Goyal Brothers Prakashan Class 10 History Solutions Chapter 2 Factors Leading to the Growth of Nationalism and Foundation of the Indian National Congress
Question 1.
What is Nationalism?
Answer:
Nationalism denotes patriotism or ‘devotion to the nation ’. One who is ‘patriotic’, loves his or her country and feels very loyal towards it.
Question 2.
By whom and when was the Brahmo Samaj founded?
Answer:
Raja Rammohan Roy founded the Brahmo Samaj in 1828.
Question 3.
Mention any two social evils that came in for severe criticism by Raja Rammohan Roy (or the Brahmo Samaj).
Answer:
The Brahmo Samaj attacked the caste system, the practice of polygamy, child marriage and the Sati system. Rammohan Roy started his anti-Sati crusade in 1818.
Question 4.
When and by whom was the Bengali weekly Samvad Kaumudi started?
Answer:
Raja Rammohan Roy had started a Bengali Weekly called the ‘Samvad Kaumudi’ in 1821.
Question 5.
Mention any one important effort made by Rammohan Roy in support of Freedom of Press.
Answer:
Rammohan Roy started a Persian paper called Mirat-ul-Akbhar. Which had a Distinct Nationalist and progressive character. He argued that whatever civil liberties were enjoyed by the people of England, should also be enjoyed by Indians.
Question 6.
Mention any two social reforms favoured by Jyotiba Phule.
Answer:
- He wanted to liberate the depressed classes and make them aware of their rights by educating them.
- He founded the Satya Shodhak Samaj in 1873 with the aim of securing social justice for the weaker sections of society.
Question 7.
When and by whom was the Satya Shodhak Samaj founded?
Answer:
Jyotiba Phule founded the Satya Shodhak Samaj on 24 September 1873.
Question 8.
What did the Satya Shodhak Samaj endeavour to do?
Answer:
The Society endeavoured to mitigate the distress and sufferings of Dalits, women and the common people.
Question 9.
By whom and when was the Arya Samaj founded?
Answer:
Arya Samaj was founded in 1875 by Swami Dayananda.
Question 10.
Who was the founder of the Ramakrishna Mission?
Answer:
The Ramakrishna Mission was founded in 1896 by Swami Vivekananda.
Question 11.
Who was the founder of the Aligarh Movement? What was its main objective?
Answer:
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan founded Aligarh Movement in 1875 with an objective to instil a desire for Western education and culture among the Muslims.
Question 12.
What role did the Press (Newspapers and Magazines) play in fostering patriotism among our countrymen in the 19th century?
Answer:
The Newspapers and Magazines played a big role in carrying ideas to the people. Raja Ram Mohan Roy’s Magazines ‘Samvad Kaumudi,’ Dada Bhai Naoroji edited ‘Rast Goftar’ and Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar started ‘Shome Prakash’ in Bengali in 1858. All these Journals had a distinct Nationalist character.
The Dailies (NewsPapers) like ‘Times of India (1861) ‘Pioneer’ (1865) and ‘Statesman’ (1875) although supported the policies of the government, yet kept people informed of rapid political development in the country. Press went a long way in fostering patriotism and ideas of liberty and justice in our country. Through his Writing in the ‘Kesar’ and the ‘Mahratta’, Tilak spread the gospel of freedom and natural rights.
Question 13.
Name Bankim Chandra’s novel that has been called the ‘Bible of modern Bengalee patriotism’.
Answer:
Bankim Chandra’s famous novel ‘Anand Math is known as the Bible of modern Bengalee patriotism.
Question 14.
Give two evidences to suggest that the British pursued the policy of economic exploitation in India.
Answer:
The increase in the indebtedness of the Indian peasants under the British rule was a clear sign of policy of economic exploitation. The Indian peasants had to sell their produce at cheap prices in order to satisfy the greed of Money-lenders, Zamindars and Government officials.
Further, the policy of free trade, hard hit the Indian handicrafts.
Question 15.
Give one reason why the Indian handicrafts declined during the British rule.
Answer:
The policy of free trade was an important factor which led to the decline of Indian handicrafts. India, which had once won worldwide fame as an exporter of fine cloth, was turned into an importer of machine-made cloth and other factory goods from England.
Question 16.
Give two evidences to suggest that the British pursued the repressive colonial policies.
Answer:
British pursued the policy of racial discrimination in India which was evident in their attitude towards Indians. Infact, they never cultivated social relations with Indian. Secondly, there were exclusive clubs and railways coaches for European, where the entry of Indians was forbidden. At the district headquarters there were exclusive residential areas, popularly knowm as Civil Lines, where only Europeans could live.
Question 17.
Name the Act of Lord Lytton’s regime which sought to limit the freedom of the press.
Answer:
The Vernacular Press Act of Lord Lytton in 1878 sought to limit the freedom of the press.
Question 18.
What was the main provisions of the Indian Arms Act of 1878?
Answer:
The Indian Arms Act of 1878, made it a criminal offence for Indians to keep or bear arms without licence.
Question 19.
In whose Viceroyalty did the Ilbert Bill controversy take place?
Answer:
Ilbert bill controversy took placed under the Viceroyalty of Lord Ripon (1880-84).
Question 20.
What was the objective of the Ilbert Bill ? Why was it not passed?
Answer:
The objective of the Ilbert Bill was to remove racial discrimination. Lord Ripon, wanted to give the Indian Judges the authority to hear cases against the Europeans. However the Europeans oppossed this tooth and nail and thus it could not be passed.
Question 21.
Name any two Associations which acted as the precursors (forerunners) of the Indian National Congress.
Answer:
- The East India Association by Dada Bhai Naorji in 1866.
- Poona Sarvajanik Sabha under Justice Ranade in 1870.
Question 22.
When and by whom was East India Association founded in London?
Answer:
The East India Association was founded by Dada Bhai Naorji on October 1, 1866.
Question 23.
Who founded the Indian Association at Kolkata in 1876?
Answer:
Indian Association was founded by Surendernath Banerjea.
Question 24.
Name any two objects of the Indian Association founded by Surendranath Banerjea.
Answer:
- To unite Indians on the basis of common Political interests and beliefs.
- To agitate for a Constitutional Government.
Question 25.
Where and when was the Indian National Conference convened by Surendranath Banerjea?
Answer:
The Indian National Conference was convened by Surendranath Banerjea at Kolkata in 1833.
Question 26.
When and by whom was Indian National Congress founded?
Answer:
The Indian National Congress was founded in 1885 by A.O. Hume, a retired civilian in the British Government.
Question 27.
Where Was the First Session of the Indian National Congress held? Who was the first President of Indian National Congress?
Answer:
The First Session of Indian National Congress was held at Bombay in December 1885.
W.C. Bannetjea was the First President of Indian National Congress.
Question 28.
Where was the Second Session of the Indian National Congress held? Who presided over this Session?
Answer:
The Second Session of the Indian National Congress was held at Kolkata in 1886. Dadabhai Naoroji as President presided over this i Session.
Question 29.
Name any two European scholars who projected the richness of India’s cultural heritage.
Answer:
- William Jones
- Charles Wilkins.
Question 30.
What feelings did the rediscovery of India’s past by Western scholars arouse among our people?
Answer:
The British projected Indians as rough barbarians while the rediscovery of India’s past, rendered valuable help in restoring rich heritage of India. Secondly, to arouse Nationalist passions against foreign rulers. Lastly, a feeling grew among Indians that they must built an India, yet greater than she has been.
Question 31.
What was the influence of Western education on the minds of educated Indians in the 19th century?
Answer:
Western education instilled in the minds of educated classes, the Western ideas of equality and liberty. Revolutionary ideas contained in the writings of Rousseau, Mazzini and other liberal thinkers, brought about social awareness and national consciousness among educated Indians.
Question 32.
What role did the English language play in National awakening in the 19th century?
Answer:
English language gave them common language which made it possible for them to understand each other and plan a common programme of action.
Question 33.
Name two Western thinkers whose works inspired Indians to work for the Political Independence of their nation.
Answer:
The works of Locke and Voltaire inspired Indians to work for the Political Independence of their Nation.
Question 34.
In what way did the Zamindars exploit the peasants in India?
Answer:
Under the Zamindari System, the peasants were at the mercy of the Zamindar, who could drive them off their land at any time due to non-payment of dues.
Question 35.
How did money lenders exploit peasants during the British rule?
Answer:
Under the Ryotwari system, the Indian peasants had to sell their produce at cheap prices in order to satisfy the greed of the moneylenders, the zamindars and the government officials.
Question 36.
Why did the British construct railways and develop roadways in India?
Answer:
Lord Dalhousie had taken an active interest in the development of railways and telegraph services. These projects were considered necessary from the point of administrative efficiency and the investment of surplus British Capital in India.
Question 37.
How did the introduction of railways and other means of transport help in uniting Indians against the British?
Answer:
The introduction of new means of transport knit up the vast country and gave a sense of oneness. Thus, the Educated Indians living in different parts of the country could interact with each other and discuss national issues. Secondly, the provincial loyalties gave way to patriotic Nations.
Question 38.
Give any two immediate objectives of the Congress as formulated by its President in 1885.
Answer:
- To promote a feeling of national unity by putting an end to racial, religious and provincial prejudices.
- To formulate popular demands on vital Indian problems and then presentation before the government.
Question 39.
Mention any two of the demands of the Congress in its infancy?
Answer:
- Expansion of the Legislative Councils.
- Holding of Indian Civil Service Examination both in England and India.
Structured Questions
Question 1.
With reference to the picture given here of the person who heralded the coming of the ‘Modern Age’ in Indian history answer the questions that follow :
(a) Who was that one of India’s great persons?
(b) What were his views on Liberty and Freedom of the Press?
(c) What were his economic ideas?
Answer:
(a) Raja Rammohan Roy
(b) Rammohan Roy started a Persian paper called Mirat-ul-Akbhar. Which had a distinct nationalist and progressive character. He argued that whatever civil liberties were enjoyed by the people of England, should also be enjoyed by Indians. Along with a few other eminent persons, Roy presented a Petition to the Supreme Court for legal action to be taken against Press Regulations.
(c) His Economic Ideas :
Rammohan Roy was sympathetic to the cause of the poor peasants. He wanted the Military Budget to be reduced, so that more funds were available for activities concerned with the health and education of the people. He sailed for England in 1830. It gave him an opportunity to appear before a Select Committee of the British Parliament. He apprised the Committee of the poor economic conditions of the people in India.
Question 2.
Jyotiba Pliule was a highly respected Social Reformer of the 19th century. In this context describe.
(a) His contribution to uplift lower Castes and Women.
(b) Formation of Satya ShodHak Samaj and its aims and activities.
Answer:
(a) Jyotiba Phule was an urban-educated member of low caste. His education and personal experiences had made him critical of Hindu religion and customs. In 1854, he established a school for untouchables and started a private orphanage for the widows. He wanted to liberate the depressed classes and make them aware of their rights by educating them.
(b) He founded the Satya Shodhak Samaj in 1873 with the aim of securing social justice for the weaker sections of society. He pioneered the widow remarriage movement in Maharashtra and worked for the education of women.
Question 3.
The social and religious reformers of the 19th century became the early pioneers of Indian nationalism. Describe any three ways in which the Reform Movements of the 19th century aroused nationalist ideas.
Answer:
The Reform Movements of the 19th century went a long way towards arousing nationalistic passion against British in the following ways.
- All these reformers denounced untouchability and the rigidities of the caste system. The ideas of brotherhood and equality attracted the attention of the so-called lower castes.
- At a time when national was seized with despair and idleness, Swami Dayananda and Swami Vivekananda boldly preached the gospel of strength and self-reliance.
- All these reformers believed that “the uplift of women must come first and then only can any good come about for the country”.
- All these reformers were inspired by the spirit of Nationalism.
Question 4.
With reference to the growth of national consciousness in India explain the relevance of each of the following :
(a) Growth of Press in the nineteenth century
(b) India’s economic exploitation by the British rulers
(c) English language and Western Education
Answer:
(a) The Press played a big role in carrying ideas to the people. Raja Ram Mohan Roy’s ‘Samvad Kaumudi,’ Dada Bhai Naoroji edited ‘Rast Goftar’ and Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar started ‘Shome Prakash’ in Bengali in 1858. All these Journals had a distinct Nationalist character.
The Dailies like ‘Times of India (1861) ‘Pioneer’ (1865) and ‘Statesman’ (1875) although supported the policies of the government, yet kept people informed of rapid political development in the country. Press went a long way in fostering patriotism and ideas of liberty and justice in our country. Through his Writing in the ‘Kesar’ and the ‘Mahratta’, Tilak spread the gospel of freedom and natural rights.
(b) The land-revenue system i.e., Zamindari, Ryotwari and Mahalwari, introduced by the British, reduced the peasants to misery and poverty. Poor peasants had to sell their produce at cheap prices in order to satisfy the greed of moneylenders, Zamindars and the Government officials.
British turned Indian self-sufficient economy into an Agricultural Colony. India being an exporter of fine cloth, became the importer of finished goods in England. Handicrafts crippled under the policy of free-trade. As William Hunter once remarked that 40 million Indians go through life .on insufficient food.
(c) Western education and the English language, went a long way to create national consciousness among the masses. Western education instilled in the minds of educated classes, the Western ideas of liberty and equality. Nationalists in India drew inspiration from the American War of Independence and French Revolution.
The young men, who went to England to receive education, got first hand information on the working of their Government. Besides English language gave them a common language which made it possible for them to understand each other and plan a common programme of action.
Question 5.
With reference to the following Acts and Regulations, explain how did repressive colonial policies cause an annoying sense of humiliation in the minds of educated Indians :
(a) The Vernacular Press Act, 1878
(b) The Arms Act, 1878
(c) Ilbert Bill controversy.
Answer:
(a) The educated Indians, had full faith in the British sense of justice and fair play. However, Lord Lytton (1876-1880) intensified discontent in the the country through his policy and deeds. Imperial Durbar was held in Delhi 1877, when the whole country was in grip of terrible famine Vernacular papers reacted sharply, though government tried to silent the opposition by enacting the Vernacular Press Act of 1878.
The Act crushed the freedom of the Vernacular papers, as it required the editors to publish nothing that would excite disaffection against the government.This humiliation at the hands of British, inflamed the feelings of educated Indians.
(b) The Indian Arms Act of 1878 made it a criminal offence for Indians to keep or bear arms without licence. Surendranath Bannerjea reacted sharply against the act and termed as an badge of racial inferiority imposed on India. The masses at large were exposed to the evils of the British administration. They soon, gathered the mass public opinion on the wrongs in the administration.
(c) Lord Ripon wanted to bring equality among English and Indians. Accordingly, a bill was introduced in 1883 by Ilbert, law member of the Executive Council. The Bill gave rights to the Indian Judges to try European offences, though soon it was followed by wild agitation by the Anglo-Indian Community.
The Government had to ultimately withdraw the bill, but negotiated a compromise. As a result, Indian District Magistrate and Judges were empowered to try European offenders on condition that the accused were to have the benefit of Jury. Agitation against the Ilbert bill demonstrated the growing British
imperialism.
Question 6.
A number of political associations came into existence in the latter half of the 19th century. In this context answer the following questions :
(a) What were the objectives and activities of the East India Association founded in 1866?
(b) What were the objectives of the Indian Association established at Kolkata in 1876 by Surendranath Banerjea?
Answer:
(a)The East India Association :
Dadabhai Naoroji founded in London on October 1, 1866. The East India Association. It aimed at providing members of the British Parliament information regarding India’s genuine grievances. The Association attracted a large number
of Englishmen who sympathised with India’s distress. It also suggested such measures as could remedy some of the wrongs.
For example, it recommended the abolition of cotton duties and petitioned the Government to withdraw the Vernacular Press Act. The Association became popular and soon had branches in Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai.
(b) The Indian Association Headed by Surendranath Banerjea :
In 1876 came up in Kolkata the Indian Association founded by Surendranath Banerjea. The objects of the Association were :
- to unite the Indians upon the basis of common political interests and beliefs:
- to promote brotherly feelings between Hindus and the Muslims; and
- to agitate for a Constitutional Government. The Association launched agitation against the Arms Act and the Vernacular Press Act. Surendranath Banerjea led on all-India campaign for a better representation of Indians in the Indian Civil Service.
Question 7.
With reference to the picture given below answer the questions that follow :
(a) Identify the person
(b) What was his role in the foundation of the Indian National Congress?
(c) What were the immediate objectives of the Indian National Congress?
Answer:
(a) Sir A.O. Hume founder of Indian National Congress
(b) Sir A.O. Hume, a retired civil servant addressed circular letter to the graduates of Calcutta University in which he said, “whether in the individual or the nation, all vital progress must spring from within, and it is to you, her most cultured and enlightened minds… that your country must look for the initiative.”
He added, “if only fifty men, good and true, can be found to join as founders, the thing can be established and the future development would be comparatively easy.” The appeal had the desired effect. The Indian National Congress was thus founded and the first session was held in December 1885 at Bombay.
(c) Immediate Objectives of the Indian National Congress :
- To enable national workers from all parts of Indian to become personally known to each other.
- To end all racial, religious and provincial prejudices and to promote a feeling of national unity among all lovers of the country.
- The formulation of popular demands on vital Indian problems and their presentation before the government.
- To train and organise public opinion in the country.
- To decide upon the political tasks or jobs to be undertaken during the ensuing year.
ICSE History and Civics Class 10 Goyal Brothers Prakashan Solutions