ICSE Class 10 History Goyal Brothers Solutions Chapter 3 Objectives and Methods of Struggle of the Early Nationalists

Goyal Brothers Prakashan Class 10 History Solutions Chapter 3 Objectives and Methods of Struggle of the Early Nationalists

Question 1.
During which period did the Early Nationalists dominate the Congress?
Answer:
The Early Nationalists dominated the Congress from 1885-1905.

Question 2.
Name any two leaders who belonged to the early days of Indian nationalism.
Answer:
Gopal Krishan Gokhale and W.C. Banerjea, came to be known as Early Nationalists.

Question 3.
Mention any two objectives of the Early Nationalists in respect to
(a) Constitutional Reforms and
(b) Administrative Reforms.
Answer:
(a) Constitutional Reforms:

• Abolition of the Indian Councils.
• Expansion of the Legislative Councils created by the Act of 1861.
• Early in the 20th century, the nationalists started demanding Self-Government on the model of self-governing colonies of Canada and USA.

(b) Administrative Reforms

• Indianisation of the higher grades of Indian Services
• Holding of simultaneous examination both in England and India for recruitment to the Indian Civil Services.
• Separation of executive and judicial functions.
• Adequate representation of Indians in the Executive Council of the Viceroy and the Governors.
• Increase in the power of local bodies.

Question 4.
Mention any two objectives of the Early Nationalists that related to improving the lot of the peasants.
Answer:

1. Reduction in land revenue and protection of peasants against unjust demands of the Zamindars.
2. Reduction in expenditure on the army and the money thus saved to be spent on welfare activities such as health and educations.

Question 5.
What did the early nationalists seek in the field of civil liberties?
Answer:
The Early Nationalists strongly opposed the restrictions imposed by the British government on the freedom of speech, press and association. They demanded the right to assemble and to form associations.

Question 6.
Name any two methods through which the early nationalists carried their agitation?
Answer:
The Early Nationalists carried their agitation through constitutional means by :

1. sending petitions to the high Government officials
2. by resolution

Question 7.
Who came to be known as the ‘Grand Old Man of India’?
Answer:
Dadabhai Naoroji, one of the pioneer Statesmen, came to be known as ‘Grand Old Man of India.

Question 8.
When and by whom was the East India Association founded?
Answer:
The East India Association was founded by Dadabhai Naoroji in 1866 in London.

Question 9.
What was the objective of the East India Association?
Answer:
The East India Association was founded in 1866 with an objective to promote the interests and welfare of Indians and to inform the British of the true state of affairs in India.

Question 10.
Who came to be known as the India’s Unofficial Ambassador in England?
Answer:
Dadabhai Naoroji came to be known as Indian’s Unofficial Ambassader in England.

Question 11.
Why did the early nationalists persuade Dadabhai Naoroji to preside over the Kolkata Session of the Congress in 1906?
Answer:
The Early Nationalists persuaded Dadabhai Naroji to preside over the Kolkata session to survive back the power and prestige of Congress which had declined owing to the partition of Bengal in 1905.

Question 12.
Who is the author of ‘Poverty and Un-British Rule in India’?
Answer:
‘Poverty’ and ‘Un-British rule in India’ was written by Dadabhai Naroji.

Question 13.
Who took the lead in convening the Indian National Conference in 1883?
Answer:
Surendrnath Banerj ea took the lead in convening the Indian National Conference in 1883.

Question 14.
Name the nationalist leader who edited ‘The Bengalee’ for several years.
Answer:
Surendernath Banerjea edited ‘The Bengalee’ which had been founded by W.C. Banerjea.

Question 15.
Who came to be known as the Political Guru of Mahatma Gandhi ? Give the reason for him being regarded as Gandhi’s Guru.
Answer:
Gopal Krishna Gokhale was best known as “the Political Guru of Gandhi”. He was regarded as Gandhi’s Guru because violence had no place in his scheme of things. Moreover, in 1912, Gokhale had gone to South Africa at the invitation of Gandhi who needed his support for the Satyagraha campaign there.
He was in South Africa for twenty-six days and the credit for bringing back Gandhi to Indian political scene goes to him.

Question 16.
When and by whom was the Servants of India Society started?
Answer:
The Servants of the India Society was started by Gopal Krishan Gokhale in 1905.

Question 17.
What was the aim of the Servants of India Society?
Answer:
The Servants of India Society were required to create among the people a deep and passionate love of the motherland. It was to work for the education of women and elevation of the depressed classes.

Question 18.
What concessions did Gokhale seek for Indians by means of his speeches as Member of the Imperial Legislative Council?
Or
What did Gokhale advise the British government to do for the welfare of his countrymen?
Answer:
In 1902, on becoming the member of the Imperial Legislative Council, he pleaded for

• Reduction in the salt duty
• Abolition of excise duty on cotton goods
• In 1910 and 1912 he moved the Council for relief to Indian bonded labour
• Lastly, he pleaded for free primary education for all,

Question 19.
What did Gokhale advocate to make the life of the peasants better or easier?
Answer:
Gokhale advocated the reduction of land revenue to reduce the misery of peasants.

Question 20.
Mention one of the main criticisms against the leader in early days of Indian Nationalism?
Answer:
The Early Nationalists were criticised for their beggarly methods of prayers and petitions. They were named ‘Armchair Politicans’.

Question 21.
Mention any two achievements of the Early Nationalists?
Answer:
The Early Nationalists infused national consciousness among various sections of public life. Secondly, they popularised the ideas of democracy, civil liberty and representative institutions.

Question 22.
What was the Drain Theory advanced by Dadabhai Naoroji?
Answer:
Drain Theory advanced by Dadabhai Naroji explained how India’s wealth was being taken away to England in the form of salaries and pensions to the British officers along with the profits of the British Trading Agencies.

Question 23.
Who started the school that later grew into Lord Ripon College?
Answer:
Surendernath Banerjea, started a school in 1822, which later grew into Lord Ripon College.

Structured Questions

Question 1.
The early Congressmen who dominated the Indian National Congress from 1885 to 1905 were liberal in their views and programme. In this context describe their objectives regarding:
(a) Any three Constitutional Reforms
(b) Any three Administrative Reforms
(c) Any two Economic Reforms
(d) Their fight to safeguard Civil Liberties
Answer:
(a) Any three Constitutional Reforms

• Abolition of the Indian Councils.
• Expansion of the Legislative Councils created by the Act of 1861.
• Early in the 20th century, the nationalists started demanding Self-Government on the model of self-governing colonies of Canada and USA.

(b) Any three Administrative Reforms

• lndianisation of the higher grades of Indian Services
• Holding of simultaneous examination both in England and India for recruitment to the Indian Civil Services.
• Separation of executive and judicial functions.
• Adequate representation of Indians in the Executive Council of the Viceroy and the Governors.
• Increase in the power of local bodies.

(c) Any two Economic Reforms :

• Reduction of land revenue and provision of cheap credit to peasants.
• Total abolition of salt-tax and duty on sugar.
• Industrial growth through tariff protection and government aid.
• Reduction in expenditure on army and utilise the same on social services like-health and education.

(d) Their fight to safeguard Civil Liberties :

• Opposed the restrictions imposed by the British Government on the freedom of speech and press.
• Right to assemble and form associations.

Question 2.
The Early Nationalists believed in caution and slow evolution.
In this context describe :
(a) Their Main Beliefs
(b) Their Methods of Struggle.
Answer:
(a) The Early Nationalists were a band of loyalists, who were proud of their British Connections. They had faith in the British sense of justice and fair play. The first session of Congress ended with “three cheers” for Hume and Hume answered with “three cheers” for her majesty, “the Queen Empress”.

They believed that the Englishmen would grant ‘Home Rule’ to the Indians when they would come to know of their will. They relied on the solemn pledge given in the British government from time to time. Infact, their criticism for the Government was also based on dignity and moderation.

(b) The early Nationalists, believed that Constitutional agitation alone could achieve political and economic reforms. Hence, they carried their agitation through

• Petitions to high Government Officials.
• Resolutions
• Meetings in towns, cities and the countryside.
• Distribution of leaflets and pamphlets.
• Preparing memorandum for the Government Committees.
• Delegations of leading politicians to England, normally addressed to the Government.
• Adopted measures to influence British public opinion in England. Lastly, they criticised the policies of the Government through the press.

Question 3.
Dadabhai threw himself heart and soul into country’s great cause. In this context describe :
(a) His role as India’s Unofficial Ambassador in England
(b) His role in the Congress and his efforts to spread nationalist ideas
(c) His views about the nature of British Imperialism
(d) His views on Exploitation and Poverty in India (His famous ‘Drain Theory’).
Answer:
(a) Dadabhai founded the East India Association in 1866, with an object to promote the interests and welfare of Indians and to keep British informed of the state of affairs in India. Infact, he became the first Indian to win a seat in the British House of commons (1892).

So, as a member of the House of Commons, he rendered admirable service to the cause of India. Again, the resolution for holding ICS examinations simultaneously in England and India was due to efforts of Dadabhai Naoroji. Though the resolution could not become an act.

(b) Dadabhai Naoroji, was one of the founders of the Indian National Congress, presided over the sessions of the Congress in 1886, 1893 and 1906. His Presidentship in 1906 was an effort to revive back the the lost prestige of Congress, owing Arundeeps History & Civics-10 150 to the partition of Bengal in 1905. Extremists, who otherwise would have liked Tilak to hold the office of President, gave way to Dadabhai Naoroji, for he had established a name for himself.

(c) Dadabhai Naoroji, though appreciative of Western education and construction of railways openly criticised British rule for its bad effects on Indian economy. Indian handicrafts and textiles had been ruined. Dadabhai edited Rast Goftar (Speaker of Truth) and also started a magazine Dharma Marg Darshak which were spoken on the effects of British Imperialism.

(d) Dadabhai Naoroji’s classic work ‘Poverty and Un-British Rule in India’, reveals his famous concept ‘Drain Theory’. The theory explained how India’s wealth was being taken away to England in the form of

• salaries payable to the Members of the Indian Councils
• Pensions to British officers
• Payments to the war office for the maintenance of British Troops in India
• Profits of the British Trading Agencies.

Question 4.
Identify the person whose picture is shown here and describe briefly

(a) His efforts towards national awakening through his fight against injustice and repression.
(b) His belief in India’s right to Self-Government and methods he advocated to attain that objective.
Answer:
(a) Surendranath Banerjea. He founded the Indian association in 1876 to agitate for political reforms in India. He made an extensive tour of India arousing national awakening against the reduction of the maximum age-limit for ICS. Besides, he fearlessly criticised Arms Act and the Vernacular Press Act.

Thus, he made an earnest effort to bring people together from various parts of the country to ventilate their grievances against an alien regime.

(b) Surendranath Banerjea, like other Early Nationalists called, for the reforming of the British administration, which would go a long way in winning gratitude of the Indian people. His objective as the right to self-government was based on firm assumption that Indians should be right to mould their destiny.
He was the true worshipper of freedom and advocated complete independence from the foreign rule.

Surendranath Banerjea had full faith in the honesty integrity and justice of the English. Thus, he advocated constitutional means for the attainment of his political goal. He urged Indians to boycott foreign goods and actively supported the Swadeshi Movement.

Question 5.
Identify the person whose picture is seen here and describe briefly:

(a) His views about the Goal of Congress and the Means to achieve that Goal.
(b) Object and activities of the Servants of India Society founded by him.
(c) His efforts to arouse National Awakening through his speeches in Imperial Legislative Council.
(d) His economic Ideas.
Answer:
(a) Gopal Krishna Gokhale was a strong believer in the policy of moderation. Gokhale opined that goal of the Congress should be attained in the form of government, similar to that which existed in the self-governing colonies of the British empire.

However, he believed in constitutional agitation i. e., petitions, resolutions and passive resistance as means to attain the goal of self-government (Swaraj). Further, he gave a clarion call to support Swadeshi Movement in heart and soul.

(b) The Servants of India Society founded in 1905, was to train men to devote their lives to the cause of the country. Secondly its members were to create among the people deep and passionate love for the motherland. Lastly, the Society was to work for education of women and elevation of the depressed classes.

(c) Gokhale on becoming the member of the Imperial Legislative Council in 1902, made a strong appeal through his speeches to

• reduce salt duty
• abolish excise duty on cotton goods
• In 1910 and 1912 moved resolutions for relief to bonded labour
• In one of the budget speeches, he pleaded for free primary education.
• Lastly, he aroused national awakening for the autonomy to Village Panchayats and local Self-government.

(d) Gopal Krishan Gokhale was deeply pained to see the miser}’ of the peasantry. He, therefore pleaded for reduction in the land revenue as a means to elevate the peasantry. Further, he laid great stress on encouraging domestic industry by tarrif protection and government aid.

He had fairly good knowledge about the economic conditions of the country. Thus, he was in the favour of appointing Indians to high posts so that, money saved, could be used for the welfare of the people.

Despite their assertions of loyalty to the British Crown, the Early Nationalists did in those days a lot of useful work. In this context describe :
(a) The main Criticisms against the Early Nationalists.
(b) Achievement of the Early Nationalists in that era.
Answer:
(a) The achievements of the early nationalists have been a subject of severe controversy. They have been criticised for their beggarly methods of prayers and petitions. Under Early Nationalists leadership, the nationalist movement with its narrow base -failed to acquire roots among the common people. Infact, their critics named them as ‘Armchair Politicians’.

The Indian Council Act of 1892, passed under the Early Nationalists failed to satisfy the Congress demands. Early Nationalists themselves gave the slogan. ‘No taxation without representation.’ Secondly, Congress under the Early Nationalists consisted of English educated, well to do and middle class alone, which barely constituted one hundredth part of the whole population. Lastly, Early Nationalists failed to realise any clash of interests between the Indians and the English.

(b) Whatever may be the drawback in Early Nationalists it did achieved following objectives:
National Consciousness:
It was Congress under the Moderates, that promoted the spirit of common brotherhood, surpassing religious and regional diversities. They aroused a feeling of belonging to one nation.

Political Education In India
They made great efforts to popularise ideas of democracy, representative institutions and civil liberty. In the very first session of Congress W.C. Banerjea declared that Indians want to be governed on the ideals of Government prevalent in Europe.

Exposed True Nature Of British Rule
The Early Nationalists in the 19th century were the first ones to explain how Indians were being exploited at the hands of the British. Dada Bhai Naoroji, exposed the true nature of British imperialism in India in his theory of ‘Economic Drain’.

Acts Of 1892
Government of India Act of 1892 expanded the Legislative Councils, so far demanded by the Moderates. Although, the act failed to satisfy the Early Nationalists, yet it was an improvement of Government of India Act of 1861.

SOCIAL REFORMS
Early Nationalists like-Ranade and Gokhale were passionate supporters of social reform in India. They raised their voice against child- marriage and imposed widowhood. Besides, they also supported the Age of Consent Bill of 1891.
Hence, we can safely conclude that this period was “the seed time of Indian Nationalism” and the role of Moderates cannot be ignored.

Question 6.
With reference to the picture given below answer the following questions :
(a) Identify the person in the picture,

Answer:
Dadabhai Naoroji.

(b) Fill in the blanks :
He came to be known as ‘the Grand ……………
Answer:
He came to be known as ‘the Grand Old Man of India’.

(c) Name the famous book authored by him.
Answer:
‘Rast Goftar’ (Speaker of Truth).

(d) Name a magazine started by him.
Answer:
‘Dharma Marg Darshak’.

(e) Name a famous economic theory propounded by him in which he explained how India’s wealth was being taken away to England.
Answer:
Through his famous ‘Drain Theory’ he explained how India’s wealth was being taken away to England in these forms :

• Salaries payable to the members of the India Council,
• Dispatch of savings to England by British personnel posted in India,
• Pensions to British Officers,
• Payments to the War Office for the maintenance of British troops in India, and (e) Profits of the British Trading Agencies. The Hindu, an English daily, stated that “as an authority on India economics there is none equal to Dadabhai in all India.”

Quick Revision

India’s Struggle for freedom has three phases –
1. Moderate Nationalism (1885-1905)
2. Era of Extremists (1905-1919)
3. Era of Gandhi and Other (1919-1939) 4. Final Phase (1940-1947)

Early Nationalists

National Leaders –

• W.C. Banerjea
• Surendranath Banerjee
• Rash Bihari Bose
• Gopal Krishna Gokhale
• Pherozshah Mehta

Known as Moderates –

• Their political opinions and activities were not extreme,
• They had unlimited faith in the British sense of justice,
• Their demands were of moderate character,
• They carried their agitation through petitions and resolutions.

Programmes –
Constitutional Reforms :

• Abolition of Indian Councils
• Expansion of Legislative Councils
• Swaraj

Administrative Reforms –

• Wider employment of Indian to higher services
• ICS to be held in England and India simultaneously,
• Representation of Indians in the Executive Council of Viceroy and Governors
• Separation of Judiciary and executive,
• Increase in powers of local bodies. ‘

Socio-Economic/Civil Liberties –

• Reduction in Land-Revenue.
• Provision of cheap credit
• Abolition of salt-tax and duty on sugar,
• Industrial growth through tariff protection, (v) Reduction in expen¬diture on the army,
• Right to assemble and form associa-tions.

Their Belief –

• faith in the British sense of fair play,
• criticism in dignity and moderation.

Their Method Of Struggle –

• Petitions
• Resolutions
• Meetings
• Distribution of pamphlets
• Delegations

Official Attitude Towards The Congress

• safety valve for the discontented Indian.
• looked upon Congress with dignity and favour.

Changed Attitude In 1888

• Instruction prohibiting government officials from attending Congress Sessions.
• An effort to woo Muslims
• Indian Councils Act of 1892.

Failure

• Beggarly methods of prayers and petitions
• Congress lacked mass appeal
• They could not see clash of interest between the British and Indians.

Achievements

• National Consciousness
• Popularised Political Freedom
• Exposed British Imperialism
• Attacked Social Evils
• Indian Councils Act of 1892

Dada Bhainaoroji

• K. A. the Grand old man of India
• Born on 4th Sept., 1825
• 1854 – appointed as Prof, of Mathematics in the Elphinstone College, Bombay.

His Contribution
India’s Unofficial Ambassador In England

• 1866 founded East India A ssociation.
• Won a seat in 1892 in the British House of Common.
• Founding Member of Indian National Congress.
• Presided over the sessions of the Congress in 1886, 1893 and 1906. Congress Session of 1906 passed resolution on Swaraj, Swadeshi, Boycott and National education.

His Views on British Imperialism

• edited Rast Goftar (Speaker of truth).
• started a magazine Dharma Marg Darshak.
• Classic work ‘Poverty and Un-British rule in India.’
• Drain Theory.
• Dada Bhai passed in 1917.

Surendranath Banerjea

• known as Indian Burke.
• born in 1848.
• completed ICS exam in 1869 and was appointed Assistant Magistrate of Sylhet.
• dismissed in 1873.

Dada Bhai Naoroji

• K. A. Grand old man of India.
• Born on 4th Sept, 1825 in Mumbai.
• 1854, appointed as Prof, of Mathematics in the Elphinstone College in Bombay.
• Founded the East India Association in 1866 with an object to promote the interests and welfare of Indians and (b) to keep the British informed of the Indian state of affairs.
• Presided over the 1886, 1893, 1906 sessions of Congress.
• Edited Rast Goftar Started a magazine
• Dharma Marg Darshak’.
• ‘Poverty and Un-British rale in India’ Died in 1917.

Surendranath Banerjea

• K.A. Indian Burke
• born in 1848
• Completed ICS Exam in 1869 and was appointed as Assistant Magistrate of Sylhet, dismissed in 1873.
• Founded Indian Association in 1876 with an object
  to agitate for political reforms Convened Indian National Conference in’1883, later merged with Indian National Congress in 1885.
• Presided over the 1885 and 1902 sessions
• Edited ‘The Bengalee’ founded by W.C. Banerjea died in 1925.

Gopal Krishna Gokhale

• Political Gum of Gandhi
• born in 1866 at Kolhapur in Maharashtra. Prof, of History at Fergusson College, Poona.
• Founder of the Servants of India Society in 1905 with an object
  • to train men to devote their lives to the cause of the country.
  • to create deep and passionate love for motherland.
  • Assist education of women and elevation of down trodden classes.
• Presided over 1903 session.
• Edited ‘Sudhark’, a quarterly journal of Poona Sarvajanik Sabha.
• Died in 1915.

ICSE History and Civics Class 10 Goyal Brothers Prakashan Solutions