Goyal Brothers Prakashan Class 10 History Solutions Chapter 14 United Nations Organisation: Origin, Objectives and the Principal Organs
Question 1.
Mention any two causes that led to the Second World War in 1939?
Answer:
- Failure of democracies and rise of dictatorship
- Weakness of the treaty of Versailles along with the failure of the League of Nations to maintain international peace.
Question 2.
What was named as the Berlin-Rome-Tokyo Axis?
Answer:
Italy turned towards Germany and Japan. Thus, they concluded a treaty of friendship leading to Berlin-Rome-Tokyo-Axis in opposition to the Franco-British Alliance.
Question 3.
How did Hitler’s acts of aggression lead to the Second World War?
Answer:
Hitler wanted to regain the old glory and prestige of Germany and make it a world power. In order to achieve its objectives, Hitler followed the path of aggression. He fortified the Rhineland and annexed Austria, Sudetenland and Czechoslovakia into his own empire. Such an aggressive foreign policy paved the way for Second World War.
Question 4.
What does the policy of Appeasement mean?
Answer:
The Policy of Appeasement means “acceding to hostile demands in order to gain Peace.”
Question 5.
Mention any one reason why Britian and France followed an Appeasement Policy.
Answer:
The policy of Appeasement means “acceding to hostile demands in order to gain Peace.” There were two main reasons why Britain and France followed a policy of appeasement towards Germany. First, they believed that the Treaty of Versailles had been to severe to the defeated powers, especially Germany. Second, they thought that if genuine grievances of Germany were removed, she would be satisfied and would do nothing to disturb the peace of the world.
Question 6.
How did the failure of the League of Nations contribute to the Second World War?
Answer:
The League proved weak and failed to achieve her objective to maintain international peace. In fact, she did not have military power to implement her decisions and to punish the defaulters. As a result, she failed to prevent countries like—Italy Japan and Germany from carrying out aggressive warefare against weaker nations. It watched helplessly when Italy annexed Abyssinia and Japan conquered Manchuria. Thus, the failure of the League contributed to the Second World War.
Question 7.
What was the most immediate cause of World War II?
Or
How did the Second World War begin?
Or
Why did Hitler invade Poland?
Answer:
Germany had already annexed Austria and Czechoslovakia. By the Treaty of Versailles, Germany was divided into two parts in order to give a land route to Poland up to the sea and the port of Danzig was also handed over to Poland. This was however, too much for Germany, so she demanded it back and without waiting for the reply she attacked Poland on September, 1, 1939. England asked Germany to vacate Poland, but Germany refused to do so. So, on 3rd September, 1939, England declared war on Germany. Thus, began the Second World War in 1939.
Question 8.
What was the new method of warfare adopted by Hitler?
Answer:
Hitler adopted a new method of warfare called ‘Blitzkrieg’ which means a lightning attack.
Question 9.
Why did the United States declare war on Japan?
Or
How did the attack on Pearl Harbour bring the United States into World War II?
Answer:
Germany had sunk some American ships in which many Americans had to lose their lives. There was lot of resentment in U.S.A.
Or On 7 December 1941 Japan attacked the US Fleet based at Pearl Harbour in Hawaii. Japanese naval and air attack destroyed 188 aircrafts, many battleships and naval vessels of the United States. More than 2000 sailors and soldiers lost their lives. It brought the United States into World War II. On 8 December, 1941 the United States declared war on Japan and the other Axis Powers—Germany and Italy.
Question 10.
Why did America decide to drop atom bombs on the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki?
Answer:
After the surrender of Germany on May 7, 1945, the Allies issued an ultimatum to Japan to surrender or to face destruction. However, Japan did not pay any heed to the ultimatum. Thus, with a view to end the war quickly and to find out the destructive potential of their new weapon, Americans dropped two atomic bombs on the two Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, on the 6th and 9th of August, 1945 also respectively.
Question 11.
What made Japan to surrender to the Allies?
Answer:
The bombing of Hiroshima resulted in the immediate death of about 1,50,0 civilians and the destruction of about three-fourths of the buildings. Nagasaki, too suffered a loss of about 50,000 lives and the destruction of about one-third of the city. As Japan could not afford to suffer such devastation, he surrendered to the Allied Powers on 14th August, 1945.
Question 12.
Mention two important consequences of World War II.
Answer:
The Second, World War brought great loss of life and property. The region between the Baltic and the Black sea came to be known as the misery-belt. Secondly, it resulted in the overthrow of the Fascist and Nazi dictatorships. German, Italian and Japanese dictatorial regime agreed to limit their arms and pay the war-indemnity.
Question 13.
What is meant by Cold War?
Answer:
The state of continuing hostility between the two power blocs without leading to an armed conflict was given the name ‘Cold War’. In other words, USA and Russia did not actually fight, but there existed a state of extreme political unfriendliness between them.
Question 14.
Mention any one Consequence of the Cold War?
Answer:
The United States and Russia emerged as great powers in the world. Both these countries projected themselves as champions of democracy and communism respectively. Thus, the entire world seemed to be divided into two power blocs. This led to the emergence of cold war between the Western powers led by USA and the communist bloc by Russia.’
Question 15.
What are the full forms of NATO and SEATO?
Answer:
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organisation) and SEATO (South-East Asia Treaty Organisation).
Question 16.
What are the full forms of FRG and GDR?
Answer:
FRG (Federal Republic of Germany) and GDR (German Democratic Republic).
Question 17.
Name the Soviet Russian leader who played a significant role in ending the Cold War?
Answer:
Michael Gorbachev was the Soviet leader who played a significant role in ending the Cold War.
Structured Questions
Question 1.
The Second World War was a culmination of several factors. Describe its causes with reference to the following :
(a) Grievances against The Treaty of Versailles
(b) Rise of Fascism in Italy and Nazism in Germany
Answer:
(a) The peace settlement at Paris was made in the spirit of revenge. The Germans felt that the Treaty was harsh and unjust towards the Germans. She had to cede huge tracts of her territory and her colonies of East Africa and South-West Africa. Her military strength was completely crippled. Economically too, she was overburdened with immense war-indemmity. Thus, the treaty created hatred in the minds of Germans. This fuelled the use of Nazism in Germany. Once Hitler and his Nazi party came into power, they entered upon a carrer of aggression.
(b) Rise of Fascism and Nazism : The rise of extreme nationalism in Italy and Germany in the form of Fascism and Nazism, respectively contributed to the causes which led to the Second World War. Italy wanted to revive the glory of the Old Roman empire. She joined the Anti-Comintern Pact in 1937 and formed a ten years alliance with Germany in 1939 to strengthen her position. Mussolini established dictatorship in Italy. He opposed the Treaty of Versailles. Italy demonstrated her imperialistic designs by attacking Abyssinia. The League of Nations failed to take any action against Italy, which exhibited the weakness of the League.
In Germany, Hitler wanted to re-establish the prestige of Germany in the international field. He flouted the military clauses in the Treaty of Versailles and declared re-armament. In 1938, he annexed Austria and dismembered Czechoslovakia. Thus, Mussolini and Hitler drove the countries of the world towards another World War.
Question 2.
Given an account of the causes of the Second World War under the following headings : (a) Policy of Appeasement adopted by England and France (b) Japan’s Invasion of China (c) Failure of the League of Nations.
Answer:
(a) The Policy of Appeasement: The policy of Appeasement adopted by England and France greatly emboldened the aggressive powers. Britain and France thought if genuine grievances-of Germany and Italy were removed, they would be satisfied and would not do anything to disturb the peace of the world. They were mistaken in their assessment. “The pace of Nazi advance ”, said Ketelbey, “grew more rapid, their demands more outrageous, their pretensions more exorbitant, as each fait accompli seemed to be accepted by the Powers.”
The policy of Appeasent greatly emboldened Germany, Italy and Japan, who plunged the world into another destructive war.
(b) Japan’s Invasion of China: An important act of aggression after the First World War was the invasion of China by Japan in 1931. China appealed to the League of Nations to declare sanctions against Japan. Britain and France, the leading members of the League did not give any attention to the appeal. Thus Japan occupied Manchuria and set up a government there. In 1933 Japan left the League of Nations and started occupying the British and American properties in China. Britain and France followed the policy of appeasement, thinking that Japanese could be used to weaken China.
(c) Failure of the League of Nations: One of the main causes of the Second World War was the failure of the League of Nations. When weaker nations appealed to the League to take action against the aggressors, the only weapon that was available with the League was the economic sanctions.
But it proved ineffective against determined aggressors. If the member-states had taken collective action against Italy’s aggression in Ethiopia or Japan’s invasion of Manchuria, the world would have been spared the horrors of another war. The League failed in taking action against aggressors which encouraged Germany to occupy Austria and attack Poland, which ultimately led to the Second World War.
Question 3.
How did the demand for the Danzig Corridor and Hitler’s Invasion of Poland become an immediate cause of World War II?
Answer:
Hitler moved on the road to expansion. He, now started demanding Danzig Corridor for two reasons. In the first place, the city of Danzig was inhabited mainly by Germans. Secondly, by occupying the Danzig Corridor, he could connect East Prussia with Germany. Britain and France realised the danger that lay ahead. Thus, they pledged to assist Poland against German aggression. In August 1939, Germany signed a Non-Aggression pact with Russia. However, Poland was accused of committing atrocities against Germans living there. On 1st September, 1939, German troops stormed into Poland. It was at that stage that France and Britain gave an ultimatum to Germany. In reply, Germany attacked France. Thus, began the Second World War.
Germany had already annexed Austria and Czechoslovakia. By the Treaty of Versailles, Germany was divided into two parts in order to give a land route to Poland up to the sea and the port of Danzig was also handed over to Poland. This was however, too much for Germany, so she demanded it back and without waiting for the reply she attacked Poland on September, 1, 1939. England asked Germany to vacate Poland, but Germany refused to do so. So, on 3rd September, 1939, England declared war on Germany. Thus, began the Second World War in 1939.
Question 4.
With reference to the consequences of the Second World War, explain briefly : (a) Defeat of the Axis Power and Division of Germany, (b) Effect of World War II on Japan.
Answer:
(a) The Germany, Italy and Japan, the Axis powers were defeated. The war resulted in the overthrow of the Fascist and Nazi dictatorships. Further, they agreed to limit their armies and armaments and pay the war-indemnity. Besides, they also surrendered their colonies abroad. One of the painful consequences of the Second World War was the partition of Germany into four zones, placed each zone under USA, Britain, France and Russia respectively. Later, the United States, Britain and France decided to merge their zones and created West Germany. On the other hand, communist Russia established a separate government in her zone and it came to be known as East Germany.
(b) After the surrender of Germany on May 7, 1945, the Allies issued an ultimatum to Japan to surrender or to face destruction. However, Japan did not pay any heed to the ultimatum. Thus, with a view to end the war quickly and to find out the destructive potential of their new weapon, Americans dropped two atomic bombs on the two Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, on the 6th and 9th of August, 1945 respectively.
The bombing of Hiroshima resulted in the immediate death of about 1,50,000 civilians and the destruction of about three- fourths of the buildings.
Nagasaki, too suffered a loss of about 50,0 lives and the destruction of about one-third of the city. As Japan could not afford to suffer such devastation, she surrendered to the Allied Powers on 14th August, 1945.
In Japan the future generations were also doomed. Those who survived were no better than the living corpses’. They had their skins hanging in shreds, their hair scorched to the roots.
Question 5.
With reference to the defeat of Axis Powers in World War II, explain briefly : (a) End of Fascism in Italy
(b) Effects of the Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Answer:
(a) End of Fascism in Italy : In July 1943 the Allies attacted Italy. Sicily, they marched on Rome. Mussolini was dismissed and the new government of Badoglio surrendered to the Allies. However, minor battles continued until April 1945. Mussolini managed to escape and tried to flee. On 28 April, 1945 he was caught by Italians themselves. He and his mistress were shot dead. That was the end of Fascism in Italy.
(b) Effects of the Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki : After the surrender of Germany on May 7, 1945, the Allies issued an ultimatum to Japan to surrender or to face destruction. However, Japan did not pay any heed to the ultimatum. Thus, with a view to end the war quickly and to find out the destructive potential of their new weapon, Americans dropped two atomic bombs on the two Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, on the 6th and 9th of August, 1945 respectively.
The bombing of Hiroshima resulted in the immediate death of about 1,50,000 civilians and the destruction of about three- fourths of the buildings. Nagasaki, too suffered a loss of about
50,0 lives and the destruction of about one-third of the city. As Japan could not afford to suffer such devastation, she surrendered to the Allied Powers on 14th August, 1945.
Question 6.
With reference to the consequences of the Second World War explain briefly : (a) Emergence of Cold War and its consequences, (b) Formation of the United Nations.
Answer:
(a) The Second World War resulted in the emergence of the United States and Russia as great powers. Both these countries projected themselves as champions of democracy and Communism respectively. The entire world was divided into two power blocs. Eastern Europe, China and many countries of South-East Asia came under the Russian influence, while the United States, as the leader of the free world, took upon itself the responsibility of preventing the spread of communism.
This led to a state, where USA and Russia, did not actually fight, but there existed a state of extreme political unfriendliness between them. The cold war led to the formation of various military alliances like NATO, SEATO and War saw Pact. It also set in motion a mad race for armaments. It was the Paris Pact signed on 19th November, 1990 which paved the way for a new phase of co-operation in the world. In February 1992 Mr. Bush and Russian President Mr. Yeltsin formally announced that cold war was over.
(b) The horrors of the two World Wars and the failure of the League of Nations led to a meeting of the Big Three – Roosevelt (President of the USA), Churchill (Prime Minister of Britain) and Stalin (Premier of the USSR) at Yalta in February 1945. They resolved to convene a conference of the representatives of all nations at San Francisco to draw up the ‘Charter of the United Nations.
This led to the establishment of the United Nations Organisation on Oct. 24, 1945.
ICSE History and Civics Class 10 Goyal Brothers Prakashan Solutions