by Tilak in order to make youth brave to defy British Raj and Establish Swaraj.

Question 19.
Who led the Home Rule League in Maharashtra?
Answer:
Bal Gangadhar Tilak led the Home Rule Movement in 1916 in Maharashtra.

Question 20.
Name any two books authored by Bal Gangadhar Tilak.
Answer:

1. Gita Rahasya
2. Arctic home in the Vedas

Question 21.
In what way was Tilak the forerunner of Gandhi?
Answer:
Gandhi regarded Gokhale as his political Guru, though his ideals were moulded by Tilak. Gandhi’s stress on prohibition, Swadeshi and Boycott had been preached and practised by Tilak much before Gandhi. Secondly, Gandhi’s ideal of complete independence was similiar to Tilak’s idea of Swaraj.

Question 22.
Why did Bipin Chandra, part company with the Moderates?
Answer:
Bipin Chandra parted company with the Moderates after the Partition of Bengal (1905) because methods of petitions and appeals failed to achieve anything. Thus, he stood for stronger methods of agitation.

Question 23.
Name any two books authored by Bipin Chandra Pal.
Answer:

1. ‘The Spirit of Indian Nationalism’
2. ‘The New Economic Menance to India’.

Question 24.
Who started the magazine ‘ Young India1’? Why did he start this magazine?
Answer:
Lala Lajpat Rai started ‘ Young India’ in USA, to spread the message of the right of India to attain Swaraj.

Question 25.
Why was Lala Lajpat Rai not very enthusiastic about the Gandhian technique of Non-Cooperation?
Answer:
Lala Lajpat Rai; was not very enthusiastic about the Gandhian technique of Non-Cooperation because he wanted a bolder action towards achieving independence.

Question 26.
Name any two books authored by Lala Lajpat Rai.
Answer:

1. The Call to Young India
2. The Political Future of India.

Question 27.
Who came to be known as Sher-i-Punjab (the Lion of Punjab)?
Answer:
Lala Lajpat Rai came to be known as Sher-i-Punjab.

Structured Questions

Question 1.
Lord Curzon’s regime marked an important stage in the development of political unrest in our country. In this context answer the following questions :
(a) What were the two primary objectives of the British for partitioning Bengal?
(b) What events are associated with 16 October, 1905, the Day on which Partition was effected?
Answer:
(a) The British Government regarded the size of the Province of Bengal to be too large to be properly administered by a single Provincial Government. Therefore, the idea of reducing the size of the Province was mooted from time to time. The partition of Bengal, said Lord Curzon, was “a mere readjustment of administrative boundaries.” Another argument advanced in favour of the partition was that it would improve the adminitration of both the Provinces:

• Bengal, and
• East Bengal and Assam.

The main objective of Lord Curzon in partitioning Bengal were as following:
1. To strike at the Roots of Bengali Nationalism: The real motive was to break “the growing solidarity of Bengali Nationalism”. Bengal at that time was considered to be “the nerve-centre of Indian Nationalism”. Lord Curzon desired to crush the new spirit by dividing the politically advanced communities into two separate provinces. Risely, the Home Secretary, is on record as saying: “One of our main objects is to split up and thereby weaken a solid body of opponents to our rule”. Lord Curzon and the British officials believed that “Bengal united is a power; Bengal divided will pull the national movement in several different directions.”

2. The Policy of Divide and Rule, i.e., to drive a Wedge between the Hindus and the Muslims: Another motive behind the partition was to drive a wedge between the Hindus and the Muslims. In February, 1904 Lord Curzon went on a tour of East Bengal, where he addressed a number of meetings. He explained to the Muslims that “his object in partitioning was not only to relieve the Bengal administration, but also to create a Mohammedan province.” The Mullas went from place to place explaining to the Muslims that the Government was on their side.

3. To demonstrate the Strength of the British Raj: Lord Curzon was reactionary, having great dislike for democratic ideals. He believed that people of India, illiterate as he called them, could have no political aspiration. To him, the demands of the Indian National Congress had no meaning. Partition of Bengal 1 says Tara Chand, “was also a demonstration of the strength of the British Raj to prove that it could afford to hold public opinion in contempt.”

(b) The Partition of Bengal became effective from 16th October, 1905. The leaders declared it to be a ‘Day of Mourning’ throughout the Bengal. Vande Mataram, which symbolised patriotism and unity became the war-cry of the agitation. People took bath in Ganga and tied rakhi on each other’s arms indicating that no government could divide the people of Bengal. In the afternoon; Anand Mohan Bose, a veteran political leader laid the foundations of, a federation hall, the symbol of the unity of Bengal. Thus, people later took the vow of Swadeshi and triggered the Anti-Partition Agitation.

Question 2.
At the Surat Session held in 1907 the Split in the Congress became official. In this context answer the following questions:
(a) What led to the split at the Surat Session?
Or What differences were there between the early Nationalists and the assertive nationalists as regards the Methods for attaining Swaraj?
(b) What repressive measures were taken by the Government to suppress the Assertive Nationalists after the Surat Split ?
Answer:
(a) The reason for the Surat split lay in the ideology of Moderates and Extremists. Moderates wanted to achieve the goal of Swaraj through constitutional means, on the other hand, extremists believed that unless strong pressure is not put on the government, Swaraj can never be attained. Split became evident when Moderates proposed Rash Behari Gosh as the Congress President, while entremists proposed Lala Lajpat Rai.

(b) The programme of the Assertive nationalists, brought them into conflict with the government. Since, the Movement for Boycott of British goods was gaining ground, the government too launched a campaign of resistance. In 1908, Tilak was tried and sentenced to 6 years of imprisonment other leaders like-Lajpat Rai and Sardar Ajit Singh were deported to Burma (Myanmar) without war.

The government passed the Seditious Meeting Act of 1907 by which District Magistrates could prohibit the holdings of meetings. Even the Newspapers Act of 1908 aimed at punishing those editors whose papers contained writings against the British rule. However, such measures, instead of suppressing nationalist movement, gave a fillip to the growth of revolutionary groups in Bengal and Punjab.

Question 3.
The assertive Nationalists lost faith in the ultimate success and the dilatory activities of the Early Nationalists. In this context describe :
(a) Basic beliefs and the ultimate objective of the Assertive, Nationalists
(A) Methods they employed for the achievement of their objectives.
Answer:
(a) The assertive nationalists like-Bipin Chandra Pal, Lala Lajpat Rai and Aurobindo Ghose had no faith in the British sense of justice and fair play. Infact, B.C. Pal opined ‘It is not reform but reform which is the new cry in the country. The phase of , the three P’s ‘Pray’, ‘Please’ and ‘Petition’ was over. However, their ultimate objective was Swaraj or self-government. He said “Swaraj is my birth right and I shall have it”. While moderates asked for ‘Dominion Status’ i.e. ‘self-government under the British Crown. The assertive Nationalists thus, wanted to achieve Swaraj through the policy of passive resistance, vigorous political control and continuous struggle.

(A) The Assertive nationalists had four planks of the programme namely; Revivalism, Swadeshi, Boycott and National Education.

• Revivalism. The assertive Nationalists sought to build national movement on the basis of people’s religious belief. Thus, Tilak revived the Shivaji festival in 1895 and presented Rana Pratap, Shivaji as national heroes.
• Swadeshi. The concept of Swadeshi was based on the use of home – made products so as to encourage, Indian industries and provide the people with more opportunities for work and ‘ employment
• Boycott. Boycott meant boycott of British goods along with government service, honours and titles.
• National Education. New educational institutions were to be opened to give both Religious as well as Political education. National education also included secular, moral and vocational education.

Question. 4.
With reference to the picture given below answer the questions that follow :

(a) Identify the person.
(b) What were his political beliefs?
(c) What mean did he employ to arouse nationalistic passions.
(d) What was his role in the Anti-Partition and Home Rule Movements?
Answer:
(a) Bal Gangadhar Tilak
(b) Lokmanva Tilak summed up his political belief in his historical phase, “Swaraj is my birth right and I shall have it.”
He believed in total freedom from foreign dominations. Hence, stood for making the people self-reliant, arousing in them national awakening and launching political agitations.

(c) Tilak adopted several means to arouse national passions. In 1893, he started the Ganapati festival in Maharashtra and later revived the Shivaji festival in 1895. The aim was to instil a spirit of discipline and patriotism among the masses. Besides, he organised Akharas (places for wrestling) and Lathi Clubs in Maharashtra to make youth brave enough to defy the British Raj. Again, in 1896, he led a no-rent campaign to expose the British who misruled our country.

(d) The partition’of Bengal gave Tilak a big oppurtunity to expose evil designs of the government.He along with Bipin Chandra Pal and Lala Lajpat Rai, transformed the anti-partition movement into a movement for Swaraj. Again, Home Rule Movement under Tilak, infused the nation with new strength and vigour. He earned the epithet ‘Lokmanya’ (respected by the people) and was almost worshipped as a God.

Question 5.
Identify the person whose picture is seen here and answer the questions that follow :

(a) What was his role in awakening national consciousness in India?
(b) What was his role in Anti-Partition and Swadeshi Movement?
(c) What sacrifices did he make for the aim he was fighting for?
(d) Why did he lose patience with Gandhian methods.
(e) What two major remedies did he prescribe to eradicate India’s poverty and unemployment?
Answer:
(a) Bipin Chandra Pal popularly known as the father of Revolutionary thought in India, played an important role in awakening National consciousness in India. He joined Congress in 1887 and through his forceful speeches pleaded for the repeal of the Arms Act. In 1890, he toured England, France and the United States where he mobilised mass opinion for granting political rights to the Indians. Pack home, he participated in several sessions of Congress and greatly contributed towards the growth of National consciousness.

(b) During the Anti-Partition movement he toured several parts of the country and carried with him the message of Boycott and Swadeshi. He preached the, use of home-made goods and the boycott of foreign goods to eradicate poverty and unemployement and to improve the economic conditions of the people.

(c) The Surat session of 1907, led to the split between the two wings of the Congress /. e., early Nationlists and assertive Nationalists. Bipin Chandra Pal sided with Tilak and stood for stronger methods of agitation great hardship and suffering was the price that had to be paid for freedom. When Aurobindo Ghose, the editor of the Vande Mataram was charged with sedition, thus the government wanted B.C. Pal’s testimony in the case. On his refusal to give evidence, he was imprisoned for 6 months.

(d) Bipin Chandra did not support the Non-Cooperation Movement launched by Gandhi in 1920. He was of the opinion that the Indians should resort to sterner measures; instead of launching a movement like-Non-cooperation. Later, he lost influence in national politics and led a secluded life.

(e) Bipin Chandra Pal, was one of the mightiest prophets of Nationalism. He not only mobilised mass opinion on granting of political rights to India, but also proposed following remedies for eradication of India’s poverty and unemployment.

1. He stood for development of industries in the country, so as to make India self-sufficient both politically and economically.
2. He proposed high taxation rate on rich so as to spend the money available, on education and health.
3. Work hour to be forty-eight hours in a week along with increase in wages.
4. He preached Swadeshi and the boycott of foreign goods to eradicate poverty, unemployment and to improve the economic conditions of the people.

Question 6.
Identify the person whose picture is seen here and describe briefly :

(a) His role in the Anti-Partition and Swadeshi Movement
(b) His Fame as a Brave Fighter
(c) Formation of the Swaraj Party and entry into the Central Legislative Assembly.
(d) Demonstration against the Simon Commission.
Answer:
(a) Lala Lajpat Rai. He was a fearless, bold and passionate lover of India, played an important role in Anti-Partition and Swadeshi Movement. In 1905, Lajpat Rai along with Gokhale went to England to persuade the British leaders not to give effect to the scheme of the Partition of Bengal. Even, during the Anti-Partition agitation, he called upon men and women to fight repression with full strength.

(b) In 1907, Lajpat Rai and Sardar Ajit Singh were convinced for seditious speeches. Infact Lajpat Rai was deported to Mandalay and kept in prison for 6 months. He also presided over the historic session of the Congress in 1920, where in a resolution on Non Cooperation was adopted by the Congress. Through he was not very enthusiastic about the use of this method, since he wanted a bolden action including Civil Disobedience. Thus, he spread the message of Nationalism and Patriotism throughout the country.

(c) Disappointed, by the suspension of Non-Cooperation, movement in 1922, led Lajpat Rai to form the Swarj Party. The Party aimed at contesting elections to the Legislative Councils in 1923. Lajpat Rai was returned to the Central Legislative Assembly and in 1925, became the deputy leader of the party, later he joined hands with Pandit Madan Mohan Malviya in forming the Nationalist Party. This party achieved significant electeral success in 1926. Thus Lajpat Rai, again got elected to the Central Legislative Assembly.

(d) Lajpat Rai led a massure demonstration against the Simon Commission in Lahore on 30th October, 1928. Though, during the demonstration, he was assaulted by a British sergeant consequently he died on November 17, 1920. The news of his death was a signal for mourning in almost every household. Lalaji’s valour endeared him to the people, who called him ‘Sher-i-Punjab’, i.e., the Lion of Punjab.

Question 7.
Many factors led to the rise and growth of assertive nationalism in India in the early years of the 20th century. In this context examine the role of each of the following :
(a) Famines and plague at the close of nineteenth century
(b) The worsening of economic conditions.
Answer:
(a) The people of various parts of India, especially Southern India, suffered from several droughts and famines between 1886 – 1900 resulting in 45 lakh deaths. The government machinery was slow in providing relief and on the other hand, wasted money on the Silver Jubliee celebrations of Queen Victoria’s accession. When Tilak, attacked the policy of government in the Kesari and the Mahratta, he was sentenced to 18 month- imprisonment.
Even the soldiers, who were deputed to take the plague infected people to isolation camps, behaved like gang of invaders, insulting women and throwing household goods on the streets. It sent a wave of resentment through the Indian which ultimately paved way for the rise of extremism.

(b) Deteriorating economic condition added fuel to the fire. Peasants were impoverished by a prolonged spell of droughts and famines. Indian traders and manufactures had lost faith in policy of government. Even the gold reserves were being transferred to London, thereby starving India of her own resources. The number of educated Indians increased by the close of the 19th century. Most of them were unemployed and were not appointed ‘ to high post. This created a feeling of frustrations which led the fire of extreme nationalism. Even the costly wars in Tibet, Afghanistan and Africa, put great pressure on the poor resources of India. Hence, people wanted British to be driven out of India.

Question 8.
Several events abroad tended to encourage the growth of assertive nationalism in Indian politics. In this context describe the role of each of the following :
(a) Ill-treatment of Indians in South Africa
(b) The International Events.
Answer:
(a) The Indians, had rendered useful service to the British in the development of their colonies in Africa. But they were humiliated, ill-treated, abused and insulted by the British. They were denied to vote and were subjected to unfair taxation. They were debarred from travelling with Europeans in train and buses. Further, the Registration Act required them to carry their identity cards. Consequently, this racial discrimination paved the way for the rise of extremism.

(b) The early years of the 20th century were marked by revolutions against the oppressive regimes all around the world. The Boers in South Africa fought against the mightly British Rule; people in Ireland were waging a full scale, Home Rule agitations. Revolutionary movements were going on in China, Egypt, Russia, Turkey and Iran. Such international events filled courage and inspiration in the minds of Indians. Further, Italy’s defeat in Ethiopia (1896) and Japan’s victory over Russia (1905) shattered the myth of European superiority. Thus, Indians were inspired to intensify their struggle against the Britishers.

Question 9.
Lord Curzon’s regime marked an important stage in the development of political unrest in our country. In this context:
(a) Describe those measures that illustrate Curzon’s repressive policies.
Or
How did the reactionaries policies of Lord Curzon led to the rise of extrenuism.
(b) Discuss the scheme of the Partition of Bengal carried out in most high-handed manner (1899—1905).
Answer:
(a) Lord Curzon’s seven-year rule in India which was full of ‘missions, omissions and commissions created a sharp reaction in the Indian mind. The Delhi Darbar held in 1903, came at a time when India had not fully recovered from devasting effects of the famine of 1899-1900. Calcutta Corporation Act of 1899, reduced the elected members of the corporation to half, similarly, the Universities Act of 1904, was to reconstruct the governing bodies of the universities by reducing their autonomy. The Sedition Act and Official Secrets Act curtailed the liberties of all sections of the society. Lord Curzon was an imperialist, who was deadly opposed to Indian nationalism. His reactionary policies hence triggered the rise of extremism

(b) The worst aspect of Curzon’s administration was the partition of Bengal into East and West Bengal in 1905. Curzon justified the partition on grounds of administrative convenience. However, his real object was to crush the rising tide of Bengali Nationalism. Nationalist leaders too saw in it a sinister move on the part of the British government to sow seeds of
communalism by separating Muslim majority (East Bengal and Hindu majority West Bengal). The Partition of Bengal hunt the National sentiments of the people and led to widespread agitation not only in Bengal, but also in other parts of India.

Question 10.
Using the points mentioned ahead, briefly describe the factors responsible for the rise of Militant Nationalism in the Congress.
(а) True nature of the British rule
(б) Repressive of Reactionary Policy of the government
(c) Influence of Social and Religious Reforms.
Answer:
(a) The extremists exposed the true nature of the British rule which had been eating into the very structure of the Indian economy. Tilak presented the true picture of the British rule, through his writings in his newspapers like—‘Kesari’ and Marata and exposed the so called doctrine of the Moderates that Indians could progress under the Benevolent guidance and control of the English. Peasants were impoverished; Indian Industries were hard hit by the policy of free-trade and unemployment was at alarming rise. Lastly, the costly wars in Tibet, Afghanistan and Africa put great pressure on the poor resources of India.

(b) In a bid to suppress the nationalist-sentiments, English followed a policy of repression. Many of the Indian leaders were sent to jails and extremists Lajpat Rai and Ajit Singh were transported to Madalay. Tilak was sentenced to six-year imprisonment for inciting people through his writings in the Kesari and the Mahratta. The English believed that such measures would suppress nationalism, rather people became more enthusiastic to take part in the national struggle.

(c) The religious and social reformers like -Raja Rammohan Roy, Swami Vivekananda and Leaders like -Tilak and Lala Lajpat Rai, brought home to the Indians, the superiority of Indian Culture and refused the allegations of the British that Indians are unifit to rule. Besides, they filled Indian people with the spirit of self-reliance, self-respect and self-confidence.

Question 11.
Explain the differences between the Early Nationalists and the Assertive Nationalists with reference to the following :
(a) Their basic beliefs
(b) Their ultimate objective
(c) Their methods of struggle.
Answer:
The Early Nationalists and Assertive Nationalists differed in their very ideology.
(a) As regards the “basic beliefs”, the Early Nationalists like – Gokhale, Ranade and Naoroji had unlimited faith in the British sense of justice and fair play. They readily conceded the benefits of British rule to India. Moreover, they idealised European ideals and attitudes.
On the other hand, Assertive Nationalists like -LajpatRai, Bipin Chandra Pal and Tilak had no faith in the goodness of the British, rather they held them responsible for deteriorating economic conditions. Infact, they were convinced of the superiority of Indian culture and traditions.

(b) Early Nationalists from the very beginning agitated for economic and Administrative reforms like, expansion of legislative councils and Indianisation of Civil Services. Though, extremists stood for Swaraj i.e., self-government. It was only in 1906 that Moderates talked of Swaraj as the goal of India. By ‘Swaraj’ Moderate meant Dominion status i.e. system of government as found in the self-governing British colonies. However, Tilak declared ‘Swaraj is my birth right and I shall have if. B.C. Pal once remarked that it is not reform but reform, which is the new cry in the country.

(c) The Early Nationalists believed in adopting constitutional and peaceful means to achieve their objective. They held meeting, deputations speeches, passed resolutions and submitted appeals and petition to the government to accept their demands. Their methods came to be described as “political mendicancy”.
On the other hand assertive nationalists believed in launching vigorous political agitation and by making people self-reliant. They opposed the policy of political beggary and stood for the policy of passive resistance. The Swadeshi and Boycott became their chief tools.

Question 11.
The Assertive or Sturdy Nationalists had added a glorious chapter to the history of the Freedom Movement In this context describe the achievements of the leaders of the sturdy nationalism.
Answer:
Extremists played a very important part in the Freedom Movement in India. Their achievements can be discussed as follows

• Study Nationalisam. Extremists lived a life given to utmost suffering and sacrifice, which truly inspired the youth. Again Tilak through his writing in the Mahratta and Kesari preached sturdy nationalism.
• Self reliance the WatchWord. They preached the method of self-respect and self-effort and asked the Nationalists to rely on the character and strength of the Indian masses,
• Stimulus to Indian industries. They tried to cripple the administration by progating the use of Swadeshi i.e., home made goods, which in way, gave a great stimulus to Indian handicrafts and cottage industries.
• Swadeshi developed as a political weapon. The Boycott and Swadeshi movement gave impetus to the nationalistic sentiments and united the whole nation in a bid to cast away the yoke of the foreign rule.
• Broadened the social base. Extremists by extending the membership to the masses i.e., the peasants, workers, women and youths made the national movement, intially confined to small numbers, to a mass movement.
• Emergence of Revolutionary Movement in India. Though the Extremists had never preached bloody revolution, yet their ideals and activities were sufficient to make the public opinion more assertive and violent. Hence, produced a class of revolutionaries like-Bhagat Singh, Khudiram Bose and Chander Shekhar Azad who later shook the very foundation of British authority. In a way, they made British realise that their days on the Indian soil were numbered.

Quick Revision
Aggressive Nationalists Or Extremists 1905-1919

Important Leaders

• Tilak
• Lala Lajpat Rai
• Bipin Chandra Pal

Causes Of The Rise Of Extremism
1. Failure of the Moderates

• The Moderates adopted constitutional means to achieve their aims
• They raised voice through public meetings and submitted petitions and resolution to the English. But their methods failed Extremists believed that freedom has to be fought for

2. Famine and the Plague

• Famine (1896-97) affected areas of people and caused nearly 45 lakh deaths.
• Government was slow in providing relief.
• Tilak stirred the people through Kesari and the Mahratta, then- right to relief under the Famine Relief code.
• Soldiers deputed for helping plague victims behaved like ruthless gang of invaders.
• 1901 was held Delhi Durbar

3. The Worsening of the Economic Conditions

• Peasants impoverished
• Indians traders lost faith in the government.
• Large scale unemployment among the educated youth.
• Gold reserves of India being transformed to London.

4. Illtreatment of Indians in South Africa .

• Indians subjecd to racial discrimination.
• denied right to vote and subjected to unfair taxation
• Prohibited to enter buses or railway coaches reserved for the whites.
• Registration Act required them to carry their identify cards.

5. International events

• Revolutionary Movement in China, Egypt, Russia, Turkey and Iran.
• Home Rule agitation in Ireland.
• Italy’s defeat in Ethiopia.
• Japan’s Victory over Russia.
• These events inspired the nationalists in India.

6. Repressive policy of Lord Curzon

• Corporation Act of 1899
• Universities Act of 1904
• Seditious Act and official secrets Act

7. Partition of Bengal (1905)

• divided Bengal into East and West comprising of Muslim majority in East and Hindu majority in West.
• Partition on the grounds of administrative convenience, however real motive to sow the seeds of communalism.

Split In The Congress (1907)

 

• Kolkata session of 1906 witnessed a compromise between the Moderates and Extremists as Dadabhai Naoroji presided the session.
• Resolution on Swadeshi, Swaraj, Boycott and National education adopted.
• Congress however, wanted to achieve Swaraj through constitutional means.
• Surat session of 1907, controversy over Presidentship of Congress as Moderates proposed Rash Behari Ghose, while extremists proposed Tilak.
• Session ended in permanent Split between the two wings of Congress

Extremists
Belief and Objectives

 

• no faith in the British sense of justice and fair play
• did not believe in 3P’ ‘Pray’, ‘Please’ and ‘Petition’
• Swaraj as their ultimate aim

Programmes

• Revivalism
• Swadeshi
• Boycott
• National education

Achievements

• Study nationalism
• Self-reliance became the watch-word of the aggressive nationalist
• Stimulus to Indian Industries
• Swadeshi now became a political weapon Revived Shakti Cult

Difference
Moderates

1. Basic Beliefs
   looked towards England for inspiration & guidance
2. Leaders
   Gokhale, Ranade, Naoroji –
3. Ultimate Object

• agitating for certain administrative and economic reforms
• It was only in 1906 that moderates talked of Swaraj as the goal of India

4. Programme „
Means of petitions appeals, resolutions meeting and deputations

Extremists

1. Basic Beliefs

• no faith in the British assurance to the Indians
• believed in supremacy of Indian culture and tradition

2. Leaders
Tilak, Lala Lajpat Rai, Bipin Chandra Pal Extremists
3. Ultimate Object

• did not aim for mere economic or administrative reforms
• Asolute Swaraj was their aim

4. Programme
Swadeshi and Boycott

Extra Practice Questions

Question 1.
Name the leaders who constituted the ‘Extremists-trio’ in the early years of the 20th century.
Answer:
Bipin Chandra Pal, Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Lala Lajpat Rai constituted the ‘extremists-trio’ in the early years of the 20th century.

Question 2.
Name any two papers started by Tilak to propagate his faith.
Answer:

1. Mahratta
2. Kesari.

Question 3.
Mention any two principles of the Extremists.
Answer:
The central principle of extremism was that freedom is the birth right of every Indian. Secondly, they had no faith in the British sense of justice and fair play; rather, held them responsible for the deteriorating conditions in India.

Question 4.
Give one reason for the Surat split in 1907.
Answer:
The reason for the Surat split lay in the ideology of Moderates and Extremists. Moderates wanted to achieve the goal of Swaraj through constitutional means, on the other hand, extremists believed that unless strong pressure is hot put on the government, Swaraj can never be attained. Split became evident when Moderates proposed Rash Behari Gosh as the Congress President, while entremists proposed Lala Lajpat Rai.

Question 5.
State one reason for rift between Moderates and Extremists in 1905.
Answer:
The Moderates wanted to pass a resolution welcoming the visit of the Prince of Wales in 1906, but the extremists, especially from Bengal, fresh from the wounds of Partition, opposed the resolution.

Question 6.
How was the rift between the two wings of Congress averted in 1906?
Answer:
The rift between the two groups of Congress was averted by choosing Dada Bhai Naoroji to preside over the Kolkata Session of ‘ 1906.

Question 7.
State two ways in which the Militant Nationalists contributed towards the growth of the national movement.
Answer:

1. They instilled self-confidence and self-reliance among the people.
2. They broadened the social base of national movement by extending it to peasants, workers, women and youth.

Question 8.
State the policy adopted by the British Government towards the Indian National Congress after 1907.
Answer:
The British Government followed a policy of repression against the extremists and revolutionary terrorists and tried to reconcile with the moderates and win them over to its side.

Question 9.
Who led the Home Rule League movement in Madras (Chennai)?
Answer:
Mrs. Annie Besant led the Home Rule League movement in Madras.

Question 10.
State two factors responsible for the growth of revolutionary terrorism in India in the beginning of the 20th century.
Answer:

1. The political beginning of the moderates did not appeal to the,revolutionary youth. Even the extremists, too failed to evolve fonn of political struggle to put their ideas into practice.
2. The even increasing represssion let loose by the British Government incited the youth to resort to the policy of bomb to express their patriotism.

Question 11.
Name two fanfous secret societies formed by the revolutionary patriots.
Answer:

1. AnushilanSamiti (Bengal)
2. Mitra Mela started by Vinayak Damodar Savarkar

Question 12.
When by whom was a bomb thrown on lord Hardinge?
Answer:
Rash Behari Bose along with three comrades named

1. Bal Mukand
2. Awadh Behari and
3. Amir Chand threw bomb on Lord Hardinge in 1911.

The Partition of Bengal and Swadeshi Movement

Question 1.
When was the scheme of Partition of Bengal, announced and when was it carried out ?
Answer:
The scheme of Partition of Bengal was announced in 1903 and was carried out in 1905.

Question 2.
Name the Viceroy responsible for the partition of Bengal. What was his argument in favour of the partition of Bengal.
Or
How did Lord Curzon justify the Partition of Bengal ?
Answer:
Lord Curzon was the Viceroy responsible for the partition of Bengal. The Province of Bengal had an area of 1,90,000 sq. miles with a population of 78.5 million. Thus, the government regarded the size of the province too large to be efficiently administered by a single provincial government. Hence, the scheme of Partition was evolved.

Question 3.
What were Curzon’s two real motives behind the Partition of Bengal?
Answer:
Lord Curzon’s two real motive was

1. to break “the growing solidarity of Bengali nationalism.”
2. to drive a wedge between the Hindus and the Muslims.

Question 4.
How did the Bengalis feel about the partition of Bengal?
Or
Mention briefly how did the people react to the partition of Bengal. .
Answer:
The Bengalis felt that they have been insulted, humiliated and tricked. They were ready for all sacrifices and fearlessly faced death to show the strength of solidarity.

Question 5.
Name any two Bengali leaders who led the Anti-Partition Movement.
Answer:

1. K.K. Mitra
2. Rabindranath Tagore.

Question 6.
Name any two papers published from Bengal which vehemently attacked Government’s decision to dismember Bengal.
Answer:

1. The Benglaee edited by Surendra Nath Banerjea,
2. The Amit Bazar Patrika under Motilal Ghose.

Question 7.
Which day was observed as the Day of Mourning by the people protesting against the Partition of Bengal?
Answer:
16th October, 1905 was declared as a Day of Mourning throughout Bengal.

Question 8.
What was the significance of Raksha Bandhan ceremony performed on October 16, 1905?
Answer:
The Rakshan Bandhan ceremony signified unity and brotherhood among the people of Bengal. It also indicated that no government could divide the people of Bengal.

Question 9.
What was the significance of laying the foundation of the Federation Hall in Kolkata ?
Answer:
The foundation of the Federation Hall in Kolkata signified the symbol of the unity of Bengal, a meeting ground of the Eastern and’Westem Bengal.

Question 10.
Name the two countries that had already practised Boycott before it was practised by the Indian Nationalists.
Answer:

1. Republic of Ireland
2. America.

Question 11.
What was the main purpose of the Swadeshi Movement ?
Or
What is meant by the term ‘Swadeshi’ ?
Answer:
‘Swadeshi’ literally means ‘of one’s own country’ aimed at the expansion of Indian Industries for strengthening the nation. It was an effective tool to organise capital and mobilise all our resources.

Question 12.
What did the Boycott Movement aim at?
Or
What is meant by the term ‘Boycott’?
Answer:
‘Boycott’ means giving up the use of foreign goods. Though, in course of time, it included Boycott of English cloth salt and sugar along with renunciation of government posts and seats in Legislative Councils.

Question 13.
Name any two associations that promoted the cause of Swadesni during the Anti-Partition Movement in Bengal.
Answer:

1. Anti Circular Society
2. Swadeshi Samaj

Question 14.
Name any two Acts enacted by the Government to suppress the Anti-Partition Movement.
Answer:

1. Prevention of seditious Meeting Act (1907)
2. Newspaper Act of 1908

Question 15.
How did the Government try to suppress the Swadeshi Movement?
Or
What was. the reaction of the British Government to the Swadeshi Movement?
Answer:
The Government was tenror-striken and came out with repressive measures to stem the tide of nationalism. Besides, the Swadeshi volunteers were mercilessly beaten by the police and the cry of ‘ Vande Mataram’ was forbidden in the streets of Bengal. Educational institutions were directed to prevent students from participating in the Boycott Movement. Lastly, the government followed a vigorous policy of unfair dismissals of the government employees to suppress the movement.

Question 16.
Give two reasons why the Swadeshi Movement was not a total success?
Answer:

1. The Movement failed to achieve the much needed Hindu- Muslim unity.
2. The Congress was divided. The Moderates and the Aggressive Nationalists disagreed strongly on various issues.

Question 17.
How was the Congress unity adversely affected by the Swadeshi Movement?
Answer:
Moderates supported Swadeshi and Boycott movement only in Bengal, while Extremists wanted to organise the movement on all India basis, Further, they wanted ‘boycott’ to extend to the boycott of government services, titles, honours and schools as well.

Question 18.
Give two instances in support of the assertion that the Swadeshi Movement gave stimulus to Indian industries.
Answer:
Swadeshi stores sold fabrics, shoes, salt and hosiery produced indigenously. Hence, increased demand for Indian goods led to the increased indigenous production. Secondly, with die establishment of Tata Iron and Steel Company in Bihar, India began its move on the lines of industrialisation and modernisation.

Question 19.
What was die contribution of the Swadeshi Movement in the realm of literature?
Answer:
The Swadeshi Movement made a deep impact in the cultural sphere. As a result, great Indian writers like-Tagore, Ravi Kunt and Mukund Das composed short verses emphasizing the unity of the two Bengals. The journals and newspapers like – Kesari, Mahratta, Vande Mataram and Yugantar fostered a new spirit of nationalism and patriotism in India.

Question 20.
How did the Swadeshi Movement affect Education?
Answer:
Swadeshi Movement had direct impact on the spread of education as the number of national schools increased manifold. The National College in Kolkata was established on 14th August, 1906 with Aurobindo Ghose as its Principal. Tilak gave a new meaning to National education by adding secular, moral, political and industrial education to National education.

Question 21.
Who composed the song Bande Mataram?
Answer:
Bankimchandra Chatteiji.

Question 22.
What was that about which Indians were united in the wake of the Anti-Partition Movement?
Answer:
All the sections of the society the middle class, the workers, the peasants, the women, the students and even the landed aristocracy were united in their dislike of British Raj.

Question 23.
What virtues did the Swadeshi Movement instil among Indians?
Answer:
The Swadeshi Movement instilled courage and fearlessness in Indian people. It went a long way in teaching people to openly flout the rules and regulations of the government.

Question 24.
What revolutionary activity is associated with the name of Khudiram Bose?
Answer:
In April 1908, Khudiram Bose along with Prafiilla Chaki threw a bomb at a carriage which they thought was carrying Kingsford, the judge at Muzaffarpur in Bihar. Actually, the carriage belonged to some Englishmen, whose wife and daughter were killed in the incident.

Structured Questions

Question 1.
Using the following points describe the real motives (reasons) behind the Partition of Bengal in 1905 :
(a) Striking at the root of Bengali Nationalism
(b) Policy of Divide and rule (or driving) a wedge between the Hindus and the Muslims.
Answer:
(a) The real motive behind the partition was to stem the tide of growing nationalism in Bengal, at that time was considered to be the nerve centre of Indian nationalism. So, Lord Curzon wanted to crush the new spirit by dividing the politically advanced communities into separate provinces. Risley, the Home Secretary once remarked that the main object of partition was to weaken a solid body of opponents against the British Rule.

(b) Lord Curzon wanted to please the Muslims by creating a muslim majority province comprising of Assam, and Chittagong with 15 districts of Bengal. Dacca (modem Dhaka) was made its capital. The West Bengal, thus became Hindu majority area. This was indeed a clever move on the part of Lord Curzon to follow the policy of Divide and Rule. Further, in Feburary 1908, he undertook tours proclaiming that the British Government was on the Mohammedan side.

Question 2.
The year 1905 was one of the real tragedy—the tragedy of the Partition of Bengal. In this context answer the following questions :
(a) How did the people react to the partition of Bengal ?
(b) What events are associated with October 16, the Day on which partition was effected?
Answer:
(a) The Bengalis took the partition of as a direct insult on the unity of Hindus and Muslims of Bengal. Thus, they were ready to make sacrifices and fearlessly face death to show their strength of solidarity. On August 7, 1905 a massive protest meeting was held at the town hall in Kolkata, where students displayed slogans like ‘Vande Mataram’ and ‘No Partition.’ The Boycott Resolution was passed, which urged people to abstain from the purchase of British goods so long as the partition is not withdrawn.

(b) The Partition of Bengal became effective from 16th October, 1905. The leaders declared it to be a ‘Day of Mourning’ throughout the Bengal. Vande Mataram, which symbolised patriotism and unity became the war-cry of the agitation. People took bath in Ganga and tied rakhi on each other’s arms indicating that no government could divide the people of Bengal. In the afternoon; Anand Mohan Bose, a veteran political leader laid the foundations of a federation hall, the symbol of the unity of Bengal. Thus, people later took the vow of Swadeshi and triggered the Anti-Partition Agitation.

Question 3.
The agitation against the Partition of Bengal gave birth to the Swadeshi and Boycott Movement that made people surge forward with force and drive. In this context, answer the following questions :
(a) What were the aims and programme of the Swadeshi and Boycott Movement?
(b) Trace the course and growth of the Swadeshi and Boycott Movement.
Answer:
(a) The Swadeshi and Boycott Movements began in 1905 as a part of the agitation against the Partition of Bengal, from where they spread to other parts of the country. By now, the Indian leaders had realised the futility of protests, partitions and prayers to produce desired effects. Hence, Swadeshi and Boycott Movements became the chief tools to arouse national awakening by extending it to the masses. It aimed at the expansion of Indian industries by promoting the use of indigenous goods.

Programme Of Swadeshi And Boycott Movements

• Using Swadeshi goods i.e., home-made goods.
• Swadeshi stores selling indigenous goods set up in various parts of the country.
• Holding of Swadeshi melas or fairs for selling handicrafts.
• Boycott of foreign-made goods.
• boycott of English cloth, salt and sugar.
• Renunciation of government posts and seats in Legislative Councils.
• Social boycott of those persons, who purchased foreign goods.

(b) The Movement soon crossed the frontiers of Bengal and spread to United Provinces, Punjab, Maharashtra and other parts of India. The Movement, found supporters in all the classes of the society, from landed aristocracy to peasants. Various Associations like – Swadeshi Samaj and Anti-Circular Society sprang to promote the cause of Swadeshi.

Mass meetings were held and oaths were taken to give up the purchsae of foreign goods, shops selling foreign goods were picketed. Huge bonfires were organised to bum foreign cloth, cigarettes and other articles. The most important aspect of the movement was active participation of women and students in organising processions, picketing and bonfires. Gradually it came to include boycott of all those persons, selling or buying foreign goods along with renunciation of government service, titles and honours.

Question 4.
The Government was terror-stricken and came out with ruthless measures to suppress the Swadeshi Movement. In this context mention the repressive measures that were undertaken to crush the Movement?
(b) How did such measures lead to an outburst of revolutionary activity?
Answer:
(a) The Government came out with various Acts like-Seditious Meetings Act 1907 and the Newspaper Act of 1908 to suppress the anti-partition agitation. The Swadeshi volunteers were beaten mercilessly by the police and were forbiddden to shout ‘ Vande Mataram’ in the streets of Bengal. The students, who actively participated in the movement, were expelled and even beaten. Infact, grants-in-aid were to be granted to only those educational institutions, which prevented students from participating in the Boycott Movement.

Besides, there were several cases of unfair dimissal of the government employees. Besides, Tilak was tried for seditious writings in the Kesari. In July 1908, he was deported to Mandalay to serve 6 years of imprisonment. Earlier, Lala Lajpat Rai and Sardar Ajit Singh had also been deported Mandalay. Thus, the government used every possible means to suppress the movement the nationalist leader.

(b) The policy of repression failed to curb the nationalist sentiments of the people. On the contrary, revolutionary organisations grew in Bengal, Bihar, Maharastra, Punjab and other regions. There were raids on the government treasury and even murderous assault on English Officers. In 1908, Khuidram Bose and Prafulla Chaki threw a bomb at a carriage, which they thought was carrying Kingford, the judge at Muzaffarpur in Bihar.

In Bengal, the Anushilan Samiti was the first secret society organised by the revolutionaries, which openly preached the doctrine of an armed revolt to create necessary revolutionary fervour among the people. Thus, the ever increasing repression by the British incited the youth to resort to the politics of the bomb’ to express their patriotism.

Question 5.
The Swadeshi and Boycott Movements was not simply economic, but had developed into a political weapon. In this context, answer the following questions :
(a) What impact did the Movement have on Indian Industries?
(b) How did the Movement arouse people’s determination to win Swaraj?
Or
How did the Swadeshi and Boycott Movement help to strengthen the National Movement?
Answer:
(a) The Swadeshi Movement gave a great stimulus to the Indian industries, especially handicrafts, weaving industry, match and soap factory Swadeshi stores were set up, where indigenous goods were sold. An important phase began in the production of iron and steel with the establishment of Tata Iron and Steel Company in the Singhbhum district of Bihar. The eminent scientists P.C. Ray started Bengal Chemical Factory.

Thus, India moved on the road to industrialisation. In the wake of the Swadeshi Movement, many joint stocks banks, were founded by the money lenders and Zamindars in India. On the whole economic activity blossomed under the Swadeshi and – Boycott Movements :

(b) Anti-partition agitation soon transformed into a full-fledged Indian Revolution. All the sections of the society middle class, the workers, the peasants, the women, the students and even the landed aristocracy got united in their dislike of British Raj. It instilled courage and fearlessness, and taught people to flout the rules and regulations of the government.Tilak, B.C. Pal and Lajpat Rai became the symbol of sacrifice for the cause of freedom.

Question 6.
Using the following points describe the effect of the Swadeshi and Boycott Movement :
(a) Establishment of National Schools
(b) Stimulus to literary and cultural activity
Answer:
(a) The government’s repressive measures against the educational institutions, gave a strong call for national education. The number of national schools grew manifold. Even, in fact, the National College was established in Kolkata on 14th August, 1906 with Aurobindo Ghose as the Principal. Besides, Tilak added secular, moral, political and industrial education under the concept of National Education.

(b) Swadeshi and Boycott Movements encouraged nationalism and patriotism. As a result, Rabindranath Tagore, Ravi Kant and Mukund Das composed short verses emphasizing the unity of the two Bengals. The journals and newspapers like—Kesari, the Mahratta, Vande Mataram and Yugantar inspired Indians with a new zeal and inspired them to defy authority and to make matchless sacrifices for the sake of the freedom of the country.

Quick Revision

The Partition Of Bengal

• On August 7, 1905 massive protest meeting held at the Town Hall in Kolkata.
• Resolution on Boycott Resolution was passed.
• Vande Mataram adopted as the war cry of the agitation.

Oct. 16 Day Of Mourning

• Every city, town and village rang with the cry of Vande Mataram.
• People took out processions in Kolkata.
• Took bath in the Ganga and tied yellow threads on each other’s wrist indicating, no government could divide the people of Bengal.
• In the Afternoon, Anand Mohan Bose laid a foundation of federation hall.
• Rabindranath wrote ‘Amar Sonar Bangla’.

Swadeshi And Boycott Movement

• Intially followed in Republic of Ireland and USA.
• Meant using indigenous products.

Aim

• To expand Indian Industries mainly cottage industries.
• It ought to make people self-respecting and self-reliant.
• To mobilise our own resources.

Boycott Movement

• Meant abstaining from foreign goods.
• Aims Same as Swadeshi for both terms are complementary to each other.

The Partition of Bengal

• Bengal comprised of Bengal proper along with Bihar, Orissa, Chhotanagpur and Bengali-speaking district of Modern Assam.
• Area -1,90,000 sq. Population. 78.5 million.
• Partition of Bengal announced in 1903, carried in 1905.
• Accordingly, Bengal was divided into East Bengal (East. Bengal + Assam, Chittagong, West Bengal Dacca as with capital (Hindu majority area).

Reasons for the Partition

• To introduce administrative efficiency.
• To break the growing solidarity of Bengali nationalism.
• To drive a wedge between the Hindus and the Muslims.

• Newspaper which joined the protest
• Bengalee edited by Surendranath Banerjea.
• Amrit Bazar Patrika under Motilal Ghose.
• People’s reaction to the Partition of Bengal
• People felt humiliated, tricked and insulted.
• People became fearless and were ready for sacrifice.

Programme

• Boycott of English cloth, salt and sugar.
• Renunciation of English speech.
• Renunciation of government posts and seats in Legislative Councils.
• Social Boycott of those persons who purchased foreign goods. Course and Growth of Swadeshi and Boycott

Movement
Important association

1. Vande Mataram Sampradaya
2. Swadeshi Samaj
3. Anti-Circular-Society to promote the cause of Swadeshi.

• All the sections of the society including women and youth actively participated to propagate the use of Indian goods.
• Shops dealing in foreign goods were picketed.
• Huge bonfires were lit to destroy foreign cloth.
• Newspaper and Magazines carried reports on this movement and thus, helped in making movement a success.

Policy of Repression

• Government passed repressive measure.
• Prevention of seditious Meeting Act.
• The Explosives substance Act 1907-1908 Act.
• The Criminal Law Amendment 1908.
• The Newspaper Act of 1908.
• The Swadeshi volunteers were beaten mercilessly.
• Vande Mataram was banned.
• Grants in aid were to be given to only those educational institution which prevented students from participating in the Boycott Movement.
• Unfair dismissal of the government employees.
• Tilak deported to Mandalay in 1908.
• Earlier Ajit Singh and Lajpat Rai had been deported to Mandalay

Revolutionary and Terrorist Acts.

• Revolutionary Organisation grew in Bengal, Bihar, Maharashtra, Punjab and other regions.
• 1907 attempt was made on the lines of the Lieutenant Governors of Bengal and East Bengal.
• In 1908 Khudiram Bose and Prafulla Chaki threw a bomb on a carriage.
• The Viceroy Lord Minto and Secretary of state for India Lord Morley try to win over the Congress by granting the Morley- Minto Reforms of 1909.

(7) Impact of Partition Movement

• Accelerated the National Movement as people now realised the ill effects of British rule.
• It strengthened the National Movement by giving it the weapons of Swadeshi and Boycott.
• Broadened the social base of the National Movement by spreading it to the masses.
• Gave opportunity to the Extremists to lead the National Movement.

Impact of Swadeshi and Boycott Movement

• Decline in the import of British Goods.
• Stimulus to Indian Industries.
• An urge for National Educational.
• An outburst of literary and Cultural Activities.
• Anti-Partition Movement turned into a vigorous National Movement Partition.

Extra Practice Questions

Question 1.
Why was Bengal Partitioned in 1905 according to the Nationalists?
Answer:
The Nationalists felt that the Partition of Bengal was a clever move on the part of Lord Curzon to curb the national enthusiasm by dividing Hindus and Muslims of Bengal who were culturally and emotionally united;

Question 2.
State the evidence that suggests that the partition of Bengal was done for reasons other than administration expediency.
Answer:
The real motive of British was confirmed by an official noting dated 4th December, 1904 of Risley, a secretary to the government of India. It read “Bengal united is a power. Bengal divided will pull in several different ways.”

Question 3.
Name the Movements which were started against the Partition of India.
Answer:
The Swadeshi and the Boycott Movements were started against the Partition of India.

Question 4.
Give any two effects of the Anti-Partition Movement.
Answer:

1. It strengthened the National Movement by giving it the weapons of the Swadeshi and the Boycott.
2. It helped in spreading the National Movement among the general masses.

Question 5.
Why is the Swadeshi and the Boycott Movements known as the anti-partition agitations?
Answer:
Anti-Partition agitations used two weapons namely use of Swadeshi goods and boycott of foreign goods to press their demands.

Question 6.
Name two political leaders who were arrested by the British Government for taking an active part in the Swadeshi and Boycott Movement.
Answer:

1. Tilak
2. Lala Lajpat Rai

Question 7.
Name the prominent leaders which led the Swadeshi Movement in
(a) Bengal
(b) Bombay
(c) Punjab
(d) Madras
Answer:

1. Surendranath Banerjea
2. Lok Manya Tilak
3. Lala Lajpat Rai and Ajit Singh
4. Chidambaram Pillai

Question 8.
State the difference in the approach of the Moderates and the Extremists towards the Swadeshi Movement.
Answer:
The Moderates had advocated constitutional means i.e., meetings, resolutions and demonstration to press their demands. While entremists realised the futility of passive resistance and believed in extending boycott to include boycott of government. Schools, Colleges, Counts titles and Government Services. They can stood for giving an all India character to the Anti-Partition Agitation.

ICSE History and Civics Class 10 Goyal Brothers Prakashan Solutions