Category: ISC

ISC Sociology Previous Year Question Paper 2016 Solved for Class 12

Maximum Marks: 70
Time allowed: Three hours

• Candidates are allowed additional 15 minutes for only reading the paper. They must NOT start writing during this time.
• Answer Question 1 from Part I and five questions from Part II,
• The intended marks for questions or parts of questions are given in brackets [ ].

Part – I (20 Marks)
Answer all questions.

Question 1.
Answer briefly each of the following questions : [10 x 2]
(i) Define classifications Kinship Terms.
(ii) Explain the term Consanguineous Family.
(iii) Explain moral code and religious code.
(iv) What is a Taboo ?
(v) Define Xenophobia.
(vi) What are Bal Panchayats ?
(vii) What is meant by Sanskritization ?
(viii) State any two functions of education.
(ix) Distinguish between economic goods and free goods.
(x) What is the racial classification of the Tribes ?
Answer:
(i) Classificatory kinship terms are terms used to refer to more than one relations in a kinship group! Thus, the term ‘Uncle’ is a classificatory kinship term which is used to refer to kins such as chacha, foofa, mama, tau, mausa, etc.

(ii) A consanguineous family is the family which has blood relations with their mates and children.

(iii) Moral codes are the rules governing the distinction between right and wrong. The religious codes refer to the rules which are defined by a specific religion. Provision should be made to enrol the non-admitted children to the age-appropriate class. The specification regarding the pupil- teacher ratios, building and infrastructure, working days, teacher working days and working hours should be clearly spelled out.

(iv) Competent teachers should be employed for the purpose of imparting quality education to the pupils, and corporal punishment should Religious codes can be without any moral ground but moral codes are based on beliefs in divinity. For example, Sati Pratha was practiced as a religious code, which was devoid of a moral ground.

(iv) Taboo refers to sacred prohibition on certain things or acts which ensure order, stability and solidarity within the group. It originates from Polynesian word tabu’ which means ‘to forbid,. The most important is the incest taboo . which strictly prohibits sexual relationship between primary kins and who are related by blood. ‘

(v) Xenophobia is the fear of what is perceived to be foreign or strange. It can be manifested in many forms such as the fear of losing identity, aggression, suspicion about the activities of a particular group, and the desire to eliminate a particular group in order to secure a presumed purity. ’

(vi) Bal Panchayat is the representative organ of Bal Sabha. It’s members are the elected / selected members of the Bal Sabha and is accountable to it. The age of the members is between 10-15 years.. It is an initiative supported by UNICEF to involve children in decision making at village panchayat level.

(vii) This term was coined by M. N. Srinivas, Sanskritization is the process by which a low caste Hindu adopts the customs, traditions, ideology and rituals of the twice bom castes (Brahmin, Kshatriyas and Vaisyas); which is followed by a claim to a higher position in the caste hierarchy.

(viii) Following are the two functions of education :

• It completes the process of socialization by inculcating the values and norms of the society.
• It transmits cultural heritage, such as art, literature, music, religion, philosophy, etc. from one generation to another.

(ix) An economic good is a consumable item that is useful to people, but is scarce in relation to it’s demand, so the human effort is required to obtain it. On the contrary, free goods (such as air) are naturally available in abundance and need no conscious effort to obtain them.

(x) Dr. B .S. Guha has classified the Indian tribes on the basis of the races. He has divided them into the following racial groups: the Negrito, the Caucasoid, the Proto-Australoid, the Mongoloid and the Nordic Group.

Part – II (50 Marks)
Answer any five questions.

Question 2.
(a) Social institutions are the main building blocks of the society. In this context, explain the features of the Social Institutions. [5]
(b) Explain any five features of a family. [5]
Answer:
(a) Social institutions are the building blocks of the society. The features of the social institutions are as follows :

• Social institutions are the means to control social behavior of the individuals.
• Social institutions are dependent upon the activities of the people.
• Social institutions are more stable than other means of social control.
• Social institutions are a collection of social values, norms, rules and regulations.
• Social institutions are a source of completion of specific needs and objectives.

(b) Following are the different features of a family :

• It is a universal institution which is found in each and every society.
• It is a fundamental institution which is established on the basis of impulses associated with mating, procreation and parental care.
• It has limited size which is defined by biological conditions which it be transcended.
• It exercises profound influence over its members and moulds their personalities.
• It teaches the meaning of responsibility and the need of cooperation to its members.

Question 3.
(a) Marriage is characterized by both Exogamy and Endogamy. Explain this statement with a detailed discussion of these two rules of marriage. [5]
(b) Discuss Panchayati Raj and its three tiers. [5]
Answer:
(a) ‘Marriage is characterized by both exogamy and endogamy.’ Following are the rules associated with marriage :
Exogamy: Everyone prohibits marriage between the individuals who share some degrees of blood or affinal relationships. It is known as exogamy or prohibition of marriage inside the group. In India, the three types of exogamy are Gotra, Sapinda and Pravara exogamy.

Endogamy: Sometimes restrictions are imposed on the selection of the spouse from outside the same caste or class as that of the individual. The rule of marriage which promotes marriage within the same group is known as endogamy. In India, different types of endogamy are: tribal endogamy, caste endogamy, class endogamy, sub-caste endogamy and race endogamy.

(b) Panchayati Raj system came into being as per 73rd amendment in 1992. It refers to a decentralized form of governance where, the villages would be responsible for their own affairs. This vision was known as ‘Gram Swaraj’ or ‘village self governance’. The 3- tier system of Panchayati Raj consists of:

• Village-level Panchayats.
• Block-level Panchayats.
• District-level Panchayats.

Powers and responsibilities delegated to the panchayats at different levels are as follows :

• Preparation of the economic development plan and social justice plan.
• Implementation of schemes for economic development and social justice.
• To levy and collect appropriate taxes, duties, tolls and fees.

Question 4.
(a) What is meant by secularism ? Discuss its role in plural society like India. [5]
(b) Discuss Totemism as a theory of religion. [5]
Answer:
(a) Secularism is a belief that states that no religion should be considered as state religion. In Indian context, secularism means equal treatment of all the religions by the state. India is a country with multi-religions. A number of religions are practiced in India such as, Hinduism, Sikhism, Jainism, Christianity, Buddhism, etc. The different religions have different rituals and practices.

Given such a condition, chances of religious clashes to emerge between the different groups time- groups, time and again, is inevitable. Thus, the state has granted freedom to every citizen for practicing his/her own religion. In order to safe guard the interests of its citizens , Indian constitution has strictly prohibited any discrimination based on religious grounds. Also the state does not promote any religion as its own state religion.
Role of Securalism in plural society like India:

• It enables the people of different religion to live in civity with respect for all faiths.
• It is a part of democracy which grans equal rights.
• It safeguards minority and democracy by limiting the powers of majority.
• It checks the growth of destructive communalism.

(b) Totemism is a form of tribal religious belief in which people believe that they have descended from animate or inanimate objects and hold a feeling of awe and reverence towards these objects. These objects may range from being plants and animals to even stones or rocks. Durkheim observed totemism as being the simplest and most basic form of religion among the aborigines of Australia.

The totemic object is worshipped and considered to be sacred. Totemic objects are not only important for the people as religion but also are associated with clan membership. Every clan has a totem which could be an animal or a plant. The tribe is reverent towards the totemic object and adopts its name and offers sacrifice to it and adorn it. They consider the relationship with the totemic object of a descendant and believe themselves to have descended from that object. Harming of the totem is not allowed, although, eating of the totem is allowed during special occasions. The loss of a totem is mourned ceremoniously.

Question 5.
(a) Write a note on the Agrarian land relations in India. [5]
(b) State any five types of economies amongst the Indian tribes and briefly explain them. [5]
Answer:
(a) India is primarily an agricultural country, where the land plays a role in determining the agricultural relationships. Agrarian land relations in India can be divided into the following relationships :
Land owners (zamindars): They are the tax gatherers and non-cultivating owners of the land. They mostly belong to upper caste groups.

The tenants: They hire land from others for cultivation and give rent for it.

The agricultural labourers: Their position is that of bondsmen and hereditarily attached labourers. They generally belong to lower caste groups. However, due to the impact of land reform movements and rural development pro-grammes following independence, these rigid relationships have attained somewhat flexibility.

(b) Following are the main tribal economies :
Food-Gatherers and Hunters : The nomadic tribes like the Andamanese, Onge, Kadar, Kharia, Jarawa, Lodha, etc. practise hunting and food gathering. They practice subsistence economy and have a simple type of social organisation.

Permanent Settled Cultivators : The tribes like Oraon, Munda, Bhumij, Ho, Gond, Santhal, practice permanent settled cultivation. They practice wet cultivation through transplantation method and are unaware about modern means of cultivation and irrigation. They practice crop rotation. Some work as sharecroppers (Bhag-Khasi) and some as agricultural labourers. These landless agricultural labourers also practice seasonal migration to the neighbouring states.

Pastoral Economy : The Toda of the Nilgiri hills of South India and Bhotia of Almora practice pastoral economy. They rear buffaloes and cows; the milk and milk- products are exchanged to get the things for everyday use. .

Shifting Hill Cultivators : Tribes such as the Gonds, the Nagas, Khasi, Savara, Garo practice this primitive form of cultivation by adopting‘slash and bum’ method. It is known as Jhum cultivation by the Assam tribes and as Podu by the Gonds. A hilly forest area is selected for this purpose which is abandoned after three successive cultivating seasons as the soil loses its fertility. Different Kharif crops such like Bajra, Jowar, pulses, potato, tobacco, and sugar-cane are grown through this method.

Craftsmen : Some of the tribals practice their traditional crafts along with their main sources of subsistence. The Naga and the Khasi tribes are proficient in colored hand loom products. The Lohar are traditional blacksmiths. As they get only marginal profits in their traditional specialized crafts, they resort to other jobs.

Question 6,
(a) Give a detailed account of any five features of Indian tribes. [5]
(b) Define the term ethnicity. Describe any four features of ethnicity. [5]
Answer:
(a) Following are the features of Indian tribes:

• Common habitat : Different tribes have different territorial area under which a tribal population lives.
• Common language : A particular tribe has a definite language with no script. The language might be sub-divided into a dialect according to the particular area.
• Common religion : Religion plays a major role in the lives of the tribal people. A tribal group has a common deity or totem which represents that tribal group.
• Endogamous group : All tribes practice clan exogamy and tribe endogamy, hence are endogamous groups.
• Unity : All the members of the tribe have a sense of unity. It is a self sufficient group which lends a helping hand to their members when in need.

(b) Ethnicity : Ethinicity is a situation when a social group which is generally a minority in a society shares within itself a common culture and a we-feeling. Ehnicity refers to a category of people who identify with each other on the basis of common ancestral, social, cultural, or national experiences. Following are the features of ethnicity :

• It is primarily an inherited status.
• Its members have shared cultural heritage, origin, myth, ancestry, homeland, language and/or dialect, symbolic systems such as religion, history, mythology and ritual, dressing style, cuisine, art and physical appearance.
• The members have a belief that they are culturally distinctive and different from the outsiders.
• The ethnic group has a very strong sense of solidarity.
• They are generally a territorial group as well.
• Ethnic divisions are social groups- people within the group share a common culture-they are like in groups and have
• the ‘we’ feeling.
• Ethnic groups are characterized by discrimination by other groups.
• Ethnic groups are generally not the dominant group.
• Historical conditions influence ethnic group interrelationships.
• Position and significance of ethnic groups varies from society to society.

Question 7.
(a) Briefly explain any five functions of Dormitories in tribal India. [5]
(b) Write a note on the Telangana Movement. [5]
Answer 7.
(a) Following are the functions of dormitories in tribal India :
Safety : Since the dormitories are usually at the center of a tribal community, it is thought they were created to have warriors organized, together and ready at a moment’s notice in times of battle.

As a Recreational Centre : Dormitories acts as a recreational centre for different plays and also serves as a guest house.

Community : The dormitories create a sense of community and help ensure the longevity of the tribe and its culture.

Tradition : Tribes in ancient India used to live in communal houses and allowed for everyone to work together. With this tradition, the tribes may have tried to recreate this on a smaller scale.

Separation : Dormitories might have been created to segregate the genders, so the males and females did not have access to each other, keeping them pure.

(b) The Telangana movement is a movement based separate linguistic identities. It refers to a movement by the people to demand a separate state ‘Telangana’ from the existing state of Andhra Pradesh in India. It continued for about 60 years. The proposed state corresponds to the Telugu speaking portion of Hyderabad where the children were imparted education in Telgu and Urdu.

After several years of people’s movement, the UPA government decided to bifurcate the state of Andhra Pradesh. On 7th February, 2014, the Union Cabinet passed a bill for creation of the state Telangana. As per the bill, Hyderabad will be the capital of Telangana while, it will also remain the capital of the remaining state of Andhra Pradesh. Thus, Telangana State came into being as a separate state on 2nd of June 2014.

Causes of the Movement:

• Money and resources diverted from here to the Andhra region.
• Development of Andhra Pradesh at the cost of Telangana region.
• Under developed and overdeveloped areas together posed a challenge for administration.
• The backward tribal areas did not get their reightful share. E.g. 45% of the state income comes from Telangana region but only 28% is utilized for its development.
• Nagarjuna Sagar Dam is in the Telangana District but water from this Dam is supplied to other areas and this area is worst drought hit area.
• Building of dam has resulted in the loss of several hectares of lime stone mines which were the source of livelihood of the tdbals.

Consequences of the Movement:

• Formation of a new State.
• All employees holding posts reserved for Telangana locals were transferred immediately.
• The surplus resources will be put to use for the development of this region.
• They were provided with educational facilities, jobs and proper budget allocation.
• Water problem to be solved as soon as possible.

Question 8.
(a) Explain any five features of castes in India. [5]
(b) What does gender bias imply ? Mention any four consequences of gender bias. [5]
Answer 8.
(a) Following are the features of caste in India:
Segmented division of the society which divides the society into different segments. The status of the person is determined not by wealth, but by the traditional importance of the caste which an individual has been bom into. .

The restrictions on feeding and social intercourse which help in preserving the ceremonial purity of the superior castes.

Social and religious hierarchy, according to which the Brahmins are the most privileged group and the shudras are subjected to many kinds of social disabilities.

The rule of Endogamy forbids the individuals to marry outside their caste or the subcaste.

Restrictions on choice of occupation that an individual is expected to follow his caste based occupation. Brahmins are to work as priests and impart education and read the religious texts, the Kshatriyas are warriors who are supposed to protect others, the Vaishayas are traders and merchants and the Shudras are meant to carry out the menial jobs.

(b) Gender bias refers to the practice of discrimination on the basis of the gender of the person whether a male or a female. Gender is a socially constmcted term and it refers to the social role of the person as a male or a female. Though our constitution has strictly granted equal rights to all irrespective of the gender of the person, yet biasness prevails in our society.

The consequence of gender bias can be as follows:
Low sex ratio : As a male child is preferred over the female child, infanticide and female foeticide is still prevalent in our society resulting in a low sex ratio.

Low female literacy ratio : The literacy level of the female in 2011 is 65.46% as compared to 82.14% for males. The statistics clearly indicates that investing on female education is considered as a wastage of money as it would not prove to be beneficial because she would go to her husband’s home.

Gender wage differentials : The females earn 64% of what their male counterparts earn with the same occupation and with the same qualification and equal amount of job responsibilities.

Domestic violence and dowry deaths : The females are exploited, verbally abused, beaten for satisfying the male ego. In extreme cases, the women are even killed for failing to fulfill the demands for dowry.

Question 9.
(a) Explain five features of social change. [5]
(b) Define mass media. Discuss various types of mass media. [5]
Answer:
(a) The features of the social change are as follows :

• Social change is a universal phenomenon which occurs in all societies, whether primitive or modem as no society can remain static.
• Social change is a community change as it brings about a change in the life patterns of several individuals.
• The speed of social change is not uniform in age period or within the same society.
• Social change occurs as an essential law, whether it is a natural change or a planned one.
• Definite prediction regarding the nature and extent of social change is impossible.
• Social change is a human change and may create chain section.

(b) Mass Media refers to a technology that is intended to reach a large number of people. Its basic purpose is to convey the information to the general public. The popular mass media are newspaper, radio, television, internet, magazine, etc. People rely on mass media to draw information related to social issues, political issues, entertainment, economics, etc.

The newspaper and magazine target to reach only literate people, while radio and television can reach all the people. In the recent past, with the invention of internet, people are now able to draw information immediately at the mere click of the mouse. Mass media plays a major role in forming the public opinion and in controlling the actions of the people.

The various types of mass media are :
Traditional Media: It is most appropriate to term as mass media, because it relates to the minds and hearts of the local population. Performing arts, folk theaters like Yatra of West Bengal, Shumang Leela of Manipur, and puppetry etc. come under the horizon of the traditional media.

Print Media: The print media includes newspapers, magazines, brochures, news¬letters, books and even leaflets and pamphlets. Visual media like photography can also be mentioned under this sub-head, since photography is an important mass media, which communicates via visual representations.

Electronic Media: This mass media includes television and radio. This category also includes electronic media like movies, CD’s and DVDs as well as the new hottest electronic gadgets.

New Media: Mobile phones, computers and internet are often referred to as the new- age media. Internet has opened up several new opportunities for mass communication which include email, websites, blogging, Internet TV and many other mass media which are booming today.

ISC Class 12 Sociology Previous Year Question Papers

ISC Sociology Previous Year Question Paper 2017 Solved for Class 12

Maximum Marks: 70
Time allowed: Three hours

• Candidates are allowed additional 15 minutes for only reading the paper. They must NOT start writing during this time.
• Answer Question 1 from Part I and five questions from Part II,
• The intended marks for questions or parts of questions are given in brackets [ ].

Part – I (20 Marks)
Answer all questions.

Question 1.
Answer briefly each of the following questions : [10 x 2]
(i) Distinguish between polyandry and polygyny.
(ii) Define Gotra.
(iii) Explain the term superstition.
(iv) What is meant by barter exchange ?
(v) Differentiate between sex and gender.
(vi) What is meant by globalisation ?
(vii) What is the basic difference between religion and science ?
(viii) Define racism.
(ix) Name any two laws that have helped in the empowerment of women.
(x) What is meant by social change ?
Answer:
(i) Polyandry is the form of marriage in which a woman has two or more than two husbands at a time, whereas polygyny is a form of marriage in which a man has two or more than two wives at the same time.

(ii) Gotra literally means ‘clan’. It refers to the people who are descendants of a common ancestor, the ancestor is generally taken to be a male.

(iii) Superstitions refers to belief in supernatural causality, without any direct link between the cause and effect relationship. It is contrary to natural science. For example- belief in witchcraft, omens, prophecies, etc.

(iv) The barter system of exchange refers to an economic system in which payment in exchange of goods or services is not made through money, but in kind. Barter system can work only when there is double coincidence of wants. For example- the zamindar paying the nai by giving him some wheat.

(v) Sex is a biological term that refers to male or female; while gender is a sociological term that refers to the man or woman and their associated roles in the society.

(vi) Globalization or globalization is the process of interaction and integration among people, companies, and governments worldwide. In 2000, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) identified four basic aspects of globalization: trade and transactions, capital and investment movements, migration and movement of people, and the dissemination of knowledge.

(vii) The basic difference between religion and science is that religion asks one to surrender before the supernatural without any questioning, purely on faith. While science encourages questioning and tells its adherents not to accept anything on face value. Thus deep scepticism is a virtue in science while it is considered heresy in religion.

(viii) The term ‘racism’ is an ideology that promotes discriminative practices towards people based on their race or ethnicity. Racism is the belief in the superiority of one race over another, which often results in discrimination and prejudice towards people based on their race or ethnicity. Racism can be present in social actions, practices, or political systems.

(ix) Two laws that helped in empowerment of the women are:

1. The Equal Remuneration Act, 1976.
2. The Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961.

(x) The term social change is used to indicate the changes that take place in human interaction and human interrelation. Social change refers to observable difference in any social phenomena observed over a period of time. According to Gillin and Gillin, ‘Social changes are variations from the accepted models of life, whether due to alteration in geographical conditions, in cultural equipment, composition of the population or ideologies or brought about by diffusion or inventions within the group.’

Part – II (50 Marks)
Answer any five questions.

Question 2.
(a) What is meant by kinship usages ? Discuss the kinship usage of avoidance, in detail. [5]
(b) Define marriage. Discuss its functions in human life. [5]
Answer:
(a) The term kinship usage means the rules governing the behavior with different kins. It provides guidelines for interaction among different persons in a social group. It defines proper and acceptable role relationships. Thus, it acts as regulator in social life. According to avoidance in kinship usage, two kins of opposite sex should remain away from each other, i.e., they should avoid each other.

They should avoid even seeing the face of each other. Thus, a father-in-law is supposed to avoid a daughter-in-law. Similarly, a mother-in-law avoids a son-in-law. In some societies, avoidance is also maintained between brothers and sisters. The purdah system of the Indian society illustrates the usage of avoidance. Radcliffe Brown and G.P. Murdock have given functionalist explanation for avoidance. According to them, the purpose of avoidance usage is to forestall further or even more serious trouble between the kins.

(b) Marriage is a social institution through which a man and a woman enters into a family life for the purpose of procreation and upbringing of the children. According to Horton and Hunt, ‘Marriage is an approved social pattern whereby two or more persons establish a family.’
The functions of marriage in human life are as follows :

• Formation of the household.
• Legitimate sexual association of the male and female.
• Procreation of the offspring.
• Upbringing and rearing of the children.
• Transmission of culture from one gene-ration to another.
• It is the basis of creating household as an economic unit.
• It creates family as an educational unit for the infant.

Question 3.
(a) Discuss the meaning of family, with respect to matriarchal societies. [5]
(b) ‘Family is a universal institution.’ In this context, discuss the reasons for its universal existence. [5]
Answer:
(a) Family is a small social group consisting of father, mother and their children. According to Nimkoff, ‘Family is more or less a durable association of husband and wife with or without children, or a man or a woman alone, with children.’ In matriarchal society, the authority is vested with the mother or the eldest female of the family and the male serves the purpose of subordinate. Following are the features of the family in a matriarchal society :

• The descent is reckoned through the mother and not the father. Hence, it is a matrilineal system.
• Marriage relations are transient where the husband is just a casual visitor.
• The children are brought up in the home of the wife’s relation, i.e., it is matrilocal.
• The property is also transferred through the mother and is succeeded by daughters.
• Post marriage (in some matrilineal societies), the bride and groom go to stay at the bride’s maternal uncle’s house.

(b) ‘Family is a universal institution.’ It is the foundation of society. It is present in every society and in every age. It forms the basic unit of social organisation and is hard to imagine how society could function without the family.
The reasons for universal existence of families are as follows :

• It is the only unit which fulfills the basic needs of the procreation and upbringing of children.
• It legitimises the sexual union between male and female.
• It fulfills the basic human needs of acceptance and belongingness.
• The family provide the individual with primary socialization, which helps the individual to become accepted into society.
• It helps in transmission of culture from one generation to another.
• It is the basic production and consumption unit.

Question 4.
(a) What is communalism ? How can the problem of communalism be controlled in India ? [5]
(b) Explain Animism as a theory of religion. [5]
Answer:
(a) Communalism refers to blind faith in religion and the act of using religion as an instrument for mobilizing people in the arena of politics. In a country like India with many religious faiths, some politicians have tried to use communalism for provoking people against other religious groups for fulfilling their own selfish motives. The issues related with communalism in India can be curbed by the following measures :

• Abolition of communalist parties, so that religion and politics can be kept separate.
• Imparting secular education in the schools and colleges.
• Developing the attitude of tolerance towards other religions with the help of mass media. For example-advertisements like; ek chidiya anek chidiya.
• Promoting inter-religious marriages, which would help in inter-mingling of people from different religions and sects.
• Proper use of mass media should be done to spread tolerance and securalism.

(b) Animism refers to a belief in soul or ancestral spirits. It is a theory of religion propagated by E.B. Tylor. He believed that religion originated and was maintained on the beliefs of soul, ghosts, ancestral spirits and other things which were imagined and accepted without much real rationality in them. He named this as animism.

Taylor’s theory of Animism : For Tylor, belief in spirit beings (or soul) was the minimum definition of religion. Animism has two abiding principles:

1. There is life after death;
2. There are greater and lesser spirits.

It has 2 dimensions: life after death, and hierarchies.
Tylor’s theory has two aspects:
1. The argument that soul explains dreams and other psychic states : This has been criticised on the basis that dreams could not provide the emotional state needed for religious experience.

2. The argument that from the idea of soul comes animism, polytheism, and monotheism : This has been criticised because it must assume that primitive man remained unchanged (in his animist belief) for hundreds and thousands of years.

Question 5.
(a) Explain hyper gamy as a form of marriage and its effects on the Indian society. [5]
(b) ‘Morality is an informal means of social control.’ Discuss. [5]
Answer:
(a) Hypergamy refers to the form of marriage in India in which a woman can marry either a man of her own status or higher than her status. As such, she is not allowed to marry a man who belongs to a lower caste than that of her own. A Brahmin man could marry a Kshatriya or Vaishya woman. However, marriage with a Shudra woman was condemned. Children of such a union were referred to as dasiputra. This was done in order to protect the ritual purity associated with the higher castes.

(b) Social control can be exercised either through imposition of formal rules and regulations like policies, religious norms and taboos etc. or it can be practiced informally by inducing moral values. Moral Values can be developed in a person through family, education system and society. Thus, moral values naturally help in regulating the society.

• Morality prescribes good behavior and prohibits undesirable ones.
• Moral values are the most dynamic, creative and important driving force behind human action. Ex-honesty, justice-informal means of social control.
• Influences and changes the course of society-political /social movements.
• Internalization of moral norms by individuals during socialization process- customs, conventions, etc.
• Disobedience brings displeasure of society.
• Sometimes more powerful than laws and legislation’s-people may break laws on some ground but not go against dominant moral values.

Question 6.
(a) Write a short note on the 73rd Constitution Amendment Act. [5]
(b) What is meant by Social Movements ? Discuss the causes of Social Movements. [5]
Answer 6.
(a) The 73rd Constitutional Amendment, 1992 is an endeavour to ensure grass-roots democracy or decentralised governance. The Act provides constitutional status to the Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs). It is necessary now for local self-government bodies in rural and municipal areas to be elected in every five years. Moreover, the control of local resources is given to the elected local bodies. The 73rd and 74th amendments to the Constitution ensured reservation of one-third of the total seats for women in all elected offices of local bodies in the rural as well as urban areas. Out of these, 17% seats are reserved for women belonging to the scheduled castes and tribes.

The amendment is important as it forms the first-time decision making powers that are bestowed to the women. One-third of the seats in local bodies, gram panchayats, village panchayats, municipalities, city corporations and district boards are reserved for women. The amendment also prescribes a three-tier system of local self-governance for the entire country, effective since 1992-93, viz. Gram Panchayat (at village level), Mandal Parishad or Block Samiti or Panchayat Samiti (at block level), and Zila Parishad (at district level).

(b) A social movement refers to general orientation or approach to bring about a change. It needs a sustained collective action over a period of time. All those who participate in a social movement have a shared objective and common ideologies. Usually, the protest is against the state to bring about a change in a policy or public issue. For example- the social movement for securing the rights of the tribal people to use the forest or right of the displaced people due to construction of dam for settlement and compensation. The social movements can also be against social evils like sati, child marriage, untouchability or dowry system.
The causes of social movements are :
Social Injustice: When people feel that they are facing injustice, they become frustrated. Such feelings of injustice encourage social movements. Social movements arises whenever the social conditions become extremely unfavorable.

Social Dis organisations: Social dis organisations may arise due to inequality of wealth and income and due to rifts between different religions and castes. These situations can arouse social movements.

Cultural Drifts: Our society constantly undergoes changes like lifestyle changes, changes due to encroachment of MNCs leading to new culture, amendments in the traditional belief system etc. All such changes may trigger social movement to implement them properly. For e.g., removal of untouchability, discrimination on the basis of caste, gender and religion and equal opportunities ‘ for both the sexes.

Question 7.
(a) Briefly discuss the Jajmani system. [5]
(b) Discuss any three gender related issues. Briefly mention the bills and amendments to deal with them. [5]
Answer 7.
(a) Jajmani system refers to an interdependence system in the Indian villages where each caste is supposed to provide standardised services to the other castes. For example- Brahmins are meant to perform rituals and religious ceremonies, Kumhars make earthen pots, nai or barber is supposed to cut hair, Chamar is the shoemaker, darji is supposed to stitch clothes, dhobi’s duty is to wash and iron the clothes, gadaria are the herdsmen and bania sells the things of day to day needs.

The jajmani relationships are permanent and hereditary. It helped in providing security of occupation and ensured the economic security as the ‘jajman’ looked after all the needs of the serving family. The payment of the jajmani system was mostly in kind and the relationship between the jajman and the prajan was more personal than economic.

(b) Gender related issues that society is facing include:

• Gender discrimination.
• Female infanticide/feticide.
• Dowry harassment.
• Violence against women-rape/sexual harassment/honour killing/acid attacks.
• Discrimination in Female education. Bills and Amendments relating to gender related issues :
• Child Marriage Restraint Act, 1929.
• Dowry Prohibition Act, 1959/1961.
• Indecent Representation of Woman (Prohibition) Act, 1986.
• The Pre-conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (Prohibition of Sex selection) Act, 1994.
• The Hindu Succession Act, 1956.
• Sexual Harassment Bill, 2012.
• The Criminal Law Amendment Act, 2013

Question 8.
(a) Discuss the role played by education in bringing about a social change. [5]
(b) Briefly explain the social-economic problems faced by the tribal people in India. [5]
Answer 8.
(a) Education is a powerful instrument for bringing about social changes in the following ways :
It helps in changing the attitude of the people: It motivates people to favour modem ways of life and to fight against prejudice and superstition prevalent in the society.

It helps to fight social drawbacks: It helps people to realize that only through education the downtrodden position can become better and social evils like gambling, drinking, untouchability, dowry and begging can be eliminated from the society.

It helps the people to adapt to the social changes and adjust with them: Social changes occur due to changing lifestyles, changing cultural values, etc. Education helps people in accepting such changes and adjusting accordingly.

It helps in creating social awareness: Education imparts knowledge of right and wrong, and makes people aware of their rights and duties as citizens, consumers, and as social beings.

It helps in improving ideology of people: It is through education that the thoughts and opinions of people can be refined and improved to widen their perspectives and accept different social changes.

(b) The socio-economic problems faced by tribal people in India are :
Land alienation: The land alienation for the tribal people occurred when the British encroached the tribal regions for the resources. Cutting of forests, creation of dams, mines- excavation also led to the displacement of the tribal leaving them homeless and displaced.

Illiteracy and ignorance : Inspite of the attempts of the government to provide free and compulsory education to all, most of the tribal people are deprived of education. The main reason for their low level of illiteracy is their remote location, where teachers don’t want to go. Moreover, their superstitions and myths forbids them from acquiring education.

Poverty and unemployment : Most of the tribal people are living below the poverty line. They are mainly unskilled and as such are employed at low rates. Even, they are exploited by the moneylenders and zamindars, who often try to occupy their land in return of loans.

Poor health and nutrition : Infectious diseases are common among the tribal people due to unhygienic conditions. Most of them also suffer from malnutrition due to inadequate food and nutrition.

Cultural problems : Due to coming in contact with the mainstream people, the culture of tribal people is deteriorating, which is leading to degeneration of their dance, music and art forms. Sometimes, in an attempt to learn a mainstream language the tribals may forget their own language. This is termed as the problem of bilingualism.

Question 9.
(a) Examine the growth and nature of different classes. [5]
(b) Briefly discuss Right to Education (RTE) and its implications. [5]
Answer 9.
(a) In Indian scenario, traditionally, stratification was based on the caste system. However, during colonalizatin, people began to give up the stratification based on caste system and begin different occupations irrespective of their caste. The idea of hereditary occupation gradually withered away. Now the choice of the occupation became personal choice of people as per their skills and qualifications. The class system nowadays is based on the economic system or accumulation of wealth by people.

The three main classes as per the income of people are upper class, middle class and the lower class, which are further divided into upper-upper class (very prosperous class with inherited property), lower upper class (affluence and accumulation of wealth based on personal efforts), upper middle class (wealth is attained by putting in a lot of efforts hence resources are used judiciously), lower- middle class (little resources acquired through hard work), lower class (lives from hand to mouth by toiling on daily basis). The members of each class try to identify with the class above it.

(b) The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education (RTE) Act, 2009, represents the consequential legislation envisaged under Article .21-A, that every child, between the ages of six to fourteen years, has the fundamental right to get full-time elementary education of satisfactory and equitable quality in a formal school which complies with the essential norms and standards. Article 21-A and the RTE Act came into effect on April 1st, 2010.
Following are the implication of RTE :

• Responsibility of provision of free and compulsory education, without taking fee from the children lies with the government.
• Provision should be made to enroll the non-admitted children to the age-appropriate class.
• The specification regarding the pupil-teacher ratios, building and infrastructure, working days. teacher working days and working hours should be clearly spelled out.
• Competent teachers should be employed for the purpose of imparting quality education to the pupils, and corporal punishment should be strictly prohibited for ensuring healthy development of the children.
• The curriculum should be suitably developed to ensure all round development of the children.

ISC Class 12 Sociology Previous Year Question Papers

ISC Sociology Previous Year Question Paper 2018 Solved for Class 12

Maximum Marks: 70
Time allowed: Three hours

• Candidates are allowed additional 15 minutes for only reading the paper. They must NOT start writing during this time.
• Answer Question 1 from Part I and five questions from Part II,
• The intended marks for questions or parts of questions are given in brackets [ ].

Part – I (20 Marks)
Answer all questions.

Question 1.
Answer briefly each of the following questions : [10 x 2]
(i) What are the two types of uni lineal descents ?
(ii) Distinguish between consanguineous kinship and affinal kinship.
(iii) Who are sharecroppers ?
(iv) Define the term modernization.
(v) Explain what is meant by couvade.
(vi) Write the full forms of MGNREGA and IRDP.
(vii) What is an avuncupotestal family ?
(viii) Define assimilation.
(ix) Give the meanings of the terms beliefs and rituals.
(x) What are free goods ? Give an example.
Answer:
(i) Two types of unilineal descents are patrilineal and matrilineal.

(ii) Consanguineal kinship refers to those kins, which are related through blood ( e.g., mother, siblings, offspring, etc.), while affinal kinship refers to those kins, which are related through marital bonds (husband, father, mother-in-law, brother-in-law, etc.).

(iii) Sharecroppers are farmers who don’t have their own land and work as tenants on others’ land and have to pay a part of their crops as rent to the landowner.

(iv) Modernisation is a progressive transition from pre-modern or tradition society to a modem society. It refers to improvement in technology and in the processes of production.

(v) Couvade refers to a strange sacred birth custom prevalent in tribes like Gonds and Khasi. Under this kinship, husband has to lead a life of an invalid, along with his pregnant wife. He has to refrain from doing any active physical work and has to go on a sick diet. He is also expected to follow the same taboos as are observed by his wife.

(vi) MGNREGA : Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (2005).
IRDP : Integrated Rural Development Programme.

(vii) Avuncupotestal family refers to the one in which the authority is vested with the maternal uncle. The nephews and nieces show the greatest loyalty towards the maternal uncle and work for him and inherit his property.

(viii) ‘Assimilation is a process whereby attitudes of many persons are united and thus, develop into a unified group.’ —Bogardus
Assimilation refers to a process in which persons or groups acquire the culture of other groups with which they come into contact, by adopting their attitudes behavior, values and ways of life.

(ix) Beliefs refers to a cognitive state of mind where some person places faith or trust in some person or thing. They refer to attitudes towards mythological, supernatural or spiritual aspects of religion, a system of knowledge or understanding shared by a group. For example, faith in supernatural power (animism) is a belief. Rituals refer to a behavioral aspects of repetitive actions and sacred words. Enchanting of mantras or performing of religious rites is termed as ritual.

(x) Free goods in economic terms refer to those resources which are available in abundance hence, people don’t have to pay anything for them. For example, air, water.

Part – II (50 Marks)
Answer any five questions.

Question 2.
(a) Define degrees of kinship. Discuss its types with examples. [5]
(b) Define social stratification. Discuss its features. [5]
Answer 2.
(a) Degree of kinship refers to the degree of closeness one has to different relatives. Normally, consanguenial kins are more closely related to each other than affinal kins. There are mainly three basic degrees into which the kins can be classified :

Primary kins: Some relatives are near, close and direct. They are known as primary kin. According to Dubey, they are eight in number, viz., father-son, husband-wife, mother-daughter, father-daughter, mother-son, younger-elder sisters, younger-elder brothers and sister-brother. They can be classified more minutely into primary consanguineous kin or primary affinal kin. For example: Ego’s father is Ego’s primary consanguineous kin, whereas Ego’s wife is Ego s primary affinal kin.

Secondary kins: They are primary kin of primary kin. In other words, they are related through primary kin. They are not our primary kin but are the primary kin of our primary kin, hence our secondary kin. [5].

For example, father’s brother (chacha), sister’s husband (bahnoi) are secondary kin. The father is my primary kin and his brother is the primary kin of father. Therefore, father’s brother is my secondary kin, the primary kin of primary kin. Similarly, sister is may primary kin but her husband is my secondary kin.

Tertiary kins: They are the secondary kin of our primary kin or primary kin of our secondary kin .Thus the wife of brother-in- law(sala) called sarhaj in Hindi is tertiary kin because brother-in- law is my secondary kin and his wife is the primary kin of brother-in¬law. Similarly the brother-in-law of my brother is my tertiary kin because the brother is my primary kin and his brother-in-law is the secondary kin of my brother.

(b) According to Raymond W. Murray, ‘Social stratification is a horizontal division of society into ‘higher’ and ‘lower’ social units.’ It refers to a process in which individuals and groups are ranked in more and less hierarchy of status.
Following are the features of social stratification:
Social stratification is universal : It is present in every society in one or the other form.

Social stratification is social : It is not biological attributes of the individuals that determine their superiority or inferiority but their social positions.

Social stratification is an ancient concept : The notion of stratification is not a new concept, but it has been in existence since ages. Society was always stratified on the basis of economic, politics or status.

Social stratification exists in diverse forms : The forms of social stratification varied from one society to another. For example, the Indian society is stratified on the basis of caste system into Brahmins Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Shudras, and Greek society was divided into freemen and slaves,

Question 3.
(a) Discuss the structural and functional changes the Indian joint family system.
(b) Explain the various rules related to marriage.
Answer:
According to Iravati Karve, a traditional Indian joint family is described as a group of people living under a common roof, who eat food cooked in a common hearth, who hold property in common, who participate in common worship and are related to each other by some particular type of kinship. Urbanisation and industrialisation has led to breaking of the joint family. Structural and functional changes in the Indian joint family are as follows :
Smaller family sizes : The traditional large-sized joint family which was also a socio-economic unit, has been replaced by small sized nuclear families.

Change in relationship between man and woman : Women are no longer considered as inferior to men, but they enjoy equal status. They are no longer subjected to drudgery and slavery as in past and have equal say in all matters.

Laxity in sexual relationships : The traditional rigid rule regarding sexual relationships are no longer valid. This is the main reason behind cases of illegitimate relationships and extra marital affairs coming up.

Economic independence of women : Women are no longer confined to the four walls of house, but rather they are working shoulder to shoulder with men.

Neo-Local Residence : As a result of industrialization and urbanisation more and more young married coupies set up their residence in the place of their work. Neo-local residence is therefore, coming to existence more and more.

Functional Jointness : The married sons who have set independent household continue to maintain their connection with their joint families in their native places. Some of them continue to fulfill their obligations to their parents and siblings. But the ties between the neo-local residence and distance kin are very weak.

Legal reforms: Legal reforms that have taken place have helped to bring in changes in the attitude of the larger society towards the women and their treatment in the private as well as in the public sphere.

(b) Rules related to marriage : The rules of marriage are either preferential or prohibitive in nature .

Exogamy : It refers to prohibition of marriage between individuals who may be members of the same group. Exogamy can be of the following types :

1. Gotra Exogamy : The people of belonging to the same gotra are considered to be sharing the same blood and hence their inter-marriage is restricted.
2. Pravar Exogamy : Pravar refers to a religious or spiritual bond. Marriage between persons who are members of the same pravar is restricted amongst the Hindus, especially the Brahmins.
3. Village Exogamy : Among some of the the Indian tribes, like the Munda and some tribes of Chota Nagpur of Madhya Pradesh, there is a practice to marry outside one’s own village.
4. Pinda Exogamy : Pinda refers to common parentage. According to Brihaspati, offspring from five maternal generations and seven paternal generations are sapinda, and are not supposed to inter-marry.

Endogamy : Endogamy refers to practice to marry within a specific group. The prevention of marriage outside the group is supposed to preserve the group’s unity, homogeneity, prestige, status and numerical force.
The different forms of endogamy in India are as follows:

1. Tribal endogamy
2. Caste endogamy
3. Sub-caste endogamy
4. Class endogamy
5. Race endogamy

Question 4.
(a) How are Malinowski’s and Radcliffe Brown’s functional theories on religion different from each other ? [5]
(b) Define communalism with reference to plural society in India. [5]
Answer:
(a) According to Malinowski, religion performs a significant function in the economic lives of the tribes. When the Trobriand islanders go for fishing expeditions, religion provides them relieve from stress. Thus, they consider religion as a means of adjustment which saves men from tensions. It helps in making man’s adjustment with the supernatural powers, which results in giving man mental peace and tranquility.

However, according to Radcliffe Brown, the objective of religion is not only to relieve tensions and fears , but also to create a consciousness of dependence upon super-natural powers. He considers the existence of the group is more significant than that of the individual and hence, the individual has to make sacrifices for the group. An individual learns this sense of duty and sacrifice through religion. Thus, Radcliffe Brown considers that religion makes the individual dependent upon the society and also teaches him to live according to social norms. Thus, religion helps in maintaining social life and social order. Thus, Malinowski was a functionalist and Radcliffe Brown was a structural functionalist in relation to their analysis of religion.

(b) ‘Communalism’ refers to aggressive chauvinism based on religious identity. Chauvinism itself is an attitude which considers one’s group as legitimate and worthy, while others as inferior and illegitimate. In other words, it is an aggressive political ideology linked to religion. Since, India is a multi-religion country, communalism is often used as a tool to serve the selfish motive of the politicians. Communal is a sensitive issue in context of India because it is recurrent source of violence and tensions.

Communal riots are conducted to maintain the false pride of the respective communities. People go to the extent of looting, raping and massacring others in the name of protecting their religious identities and upholding their religious ideologies. Some examples of communal riots are: Anti- Sikh riots of Delhi in 1984 under Congress government and Anti-Muslim violence in Gujarat in 2002 under BJP government.

Question 5.
(a) Briefly discuss the Panchayati Raj System. [5]
(b) Describe any five types of economies of tribal India. [5]
Answer:
(a) Panchayati Raj System came into being in 1992 on recommendations given by Balwant Rai Mehta Committee. The 73rd Constitu¬tional Amendment was introduced to bring about democracy at grassroot level through decentralisation. Panchayati Raj System is a three-tier system, consisting of Gram Panchayat, Mandal Parishad or Block Samiti or Panchayat Samiti (block level), and Zila Parishad (district level). It is responsible for ensuring economic development and social justice. It is compulsory for local self government bodies in rural and municipal areas to hold its elections after every five years. Some seats are kept reserved for SC, ST and women candidates.

(b) Following are the main tribal economies :
Food-Gatherers and Hunters : The nomadic tribes like the Andamanese, Onge, Kadar, Kharia, Jarawa, Lodha, etc. practise hunting and food gathering. They practice subsistence economy and have a simple type of social organisation.

Permanent Settled Cultivators : The tribes like Oraon, Munda, Bhumij, Ho, Gond, Santhal, practice permanent settled cultivation. They practice wet cultivation through transplantation method and are unaware about modem means of cultivation and irrigation. They practice crop rotation. Some work as sharecroppers (Bhag-Khasi) and some as agricultural labourers. These landless agricultural labourers also practice seasonal migration to the neighbouring states.

Pastoral Economy : The Toda of the Nilgiri hills of South India and Bhotia of Almora practice pastoral economy. They rear buffaloes and cows; the milk and milk- products are exchanged to get the things for everyday use.

Shifting Hill Cultivators : Tribes such as the Gonds, the Nagas, Khasi, Savara, Garo practice this primitive form of cultivation by adopting ‘slash and bum’ method. It is known as Jhum cultivation by the Assam tribes and as Podu by the Gonds. A hilly forest area is selected for this purpose which is abandoned after three successive cultivating seasons as the soil loses its fertility. Different Kharif crops such like Bajra, Jowar, pulses, potato, tobacco, and sugar-cane are grown through this method.

Craftsmen : Some of the tribals practice their traditional crafts along with their main sources of subsistence. The Naga and the Khasi tribes are proficient in coloured handloom products. The Lohar are traditional blacksmiths. As they get only marginal profits in their traditional specialized crafts, they resort to other jobs.

Question 6.
(a) Discuss how the cultural contact led to the changes in dormitories in tribal India. [5]
(b) Write an account on the geographical and racial classification of tribal India. [5]
Answer:
(a) The cultural contact with Hindus and conversion to Christianity has led to decay of tribal dormitories. The glamour of urban life and inferior treatment of dormitories by the outside people has led tribals to get detached from their own dormitories. Some of them secretly continue with them, but feel shy to admit it. A few dormitories of ‘Ghotul’ of Muria Gond have named their officers after village officers during British rule like Dewan, Tehsildar, Silledar. Some dormitories have adopted and assimilated new ways of social life.

The Christian missionaries also dissuaded tribal to dismantle the dormitories and to adopt Christianity. But such converted individuals feel a sense of deprivation and resentment. The influence of Christianity on dormitories is more dominant in north-eastern region. However, decay of dormitories without availability of any substitute has led to cultural breakdown and has invited a situation of anarchy. In the absence of the dormitories, the parent-child relationship has also got strained amongst the tribals.

(b) The geographical classification of tribes as given by Guha is as follows :
North and North-Eastern Zone : The northern part includes tribes from Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Eastern Punjab, North Uttar Pradesh, e.g., Gaddis, Jads, Kinner, Pangwal and Jaunsari, Tharu, Bhoksa, Bhotia. The north-eastern zone of India includes,tribes of Assam, Manipur, Tripura, e.g., Nagas, Kuki, Khasi, Lushai, Garo, etc.

The Central or Middle Zone : It comprises of the plateaus and mountain belt between Indo-gangetic plain. It includes the tribes’like the Mundas, the Todas, the Santhals of Middle India and the Chenchu tribes of Western India.

The Southern Zone : It includes tribes of Andhra Pradesh, Coorg, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, etc. (Todas, Chenchu, Panyan, etc.)

The racial classification of tribes is as follows:

Proto-Australoid : The physical features of people are short to medium body structure, long and high head, broad and small face along with small flattened nose. It includes tribal of middle and central zone, e.g., Munda of Chota Nagpur, Ho of Bihar, Chenchu of South India, etc.

Mongoloid : It includes tribes of North India and Uttarakhand hilly region. The typical physical features include yellowish skin colour, straight and dark hair, prominent cheek bones, flat nose and almond shaped eyes, epicanthic fold, e.g., Bhotia, Naga, Lepcha, Khasi, etc.

Negrois : The typical physical features of such tribes include black skin colour, black woolly hair, flat lips, flat nose, etc., e.g., Irula, Kadar, Paliyan, Onge, Angami Naga and Jarwa.

Question 7,
(a) Define Ethnicity. Discuss its features. [5]
(b) Explain the theory of divine origin of the caste system. [5]
Answer:
(a) Ethnicity refers to a group of people who have great affinity with each other based on similarities of language, religion, value, region, ancestry, etc.
Following are the salient features of ethnicity :
A Feeling of Ethnocentrism : An ethnic group considers others as inferior to its own group.

Common territory : An ethnic group generally occupies a common territory.

Ascribed Membership : Membership into an ethnic group is acquired by being bom into it, thus it is ascriptive in nature.

A Sense of Community : The members of an ethnic group have strong ‘we’ feeling and consider themselves as belonging to the same community.

Unique Cultural Traits : Most ethnic groups are identified on the basis of their unique cultural traits such as language, culture, religion, etc.

(b) According to traditional theory of divine origin of the caste system, as given in ‘ManusmritV (a Hindu text), the different castes were created from different parts of the creator himself. From the mouth of the creator emerged the Brahmins, from the arms emerged the Kshatriyas, from his thighs emerged the Vaishyas and from his feet emerged the Shudras.

Question 8.
(a) Discuss the relationship between social change and sustainable development. [5]
(b) Explain how patriarchal ideology affects the status of women. [5]
Answer 8.
(a) Social change refers to the changes experienced in society, but it is important that such changes are accompanied by sustainable development for ensuring their utility in future. Sustainable development can be described as the progress that aims to achieve a balance between biophysical, technological and cultural aspects of social change.

Introduction of innovations without any regard to the traditional knowledge of recipient cultures can be detrimental to the native biodiversity. Ignoring traditional ecological knowledge cannot be sustainable. According to the United Nations (UN), sustainable development refers to ‘development that meets the needs of the present generations, without compromising with the ability of the future generations to meet their own needs’.

Social change has been experienced in all spheres of life in India. India is the largest democracy and has a rapidly growing economy. Cultural aspect in social change is often the slowest to change. Technological innovations often when unacompanied by change in attitudes and values, leave behind cultural lag and several associated social problems e.g.: we have more cell phones than toilets in India. On one hand, it is taking strides towards growth and prosperity. On
other hand, it has a gloomy face stricken by poverty, inequality and ignorance.

The race for creating and adopting technological innovations has had a ripple effect which is visible through rising consumerism. This is ultimately affecting the climate and the effects – can be felt through Global Warming and Climate Change. These are no longer theoretical concepts but real and visible challenges. Extremes of temperatures; sudden heavy rainfall causign floods; rising sea levels are all an effect of human activity only. The Millennium sustainable goal aims at eradicating poverty, providing clean drinking water to all, enrolling all children for primary education and lowering child mortality till 2030.

(b) Patriarchal ideology refers to belief that the supreme authority resides with the males. The . eldest male member is considered to be the head of the family and is responsible for all decision making. The patriarchal society is patrilocal (i.e. children live in the father’s house) and patrilineal {i.e., the lineage is traced along the male line). However, such an ideology has adversely affected the status of women and they are considered inferior to men.

They are denied freedom even within their homes and are denied decision making authority in relation to important matters. Sons are considered to be the permanent members of the family and they inherit family property whereas, a daughter is considered to be a liability. Women also receive unequal treatment regarding basic facilities such as education, nutrition and healthcare.

Question 9.
(a) Media acts as an agency of social change. Explain. [5]
(b) Write a short note on the Maoist Movement in Chhattisgarh. [5]
Answer 9.
(a) Media includes various means of communication such as newspapers, magazines, television, radio, films, CD’s, video games, etc. It is also known as mass media as it reaches a large number of people. It acts as an important agency of bringing about social change as :

• It helps in forming public opinion regarding various spheres of life, viz., politics, fashion, economy, society, etc.
• It disseminates information about what’s happening around different parts of world.
• People gain information through media and try to emulate it in their own lives, for example information about latest fashion trend in west easily spreads through the mass media and gets adopted by eastern countries.
• Media is also sensitizing peopel about the laws, governmental policies and programmes, sanitation, various incurables diseases and their remedies, etc.
• It is making people aware about the degrading environment, gloal warming, etc.

(b) The Maoist movement refers to an ongoing conflict between the Maoist group or the Naxalites and Indian government. Naxalite is a broad term, referring to the various militant Communist groups active in different parts of India. The movement began in 1967, in a small village in West Bengal called Naxalbari, when a section of the Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPM), led by Charu Majumdar, Kanu Sanyal and Jangdal Santhal, initiated an armed struggle to redistribute land to the landless.
Causes of the Maoist Movement:
Started as a peasant uprising against exploitation like:

• Poverty, economic dissatisfaction.
• Lost control over their lands.
• Deprivation of means of subsistence.
• Apathy of the government.
• Nationalization of the forests.
• Partiality of Judiciary.

Consequences of the Movement:

• Various factors contributed to the failure of this movement.
• Selfish political interest.
• Too much faith in violence.
• Lack of consensus among the leaders.
• Illusion of hearalding a revolution.
• Leading to loss of many lives including innocent villagers.
• Too ambitious.
• No much change in circumstances

ISC Class 12 Sociology Previous Year Question Papers

ISC Home Science Previous Year Question Paper 2016 Solved for Class 12

Maximum Marks: 70
Time allowed: Three hours

• Candidates are allowed additional 15 minutes for only reading the paper. They must NOT start writing during this time.
• Answer Question 1 from Part I and five questions from Part II,
• The intended marks for questions or parts of questions are given in brackets [ ].

Part-I (20 Marks)
Answer all questions.

Question 1. [10 x 2 ]
(i) State any two points of importance of fiber (roughage) in our diet.
(ii) Name one chemical preservative each for colourless fruits and coloured fruits.
(iii) State any two precautions to be taken while baking.
(iv) What special facilities can be provided to the elderly to make their life easy ?
(v) Name two adulterants which may be found in coffee.
(vi) State any two factors affecting the selection of clothes.
(vii) Name any one sex hormone each in boys and girls, active during adolescence.
(viii) Name any two food items which are endorsed with an Agmark.
(ix) Why is toast easier to digest than plain bread ?
(x) State a similarity and a difference between boiling and steaming.
Answer 1.
(i) Importance of fiber in our diet is :

1. Fiber adds bulk to the diet thus, it helps to maintain a healthy weight
2. It plays a useful role in stimulating the bowel movements of large intestine, so as to prevent constipation.

(ii) Potassium meta-bisulphite is a chemical preservative used for colorless fruits while Sodium Benzoate is a safe chemical preservative for colored fruits.

(iii) Two precautions to be taken while baking are:

1. Always preheat the oven.
2. Place the food properly and evenly in the oven so as to have a uniform temperature while baking.

(iv) Healthy diet and happy environment can be provided to the elderly to make their life easy.

(v) Chicory seeds and tamarind seed powder are two adulterants which may be found in coffee.

(vi) Climatic conditions and Occasion are two factors affecting the selection of clothes.

(vii) Testosterone in boys and estrogens in girls are sex hormones that are active during adolescence.

(viii) Spices and honey are two food items which are endorsed with an Agmark.

(ix) Roasting brings about dextrinization of starch cells thus, facilitating easier digestion, that is why when a slice of bread is toasted, it is digested easily as compared to the plain bread.

(x) Similarity : Boiling and steaming are both done with the help of water, hence the food cooked by these methods are light and are easily digestible.

Difference : Food is completely immersed in water while boiling , whereas the food does not come in direct contact of water when steamed.

Part-II (50 Marks)
Answer any five questions.

Question 2.
(a) Name the food items adulterated with mineral oil and starch. State their ill effects. [5]
(b) What is meant by food adulteration ? Discuss the steps to be taken by the consumers to prevent themselves from buying adulterated food. [5]
Answer 2.
(a) Edible oils are adulterated with mineral oils. They interfere with absorption of fat-soluble vitamins specially Vitamin-A.
Milk and milk products like ghee, khoya, etc. are adulterated with starch which can cause diarrhea due to the undigested starch in colon. It’s accumulation in the body may prove fatal for diabetics.

(b) Food adulteration is the act of intentionally debasing the quality of food offered for sale either by the mixture inferior substances or by the removal of some valuable ingredient.

Adulteration of commonly used food is increasing at an alarming pace. The cost of food is forever increasing and the unscrupulous traders are indulging in malpractices to increase their profit margin.

Consumers should safeguard themselves from buying adulterated food in following ways:

1. Buy from standard and reliable brands of food.
2. Do not buy loose foodstuffs as it is easier to adulterate them than to tamper with the packed food.
3. Study the label and the standard mark before purchasing the food.
4. Always check the date of manufacturing and the date of expiry of the food before purchasing.

Question 3.
(a) What are the benefits of using combination of food in our diet ? [5]
(b) Discuss any five reasons for cooking of food. [5]
Answer 3.
(a) Combination of food in our diet is done for the following reasons:

1. Meat is an expensive protein food. So, economy can be brought substituting it partially by texturised soyabeans.
2. Better nutritive value cereals are deficient in lysine and pulses are deficient in methionine. Combination of cereals and pulses improve the nutritive content in the food.
3. Variety of cereals combine well with milk. They compliment and improve the protein and calcium content e.g., kheer, custard, dalia. etc.
4. For healthy living and desirable change in food habits for e.g. Iron and calcium content can be improved by combining greens with meat, paneer and potatoes e.g., mutton biryani, dal saag and vegetable rice.

(b) Food is cooked for the following reasons :

Improves digestibility : Hard grains like beans, peas and block grains are cooked to soften them. The digestive juice penetrates easily into the tender and soft grains ensuring total utilisation of proteins and carbohydrates present in them.

Changes taste, flavor and palatability : Cooking changes the taste of food. Fish and meat odours undergo a tremendous improvement in flavor and degree of palatability by cooking.

Increases nutrient availability : Dais, legumes and soyabeans contain trypsin inhibitor. It gets destroyed by dry as well as wet cooking methods thus increasing the nutrient availability,

Makes food safe and increases shelf life : Raw food starts getting spoilt and perishes in due course such as e.g:, tomatoes. If you cook, they will last longer in the form of ketchup or puree. Milk has a tendency to go bad on account of bacteria, which gets killed on boiling and lasts longer as compared to raw milk.

Provides variety : Consumption of food in only one form will make it monotonous. Cooking food in different forms provide variety for e.g., wheat can be eaten in the form of dalia, parantha, chapati etc. It avoids repetition of one form of food.

Question 4.
Dramatic development during adolescence brings important changes and modification in the lives of the adolescents. In this context, elaborate :
(a) Considerations of personal hygiene during adolescence. [5]
(b) Features of language development during adolescence. [5]
Answer 4.
(a) Personal hygiene entails more than just being clean. It includes many practices that help people stay healthy. Many of the health problems that adolescents face are linked to their activities and habits. Adolescents are active while playing, (exercising,, exploring the world, carrying out science activities which brings them in contact with dirt, germs and chemicals. They need to be aware of the harm that these can cause and how simple measures like washing hands repeatedly can prevent diseases (sometimes fatal) like typhoid, cholera, worm infestation etc, from spreading.

Adolescents also need to know how to take care of their evolving and changing bodies. Bathing daily with soap and water, maintaining dental and oral hygiene taking care of eyes and ears and grooming are some of the activities that adolescents need to carry out. Adolescents who maintain personal hygiene are less pre-disposed to skin infections and other communicable diseases.

(b) Although the majority of language development occurs in infancy and pre-school years, development continues through adolescent years. Linguistics development during this time is subtle but important. This development includes learning to use more complex language and to communicate differently depending on the situation. At this time, children grow their vocabulary and learn the proper and underlying use of each word. They also develop syntactic sentence formation. Adolescents use of language also reflects their sensitivity to how their peers perceive them. For example, to use foul language in an attempt to fit into peer group or to prove he is tough enough.

Question 5.
Discuss the following :
(a) Use of defective weights and measures. [5]
(b) Hoarding and black marketing. [5]
Answer 5.
(a) Use of false weights and measures is a common malpractice some traders adopt while selling goods. Goods which are sold by weight, (Kg) or those sold by measures (meters) are sometimes found to be less than the actual weight or length. Sometimes, packaged goods and sealed containers (tins) contain fewer quantities than what is stated on the label or the packet. Sweets are often weighed along with the cardboard box, which may weigh 50-100 gms. You pay for it at the same price as the sweets. Also, false meters that show zero reading at petrol pumps are used for the purpose of earning profits and cheating buyers.. Very often, the weights may have dents, hollow space or the weighing balance may not be used properly, resulting in weighing less than the actual weight.

(b) Hoarding and black marketing is a serious problem faced by the consumer. When any essential commodity is not made available in the open market and stocks are intentionally held back by dealers, it is known as hoarding. Its purpose is to create artificial scarcity to push up the prices. Black marketing is the illegal business of buying and selling hoarded goods, secretly at a higher price. Many times, product prices are raised by temporarily reducing the supply of their goods in the market, thus causing artificial scarcity. These practices are usually adopted, just before the government announces the budget.

Question 6.
(a) Suggest any five points to be kept in mind while planning a diet for a pre-school child. [5]
(b) Discuss the importance of a balanced diet during adolescence. [5]
Answer 6.
(a) Five points to be kept in mind while planning a diet for a pre-school child are :

1. Meals should be served at regular intervals in a pleasant way.
2. Pre-schoolers enjoy colorful meals and that should be taken care of.
3. Favorite foods should not be served too often at the cost of nutrients.
4. It should supply adequate amounts of essential nutrients as calcium, phosphorus, protein, Vitamin A, Vitamin B, Vitamin C and Iron.
5. It is good to give appetizing beverages such as fruit juices and flavored milk to the children. Part of milk can be served in the form of curd/buttermilk, kheer, custard, ice¬cream etc.

(b) Healthy eating during adolescence is important as the changes in the body during this time, affect an individual’s nutritional and dietary needs. Adolescence is characterised by growth spurt, a period in which growth is at maximum. Teenagers need more calories and nutrients than any other age group to support their growing bodies and to prevent future health problems.

Question 7.
In order to make intelligent choices, consumers must know their rights and responsibilities. In this context, discuss :
(a) The rights of consumers [5]
(b) The responsibilities of consumers [5]
Answer 7.
(a) Consumers have the right to :

Basic needs : This refers to the fulfillment of needs not only to survive but also to lead a dignified life. These needs include food, shelter, clothing, electricity, safe water, education and medical care.

Safety : It refers to the right to be safe-guarded against items, products, processes and services which are hazardous to health or life.

Be informed : It indicates the right to be given the basic information needed to make a wise choice.

Choice : The consumers must be given adequate number of alternatives of reasonable quality and price so that they can select the most appropriate item.

Be heard : This gives the consumers the right to represent and put forth their voice. The consumer’s genuine grievances help manufacturers to improve the quality of their products.

(b) The responsibilities of consumer are as follows:

1. To read the information while purchasing, acquiring or using various goods and materials.
2. The consumer must choose wisely and Check the product for the standardization rpark.
3. Only the quality goods that are not hazardous should be procured. It is consumer’s responsibility to use the products that are safe.
4. Seek redressal in case of dissatisfaction – The responsibility for reporting malpractices and voicing legitimate complaints also lies with the consumer.
5. Get a bill for every important purchase with the warranty card.

Question 8.
(a) Explain the steps involved in washing of lace items. [5]
(b) State the procedure to be followed for the washing of silk garments. [5]
Answer 8,
(a) The steps of washing lace items are : Lace articles are very delicate and valuable and need proper care to preserve their appearance and to prolong their life.

1. Lace articles are washed in luke warm water. Very dirty laces are washed in borax solution(2 tsp. in 1/2 pint of water).
2. Silk laces are put in broad-necked bottle containing soap solution.
3. The bottle is then closed and shaken to clean it.
4. The laces take out and rinsed.
5. To remove out extra water, the lace is wrapped in towel.
6. They can be given slight crispness by gum water, rice water, starch etc. It should be ironed when half dry. After properly clipping to any base.

(b) The procedure to wash silk garments is :

Preparation : Examine the garment for tears, holes, stains and foreign particles and give suitable treatment accordingly.

Steeping : Steeping of silk is avoided due to its weak strength when wet. If the garment is heavily soiled, steeping can be done in lukewarm or cold water for very short time.

Washing : Wash gently using kneading and squeezing method. In much soiled areas like neckline, elbow, cuffs etc. a gentle scrubbing with flat hand can be done. Extra soap water should be removed by gentle squeezing.

Rinsing : Rinsing should be done in clear soft tap water, until soap is removed properly from the garments. Last rinse is given to silk by adding vinegar for increasing luster.

Stiffening : Since silk is very soft and pliable, it requires a treatment of gum water to give stiffness, proper shape, body and shine.

Drying : Coloured silk should be dried in shade and white silk in sunlight. All the garments should be properly ironed before they are completely dry.

Ironing : Ironing of silk should be done at 300° F.

Question 9.
Write short notes on any two of the following :
(a) The influence of sports and exercise on the physical fitness of adolescents. [5]
(b) Kitchen hygiene during food preparation. [5]
(c) The requisites of a good label for pre-packaged food and its importance. [5]
Answer 9.
(a) Physical exercise is considered important for maintaining physical fitness including weight building and maintaining healthy bones, muscles, and joints, promoting physiological well-being, reducing surgical risks and strengthening the immune system. While exercising, it is important to have a good diet to ensure that body has the proper ratio of macro-nutrients and micro-nutrients.

This is to aid the body with the recovery process following strenuous exercise because when the body falls short of proper nutrition, it gets into starvation mode and depends onto the fat content for survival. Like exercise, proper rest and recovery is also important for health, otherwise the body exists in a permanently injured state and will not improve or adapt adequately to the exercise.

(b) Kitchen hygiene is a very important part of food hygiene and the following points must be taken care of:

1. A dry and well lit kitchen keeps insects and pests away.
2. The kitchen should be fly proof and hence, have a mesh on its doors and windows.
3. The dustbin should have a liner and it should be emptied out each day.
4. The kitchen work surface and floors should be easy to maintain and clean.
5. Remove all food scraps immediately to keep away cockroaches and rodents.
6. Keep kitchen cloth clean, wash them with a good detergent and dry them in sunlight.

(c) The requisites of a good label for pre packaged food are:

1. Name of the product
2. Brand name
3. Manufacturer’s name and address
4. Contents! Ingredients
5. Warning / Precautions
6. Date of manufacture and expiry
7. Net weight) Volume
8. Maximum Retail Price
9. Directions of use
10. Standardized mark.

They are important as they guide consumers in selectiniz and buying the correct product.

ISC Class 12 Home Science Previous Year Question Papers

ISC Hindi Previous Year Question Paper 2014 Solved for Class 12

Section-A

Question 1.
Write a composition in Hindi in approximately 400 words on any ONE of the topics given below :- [20]

निम्नलिखित विषयों में से किसी एक विषय पर लगभग 400 शब्दों में हिन्दी में निबन्ध लिखिये :-
(a) आधुनिक युग में विवाह समारोहों पर भारी धन खर्च किया जाने लगा है। आपने अभी-अभी एक ऐसा ही विवाह समारोह देखा है जिसमें अत्यधिक खर्च किया गया। आपके विचार में वहाँ पर किए गए किन-किन खर्चों को किस प्रकार कम किया जा सकता था। विस्तार से लिखिए।
(b) बाढ़ एक प्राकृतिक आपदा है जो विनाश कर डालती है। इस विषय पर एक प्रस्ताव लिखिए।
(c) व्यक्ति की उन्नति में संस्कारों, शिक्षा एवं सामाजिक परिवेश का योगदान होता है। इस विषय का विवेचन कीजिए।
(d) कहा जाता है, उधार लेना और देना दोनों ही गलत हैं। इस विषय के पक्ष या विपक्ष में अपने विचार लिखें।
(e) समय के महत्त्व को जिसने नहीं समझा, वह जिन्दगी की दौड़ में पीछे रह जाता है। इस विषय का विवेचन कीजिए।
(f) निम्नलिखित विषयों में से किसी एक विषय पर मौलिक कहानी लिखिए:
(i) चढ़ते सूरज को सब सलाम करते हैं।
(ii) एक कहानी जिसका अन्तिम वाक्य होगा बस संयुक्त परिवार का यही लाभ होता है।
Answer:
(a)

आधुनिक युग में विवाह समारोह पर भारी धन खर्च।

आधुनिक युग में विवाह समारोहों पर धन बढ़-चढ़कर खर्च करने की होड़ सी लग गई है। इसे केवल धन का अपव्यय ही कहा जा सकता है। वास्तव में विवाह वर-वधू का पवित्र बन्धन है। इसे धन की तराजू में तोलना न्यायसंगत नहीं है। सच्चाई तो यह है कि जिन लोगों पर अधिक धन है उन्होंने धनहीन व्यक्तियों की कन्याओं के विवाह में बड़ी मुश्किलें उत्पन्न कर दी हैं। विवाहोत्सवों पर धन का अन्धाधुन्ध खर्च दूसरे लोगों में हीनता की भावना भरता है।

अभी पिछले महीने 18 फरवरी को मेरे मित्र की बहन के विवाहोत्सव में जाने का अवसर मुझे प्राप्त हुआ। संध्या समय आठ बजे मैं अपने माता-पिता के साथ समारोह में पहुँचा, द्वार पर पहुँचते ही मेरी आँखें मारे चकाचौंध के चमत्कृत हो गईं। ऐसी सजावट मैंने पहले देखी न थी। मुझे अनुभव हुआ कि मेरे मित्र के पिता धन कुबेर से कम नहीं। प्रवेश करते ही पता चला कि एक बहुत बड़े मैदान में अनगिनत भोजन के स्टॉल लगे हुए थे। अधिक भोज्य पदार्थों से आकृष्ट लोग अपनी भोजन की थाली में शौक-शौक में बहुत सारा भोजन, मिठाई परोस लेते, और नहीं खाया जाता तो सारा भोजन कूड़ेदान में फेंक देते थे। मैंने देखा कि लोगों ने महँगी से महँगी पोशाकें पहन रखी थीं। ऐसा प्रतीत होता था मानो कोई वेशभूषा प्रतियोगिता आयोजित की गई हो।

अभी तक मैंने देखा था कि वरमाला के लिए एक ‘स्टेज’ बनाई जाती थी, परन्तु यहाँ एक अलग प्रकार की ‘स्टेज’ थी जो गोल-गोल घूम रही थी, उस पर वर व वधू एक दूसरे के गले में जय माला पहना रहे थे। हाँ एक बात भूल गया मित्र की बहन की बारात बड़ी जोर-शोर से दरवाजे पर आयी। ऐसी भयंकर आतिशबाजी और ऊँचे दर्जे का ‘बैण्ड’ देखकर मैं हक्का-बक्का रह गया। दरवाजे पर दूल्हे का टीका भी बड़ा महँगा सौदा था। तत्पश्चात् बारात अन्दर आई। बैण्ड का जितना शोर था, उससे कहीं अधिक शोर डी.जे. में सुनाई देने लगा। मैं सोचने लगा-महँगा बैण्ड, व्यर्थ की आतिशबाजी और डी.जे., क्या एक विवाह इनके बिना नहीं हो सकता? क्या विवाह के लिए इस ताम-झाम की बहुत आवश्यकता होती है। बल्कि इन सबके शोर से भयंकर ध्वनि प्रदूषण होता है। शान्ति भंग होती है। बात यहीं समाप्त नहीं हो गई। जयमाला के पश्चात् वर-वधू एक स्टेज पर बैठ गये। तभी मैंने देखा एक ऑरकैस्ट्रा पार्टी का आगमन हुआ। उन्होंने अपने मधुर संगीत से लोगों को मुग्ध कर दिया। फिर मेरे माता-पिता ने मुझसे खाना खाकर घर चलने की बात कही। हम लोगों ने खाना खाया और घर आ गये।

मैंने घर आकर कपडे बदले और बिस्तर पर लेट गया, पर नींद कोसों दूर थी। मुझे रह-रहकर यह बात समझ में नहीं आ रही थी कि विवाह जैसे पवित्र बन्धन के लिए इतनी शान-शौकत और धन के अपव्यय की क्या आवश्यकता है। हमारा भारतवर्ष निर्धनों का देश है, जहाँ लोग भूखे मरते हैं। वहीं दूसरी ओर ऐसे विवाहों में टनों भोजन कूड़ेदानों में फेंका जा रहा है। आतिशबाजी, बैण्ड, डी.जे. और आकर्षक सजावट इन सब पर धन खर्च करने की क्या आवश्यकता है? विवाह में मंत्रों की, आशीर्वादों और बधाइयों की आवश्यकता होती है। विभिन्न प्रकार के भोज्य पदार्थों की अपेक्षा यदि सीमित संख्या में इन्हें बनवाया जाये तो शायद भोजन की बर्बादी को रोका जा सकता है। हम यदि जीवन में सादगी को अपना सकें तो छोटे नहीं हो जायेंगे, बल्कि महान् बन जायेंगे। इसी धन में से कुछ बचा कर किसी गरीब की कन्या का विवाह कर दें तो शायद ईश्वर के परमाशीष को प्राप्त कर सकते हैं। इसलिए मेरा मानना है कि विवाहोत्सवों में हम उतना ही खर्च करें जितना आवश्यक है।

(b)

बाढ़ एक प्राकृतिक आपदा।

भारतवर्ष पर प्रकृति देवी की सदैव कृपादृष्टि रही है। उसने अपने अनन्त वरदानों से भारत-भूमि को शस्य-श्यामला बनाये रखा है। फसलों और मानव की आवश्यकतानुसार जल की समय-समय पर वर्षा होती है, किन्तु कभी-कभी प्रकृति की दृष्टि टेढ़ी हो जाती है तब नाना प्रकार के उपद्रव प्रारम्भ हो जाते हैं। बाढ़ भी इसी प्रकार की एक आपदा है जो विनाश कर डालती है। कभी-कभी अत्यधिक वर्षा होने से, नदियों में अधिक पानी बढ़ जाने से बाँध टूट जाते हैं। इस स्थिति में पानी की गति इतनी बढ़ जाती है कि मनुष्यों को सँभलने का मौका भी नहीं मिल पाता। हजारों फुट चौड़ी दीवार के बराबर पानी की परत जब उमड़ कर चलती है तो गाँव के गाँव और नगर के नगर नष्ट हो जाते हैं। पानी की इस विनाश लीला को ही बाढ़ कहते हैं।

प्रत्येक कार्य के पीछे कोई न कोई कारण होता है। बाढ़ आने के पीछे भी ऐसे ही अनेक कारण हैं। वृक्षों की अन्धा-धुन्ध कटाई इसका एक कारण है। मनुष्य अपनी आर्थिक, सामाजिक एवं दैनिक आवश्यकताओं की पूर्ति हेतु जंगल के जंगल साफ कर रहा है। परिणामस्वरूप प्रकृति का सन्तुलन बिगड़ रहा है। पेड़ पानी का सन्तुलन बनाये रखने और अपनी जड़ों से पृथ्वी के नीचे से पानी खींच कर सूखे की स्थिति में भी पृथ्वी को गीली रखने में योगदान देते हैं। इससे वर्षा सन्तुलित होती है तथा बाढ़ नहीं आती।।

इसका दूसरा कारण है कि बिजली उत्पन्न करने के लिए तथा जल भण्डारण हेतु बहती हुई नदियों पर बाँध बना दिये जाते हैं। ये बाँध धीरे-धीरे नदियों के जल के घर्षण से कमजोर हो जाते हैं तथा धीरे-धीरे टूट जाते हैं जिससे जलराशि तेजी से बहकर प्रलय का रूप धारण कर लेती है।

यज्ञ होमादि से पर्यावरण शुद्ध रहता है, परन्तु आज के भौतिकवादी युग में इनका महत्त्व नहीं रहा। धर्म के नाम पर लोगों की आस्था समाप्त हो गई है। यही कारण है कि पर्यावरण में असन्तुलन बढ़ने से बाढ़ जैसी आपदाओं में बढ़ोत्तरी हुई है।

जनसंख्या वृद्धि, बाढ़ के प्रकोप का एक अन्य प्रमुख कारण है। यदि भमि पर अत्यधिक दबाव पडता है तो प्राकतिक आपदाएँ जैसे बाढ़, भूकम्प, सुनामी आदि की सम्भावना बढ़ जाती है। मौसम चक्र के अनायास परिवर्तन भी बाढ़ को आमन्त्रित करते हैं। अतिवृष्टि से उथली नदियों का जल भी विशाल रूप धारण कर लेता है।

बाढ़ का प्रभाव अत्यन्त भयानक होता है। बाढ़ से फसलें नष्ट हो जाती हैं जिससे अकाल पड़ने की सम्भावना बढ़ जाती है। मनुष्यों द्वारा बनाये गये सुदृढ़ मकान आदि ध्वस्त हो जाते हैं। मनुष्य बेघर हो जाते हैं। पशु-पक्षी भी बेघर होकर इधर-उधर दौड़ते हुए अपने प्राण गँवा देते हैं। कुछ भूख के मारे तथा कुछ आधारहीनता के कारण अकालमृत्यु के ग्रास बन जाते हैं।

बाढ़ में जंगल, पहाड़, बस्तियाँ जल से भर जाती हैं। जीवजन्तु मरकर सड़ने लगते हैं। जल पूरी तरह प्रदूषित हो जाता है। सीलन व सड़न से जीवाणु उत्पन्न हो जाते हैं जिनसे अनेक प्रकार के रोग हो जाते हैं। चारों और महामारी फैल जाती है, अपार धन-जन की हानि होती है। बाढ़ में चीखते-चिल्लाते लोगों का करुण क्रन्दन सुनकर हृदय विदीर्ण होने लगता है। लोगों का आर्तनाद -बचाओबचाओ की ध्वनि बड़ा ही करुण दृश्य उत्पन्न करता है। जीवन की आशा छोड़कर मनुष्य यहाँ-वहाँ बहता जाता है और असहाय होकर अन्न-जल के अभाव में प्राण त्याग देता है।

वास्तव में बाढ़ प्रकृति की भयावह आपदा है। इससे बचने के लिए हमें हर सम्भव प्रयास करने चाहिए। सर्वप्रथम हमें पेड़ों की कटाई पर सख्ती से रोक लगानी चाहिए। सरकार ने भी इस ओर ध्यान दिया है। ‘चिपको’ आन्दोलन इसी प्रयास का परिणाम है। यज्ञ होम आदि के द्वारा वातावरण को प्रदूषण रहित बनाना चाहिए। नदियों तथा तालाबों पर अतिक्रमण नहीं करना चाहिए। जल के भण्डारण के लिए सुरक्षित प्रयास करने चाहिए। शहरों व नगरों के मकान नदियों के किनारों पर बहत ऊँचे होने चाहिए। साथ ही जल के निकास की समुचित व्यवस्था होनी चाहिए। इन सावधानियों के चलते हम कुछ हद तक बाढ़ के प्रकोप से बच सकते हैं।

(c)

व्यक्ति की उन्नति में संस्कारों, शिक्षा एवं सामाजिक परिवेश का योगदान।

निःसन्देह यह बात नितान्त सत्य है कि व्यक्ति की उन्नति में संस्कारों, शिक्षा और सामाजिक परिवेश का योगदान होता है। संस्कारवान व्यक्ति सदाचारी एवं चरित्रवान होता है। एक व्यक्ति के जीवन में चरित्रबल का बहुत महत्त्व होता है। चरित्रहीन व्यक्ति न तो अपना, न समाज का और न ही देश का कभी कल्याण कर सकता है। इसीलिए हमारे धार्मिक शास्त्रों में भी संस्कारों की गरिमा का वर्णन किया गया है। मनुष्य के जन्म के प्रारम्भ से लेकर मृत्यु तक हमारे धार्मिक शास्त्रों में सोलह संस्कारों का वर्णन किया जाता है। जिन्हें मन्त्रों के द्वारा अभिमंत्रित किया जाता है। संस्कारों में पला हुआ व्यक्ति कभी दुराचारी नहीं हो सकता वह ईश्वर में आस्था रखने वाला महान परोपकारी और सबका कल्याण करने वाला होता है। वह संसार के सभी प्राणियों को ईश्वर की सन्तान मानता है। इस आधार पर वह समाज का कल्याण करता हुआ आत्मिक उन्नति करता है।

संस्कार के साथ-साथ मनुष्य का शिक्षित होना सोने में सुहागे का काम करता है। शिक्षा प्राप्त करके व्यक्ति विवेकशील बनता है। वह नीर-झीर विवेकी हंस के समान सद्कार्यों को करके अपने परिवार, समाज एवं देश का कल्याण करता है। अनुकूल सामाजिक परिवेश मानव के पोषण एवं संवर्द्धन में अहम भूमिका निभाता है। संस्कार व्यक्ति को सदाचारी बनाते हैं। आचरण की पवित्रता के महत्त्व एवं प्रभाव को प्रदर्शित करने वाले ऐसे कई उदाहरण मिल जायेंगे जिनसे मनुष्य का सिर्फ अपना ही उत्थान नहीं हुआ है, बल्कि उसने अपने समाज व देश की भी उन्नति की है। उनके इन प्रयासों के परिणामस्वरूप समाज में उनका मस्तक गर्व से ऊँचा हो गया।

जब-जब ऐसे व्यक्ति के जीवन में कठिनाइयाँ आती हैं। वह अपने ज्ञान के माध्यम से उनसे संघर्ष करने की क्षमता प्राप्त करता है। धैर्य, सहनशक्ति, आत्मबल तथा दृढ़ इच्छाशक्ति उसकी सारी मुश्किलों को आसान कर देती है। साथ ही समाज का सहयोग उसे मजबूत सम्बल प्रदान करता है। इस प्रकार वह अपने जीवन को सार्थक बनाते हुए अपने उद्देश्य को प्राप्त करने में सफल होता है। इससे उसकी आत्मिक, आर्थिक एवं सामाजिक उन्नति होती है। समाज में उसे सम्मान प्राप्त होता है। लोग उसकी पूजा करने लगते हैं। वह दूसरों के लिए आदर्श बन जाता है। ऐसा व्यक्ति कभी अपने समय को व्यर्थ नहीं गँवाता। अपनी कड़ी मेहनत, लगन व ईमानदारी से अपने जीवन को तो सँवारता ही है साथ ही दूसरों का भी उद्धार करता है। वह अपनी शिक्षा के माध्यम से एक शिक्षित समाज का निर्माण करता है। लोगों में परस्पर प्रेम, सद्भावना एवं परोपकार का भाव जाग्रत करता है।

हमारे महापुरुषों ने अपने सदाचारी जीवन से अपना ही नहीं वरन् समाज व देश का कल्याण भी किया। स्वामी विवेकानन्द, स्वामी दयानन्द सरस्वती, राजा राममोहन राय, राष्ट्रपिता महात्मा गाँधी, महात्मा बुद्ध, प्रभु यीशु, मदर टेरेसा आदि ऐसे व्यक्ति हैं जिन्होंने न केवल समाज का उद्धार किया बल्कि समाज की अनेक कुरीतियों को भी समाप्त किया। सदैव सक्षम व्यक्ति ही इस प्रकार के कार्यों को पूर्ण करने में समर्थ होते हैं। सक्षम वे होते हैं जो संस्कारी एवं शिक्षित होते हैं। ऐसे लोग अपने सद्गुणों से सामाजिक परिवेश को स्वानुकूल बना लेते हैं। इस प्रकार वे अपनी तो उन्नति करते ही हैं, दूसरों का भी उत्कर्ष करने का श्रेय प्राप्त करते हैं।

(d)

“उधार लेना, देना दोनों ही गलत हैं।”
मैं इस विषय के पक्ष में अपने विचार व्यक्त करना चाहूँगी। एक कहावत है
“तेते पाँव पसारिये, जेती लाँबी सौरि”

अर्थात् अपने पैर उतने ही लम्बे फैलाइये जितनी लम्बी आपकी रजाई है। उससे बाहर पाँव पसारने पर मनुष्य को ठण्ड में सिकुड़ना पड़ता है। यही बात उधार लेने के सन्दर्भ में भी कही जा सकती है। उधार लेना बुरी आदत है। जो लोग उधार लेते है, उन्हें इसकी लत पड़ जाती है। छोटी-छोटी आवश्यकताओं की पर्ति के लिए भी वे उधार लेते रहते हैं। ऐसा करके वे अपने स्वाभिमान को गिरवी रख देते हैं। समयावधि में उस उधार की भरपाई यदि वे नहीं कर पाते तो उन्हें अपशब्द सुनने पड़ते हैं। निगाहें नीची करके चलना पड़ता है। रातों की नींद उड़ जाती है। गलत कार्य करने पड़ते हैं। यदि वही उधार उन्होंने ब्याज पर लिया है तब तो कहने ही क्या? घर बिकने की नौबत आ जाती है। हर समय घर पर तगादे वाले खड़े रहते हैं। लोगों के बीच बदनामी होती है और लोग मजाक उड़ाते हैं। इन सब बातों को यदि ध्यान में रखा जाये तो किसी भले इन्सान को उधार नहीं लेना चाहिए। हाँ कभी-कभी इन्सान इतना विवश हो जाता है कि उसको उधार लेना आवश्यक हो जाता है, तब सोचसमझ कर एवं वापस करने की सामर्थ्य का ध्यान रखते हुए ही उधार लेना चाहिए। ऐसा करने पर इन्सान का सम्मान बना रहता है, परन्तु इसे आदत नहीं बनानी चाहिए।

उधार देना भी मनुष्य की गलत आदत है। ऐसा व्यक्ति अकारण ही अपने शत्रु उत्पन्न करता है। बुद्धिमान लोग कहते हैं कि यदि उधार किसी विवशता के कारण देना पड़ रहा है तो देकर भूल जाओ उसका कारण यह है कि मनुष्य जरूरत पड़ने पर रो-रोकर पैसा उधार माँगता है, परन्तु लौटाने के लिए उसकी नजर बदल जाती है। वह लडाई-झगडे पर उतारू हो जाता है। आजकल ये बातें बहत सुनाई देती हैं कि पैसा न वापस कर पाने के कारण उस व्यक्ति की हत्या कर डाली। इसलिए एक बार पैसा उधार देना, दुश्मनी मोल लेना है। पैसा उधार देना प्रेम को समाप्त करना है। उधार देने वाले व्यक्ति को जब अपनी मेहनत की कमाई वापस नहीं मिलती तो वह गलत हथकण्डे अपनाता है। इससे दोनों के बीच तनाव की स्थिति उत्पन्न हो जाती है। अत: उधार लेना जितना खतरनाक है। उतना खतरनाक उधार देना भी है।

(e)

समय का महत्त्व।
“का वर्षा जब कृषि सुखाने
समय चूकि पुनि का पछताने”

अर्थात् समय पर यदि चूक गये तो जीवन भर पछताना पड़ेगा ठीक उसी प्रकार जैसे खेती सूख जाये फिर वर्षा हुई तो उस वर्षा का कोई महत्त्व नहीं है। मनुष्य का जीवन अमूल्य है। उसके जीवन का एक-एक पल भी बहुत महत्त्वपूर्ण है। अतः समय का ध्यान मनुष्य को धन से भी अधिक रखना चाहिए। धन तो आता जाता रहता है, परन्तु समय जो बीत जाता है उसे लौटाया नहीं जा सकता है। मानव जीवन में बाल्यावस्था, किशोरावस्था, प्रौढ़ावस्था और अन्त में वृद्धावस्था एक बार ही आती है। हर अवस्था का अपना अलगअलग महत्त्व होता है। एक बार बीत जाने पर पुनः उसे नहीं प्राप्त किया जा सकता यदि मनुष्य समय पर असावधान हो गया तो पछताने के अतिरिक्त उसके पास कुछ नहीं रहता। समय की गति बड़ी तीव्र होती है। अतः आवश्यकता इस बात की है कि हम समय का सदपयोग करें। उसे पकड कर रखें।

हमें समय के महत्त्व का ज्ञान तब होता है जब स्टेशन पर दो मिनट की देरी के कारण हमारी गाड़ी छूट जाती है। हमें समय का महत्त्व तब समझ में आता है जब डॉक्टर के विलम्ब से पहुँचने पर हमारा कोई अपना मृत्यु को प्राप्त हो जाता है। हम समय के मूल्य को तब समझ पाते हैं जब अध्ययन किये बिना समय गँवा देते हैं और परीक्षा में असफल हो जाते हैं। इन परिस्थितियों में हमारे पास पछताने के अतिरिक्त कुछ भी नहीं रह जाता। समय को खोकर कोई मनुष्य सुखी नहीं रहता। जूलियस सीज़र सभा में पाँच मिनट देर से पहुँचा और अपने प्राणों से हाथ धो बैठा। अपनी सेना में कुछ मिनट देर से पहुँचने के कारण ही नेपोलियन को नेल्सन से पराजित होना पड़ा था। समय किसी की राह नहीं देखता।

इस समस्या का एक ही समाधान है- हमें अपने कार्य निश्चित समय में पूरे करने चाहिए। काम में देरी हमारी समय के प्रति लापरवाही को दर्शाती है। निश्चित समय पर कार्य पूरा करने पर हमें आत्मसन्तोष तथा प्रसन्नता प्राप्त होती है। हम अपना कार्य पूर्ण करने के पश्चात् दूसरों की सहायता कर सकते हैं। इसके माध्यम से हम समाज का कल्याण कर सकते हैं। यदि हृदय में कोई कार्य करने की इच्छा उत्पन्न होती है तो उसके लिए प्रतीक्षा नहीं करनी चाहिए। उसे तुरन्त कर डालना चाहिए। इसी सन्दर्भ में महान संत कबीरदास कहते है-

“काल्ह करै सो आज कर, आज करै सो अब।
पल में परलै होइगी, बहुरि करैगो कब ॥”

राष्ट्रपिता महात्मा गाँधी ने भी समय के महत्त्व पर प्रकाश डालते हुए कहा है “मेरे विचार से एक वस्तु का महत्त्व सर्वाधिक है-वह है समय की परख। यदि आपने समय के सदुपयोग की कला सीख ली है तो पुनः आपको किसी प्रसन्नता या सफलता की खोज में मारे-मारे भटकने की आवश्यकता नहीं। वह स्वयं आपका द्वार खटखटायेगी।” वास्तव में समय का सदुपयोग ही जीवन में सफलता की कुंजी है।

आज तक संसार में जितने महापुरुष हुए सबने समय के महत्त्व को समझा और उन्होंने समय के एक-एक क्षण का सदुपयोग किया। शंकराचार्य का उदाहरण हमारे सामने है। उन्होंने अल्प समय में ही सम्पूर्ण वेद-वेदान्त का ज्ञान प्राप्त कर लिया। ऐसे उच्चकोटि के ग्रंथ लिखे जिन्हें समझने के लिए लोगों को जीवन भर साधना करनी पड़ती है।

यूरोप और पश्चिम के अन्य राष्ट्रों की उन्नति का रहस्य ही यह है कि वहाँ समय को व्यर्थ नहीं गँवाते। विद्यार्थियों के लिए समय अमूल्य निधि है। उनका प्रत्येक कार्य निश्चित समय पर होना चाहिए। बुद्धिमान विद्यार्थी कभी भी अपने समय को व्यर्थ नहीं गँवाते इसलिए उन्हें कभी पछताना नहीं पड़ता।

प्रत्येक व्यक्ति को समय के महत्त्व को समझ कर सदैव निश्चित समय पर कार्य करना चाहिए ताकि जीवन में पछताना न पड़े।

(f) (i)

“चढ़ते सूरज को सलाम”

उत्कर्ष सदैव पूजनीय और आदरणीय होता है। प्रात:काल जब सूर्य उदित होता है। हर व्यक्ति सूर्य के दर्शन कर ॐ सूर्याय नमः कहता है, क्योंकि यह सूर्य का उत्कर्ष काल है। संध्या समय ढलते सूर्य को कोई नमस्कार नहीं करता। यह संसार का शाश्वत नियम ही है कि यहाँ चमत्कार को नमस्कार किया जाता है।

इस उक्ति से सम्बन्धित एक कहानी अचानक मेरे मस्तिष्क में आयी। मेरी कॉलोनी में एक वैश्य परिवार रहता था। उनके चार पुत्र व एक पुत्री थी। अच्छे समृद्ध व सम्पन्न व्यक्ति थे। सबके साथ उनका सद्व्यवहार था। अचानक उनका व्यापार ठप्प हो गया। उन्होंने बहुत सँभालने की कोशिश की, किन्तु कोई उपाय नहीं निकला। परिवार के सभी सदस्य इस अचानक आयी आपदा से चिन्तित हो गये, परन्तु सेठ जी हिम्मत हारने वालों में से नहीं थे। उनके सभी पुत्र बहुत आज्ञाकारी थे साथ ही उनकी स्त्री बहुत संस्कारी एवं अन्य सदस्य भी अच्छे थे। सेठजी ने अपने दो बड़े पुत्रों को विदेश में कारोबार के लिए भेजा। दो छोटों को अपने स्थानीय कारोबार में ही मेहनत से कार्य पर लगा दिया। स्वयं भी किसी दूसरे व्यक्ति के यहाँ काम पर लग गये। जब लोगों को उनकी इस खराब हालत का पता चला तो वे सब उन्हें खराब निगाहों से देखने लगे, परन्तु सेठजी जानते थे कि यह सब दिनों का फेर है। मनुष्य के जीवन में सुख व दु:ख छाया माया की तरह आते ही रहते हैं, परन्तु उसे सुख में उछलना नहीं चाहिए और दुःख में विचलित नहीं होना चाहिए। उसे हर परिस्थिति में धीरज रखना चाहिए।

‘सेठ जी ने इस गरीबी को प्रभु का आशीर्वाद समझा और आनन्दपूर्वक परिश्रम में लग गये। भोजन मिलता तब भी प्रसन्न और नहीं मिलता तब भी प्रसन्न, परन्तु उनके मित्र और सम्बन्धियों के व्यवहार से वह बहुत दुःखी होते थे।

दिन बदले, परिस्थितियाँ बदलों। दोनों बड़े बेटों को व्यापार में लाभ हुआ वे बहुत सारा धन लेकर अपने पिताजी के पास आये। पिताजी ने उस धन को लेकर तिजोरी में रख दिया। धीरे-धीरे छोटे बेटों की भी उन्नति होने लगी। उनका कारोबार दिन दूना रात चौगुना बढ़ने लगा। फलस्वरूप पुन: उनका परिवार सम्पन्नता की सीढ़ियाँ चढ़ने लगा। उनके रहन-सहन, खान-पान, वेष-भूषा सबमें अन्तर दिखाई देने लगा।

अब आस-पास के लोग मित्रगण व सम्बन्धियों को भी अपनी भूल का अहसास होने लगा। अब वे सब सेठजी से मिलने के अवसर ढूँढ़ने लगे। सेठजी उनकी अवहेलना करते तब भी वे उनसे मिलने का प्रयास करते, क्योंकि अब उन्हें पता चला गया था कि सेठजी अब सम्पन्न हो गये हैं। सेठजी स्वभाव से सरल, सहनशील एवं बहुत ही धैर्यवान थे। रास्ते में लोग उन्हें सलाम, प्रणाम, राम– राम और नमस्कार करते, परन्तु सेठजी का एक ही उत्तर होता था-“ठीक है भैया कह देंगे। जब कई दिन इसी बात को बीत गये तब उनके एक मित्र ने उनसे पछा कि प्रणाम कहने पर तम ऐसा क्यों कहते हो कि “भैया कह देंगे।” सेठजी की इस मित्र से बहुत आत्मीयता थी, क्योंकि संकट की घड़ी में भी वह उनके साथ था। सेठजी ने बड़ी सरलता से उत्तर दिया भैया ! ये सब मुझे नहीं मेरी सम्पन्नता को प्रणाम कर रहे हैं। इसीलिए मैं उनसे कहता हूँ कि मैं तुम्हारी राम-राम नमस्ते, प्रणाम और सलाम सब तिजोरी से जाकर कह दूँगा। मित्र ! यह संसार बड़ा स्वार्थी है यह हमेशा चढ़ते सूरज को ही सलाम करता है।

(ii)

संयुक्त परिवार का लाभ।

परिवार न केवल मानव-जीवन के प्रवाह को जारी रखने वाला अखण्ड स्रोत है, बल्कि मानवोचित गुणों की प्रथम पाठशाला भी है। परिवार को “सामाजिक जीवन की अमर पाठशाला”, “सामाजिक गुणों का पालना” तथा “सब सामाजिक गुणों” का विद्यालय आदि कहा गया है इस प्रकार परिवार मानव समाज की आधारभूत एवं सार्वभौमिक सामाजिक संरचना है।

भारत में परिवार की प्रकृति आदिकाल से ही संयुक्त रही है। इसके अन्तर्गत समस्त कुटुम्बीजन सम्मिलित रूप से एक ही मकान में निवास करते थे वहाँ पर एक पितृसत्ता होती थी। बड़े-बूढों का सम्मान होता था। उस परिवेश में प्रेम, सहयोग, सहानुभूति एवं परस्पर त्याग की भावना पूरे कुटुम्ब को एक सूत्र में बाँधे रखती थी। परिवार की पुष्पवाटिका बच्चों, प्रौढ़ों और बूढ़ों से सदैव दमकती रहती थी।

ऐसे ही संयुक्त परिवार का जीता जागता उदाहरण मेरी ही कॉलोनी में मुझे देखने को मिला, जिसे देखकर मुझे बड़ी प्रसन्नता होती है।

मेरे घर के सामने व्यवसायी परिवार रहता है। मेरे विचार से यह एक सुदृढ़, सन्तुष्ट व व्यवस्थित संयुक्त परिवार है। मुख्य रूप से इनके स्तम्भ समान माता-पिता बड़े बुद्धिमान, समदर्शी एवं समान व्यवहार करने वाले व्यक्ति हैं। उनके तीन पुत्र हैं। कोई पुत्री नहीं है। उनका व्यवसाय बहत बडा है। तीनों पत्रों का उसमें सबल सहयोग है। सबसे बड़े पुत्र के तीन पुत्र हैं। तीनों विवाहित हैं। दूसरे पुत्र के दो पुत्र एक पुत्री है। बड़े पुत्र का विवाह हो चुका है। तीसरे पुत्र के तीन पुत्रियाँ और एक पुत्र है। बड़े पुत्र के तीनों पुत्रों के पास एकएक बेटा व एक के पास एक बेटी है। कहने का अभिप्राय यह है कि उनकी तीसरी पीढ़ी के भी चार बच्चे हो चुके हैं। सेठजी का प्रबन्ध इतना सही है कि कभी किसी के चेहरे पर मनमुटाव की झलक दिखाई नहीं पड़ती।

परस्पर भाइयों में, नाती-पोतों में अपरिमित प्यार दिखाई देता है। घर में कोई उत्सव हो या विवाह आदि विशेष तौर पर घर की सभी स्त्रियाँ सजी-सँवरी और खिली-खिली दिखाई देती हैं। आये दिन उनके यहाँ धार्मिक आयोजन होते रहते हैं। सबमें एक अलग ही जोश दिखाई देता है। बड़ों के प्रति सम्मान की भावना छोटों के प्रति प्यार यहाँ बरसता दिखाई देता है। महाकवि तुलसीदास ने लिखा है”जहाँ सुमति तहँ संपत नाना, जहाँ कुमति तहाँ विपति निदाना” . इसका जीता जागता उदाहरण इस परिवार में देखने को मिलता है। इस परिवार के बड़े लोग हरेक की इच्छाओं का ध्यान रखते हैं।

सबको सब कुछ समान रूप से मिलता है, यही कारण है कि किसी में ईर्ष्या या भेदभाव नहीं है। परिवार के मुखिया स्वरूप माता-पिता ने सभी बच्चों को ऐसे संस्कार प्रदान किये हैं कि उनमें एक दूसरे के प्रति केवल आत्मीयता ही दिखाई देती है। घर में लगभग इक्कीस सदस्य हैं, लेकिन आपस में प्यार देखते ही बनता है। यही कारण है कि उनके घर में सदैव सुख-समृद्धि बनी रहती है। सुख का आनन्द भी सब मिलकर लेते हैं और दुःख को भी सब मिलकर बाँटते हैं… बस संयुक्त परिवार का यही लाभ होता है।

Question 2.
Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow : –
निम्नलिखित अवतरण को पढ़कर, अन्त में दिये गये प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिए :

परोपकार प्रकृति का सहज स्वाभाविक नियम है। जलवायु, मिट्टी, वृक्ष, प्रकाश, पशु, पक्षी आदि प्रकृति के सभी अंग किसी न किसी रूप में दूसरों की भलाई में तत्पर रहते हैं।

अर्थात् वृक्ष परोपकार के लिये फलते हैं, नदियाँ परोपकार के लिये बहती हैं, गाय परोपकार के लिये दूध देती है। यह शरीर भी परोपकार के लिये है। वास्तव में जब प्रकृति के जीव-जन्तु निःस्वार्थ भाव से दूसरों की भलाई में तत्पर रहते हैं तब विवेकशील प्राणी होते हुए भी मनुष्य यदि मानव जाति की सेवा न कर सके तो जीवन सफलता के लिये कलंक स्वरूप है। मनुष्य होते हुए भी मनुष्य कहलाने का उसे कोई अधिकार नहीं है।

परोपकार ही मानवता का सच्चा आदर्श है। यही सच्ची मनुष्यता है। राष्ट्रकवि गुप्तजी ने यह कहा कि “वही मनुष्य है जो मनुष्य के लिये मरे।” मनुष्य वही है जो केवल अपने सुख-दुःख की चिन्ता में लीन नहीं रहता, केवल अपने स्वार्थ की ही बात नहीं सोचता, जिसका शरीर लेने के लिये नहीं देने के लिये है। उसका हृदय सागर की भाँति विशाल होता है, जिसमें समस्त मानव समुदाय के लिये प्रेम से भरा स्थान रहता है। सारे विश्व को वह अपना परिवार समझता है।

सचमुच परोपकार ही मनुष्य का सबसे बड़ा धर्म है। यदि किसी मनुष्य के हृदय में त्याग और सेवा की भावना नहीं है, उसका मन्दिरों में जाकर पूजा और अर्चना करना ढोंग और पाखण्ड है। प्रसिद्ध नीतिकार सादी का कथन है कि “अगर तू एक आदमी की तकलीफ को दूर करता है तो वह कहीं अधिक अच्छा काम है, बजाय कि तू हज को जाये और मार्ग की हर एक मंजिल पर सौ बार नमाज पढ़ता जाये।” सामाजिक प्राणी होने के नाते मनुष्य का सबसे बड़ा कर्तव्य है कि वह दूसरों के सुख-दुःख की चिन्ता करे, क्योंकि उसका सुख-दुःख दूसरों के सुख-दुःख के साथ जुड़ा हुआ है। इसीलिए प्रत्येक व्यक्ति को चाहिए कि वह अपने स्वार्थ साधन में लिप्त न रहकर दूसरों की भलाई के लिए भी कार्य करे।

बिना किसी स्वार्थ भाव को लेकर दूसरों की भलाई के लिये कार्य करना ही मनुष्यता है। इस परोपकार के अनेक रूप हो सकते हैं। यदि आप शरीर से शक्तिमान हैं तो आपका कर्त्तव्य है कि दूसरों के द्वारा सताये गये दीन-दुःखियों की रक्षा करें। यदि आपके पास धन-सम्पदा है तो आपको विपत्तियों में फँसे अपने असहाय भाइयों का सहायक बनना चाहिए। भूखों को रोटी और निराश्रितों को आश्रय देना चाहिए। यदि आप यह सब कुछ करने में भी असमर्थ हैं तो अपने दुःखी और पीड़ित भाइयों को मीठे शब्दों द्वारा धीरज और सांत्वना प्रदान कीजिए। यही नहीं, किसी भूले हुए को रास्ता दिखा देना, संकट में अच्छी सलाह देना, अन्धों का सहारा बन जाना, घायल अथवा रोगी की चिकित्सा करना, ये सब परोपकार के महत्त्वपूर्ण अंग हैं। वास्तव में हृदय में किसी के प्रति शुभ विचार भी परोपकार का ही रूप है।

प्राचीनकाल में दधीचि नाम के प्रसिद्ध महर्षि थे। ईश्वर-प्राप्ति ही उनका जैसे लक्ष्य था, परन्तु परोपकार वश उन्होंने देवताओं को वज्र बनाने के लिए अपनी हड्डियाँ तक दान में दे दी थीं। गुरु तेग बहादुर ने परोपकार के लिए अपना शीश औरंगजेब को भेंट कर दिया था।

हमारा कर्तव्य है कि हम प्रकति से शिक्षा लें तथा अपने महापुरुषों के जीवन का अनुसरण करें। नि:स्वार्थ भाव से परोपकार के कार्यों में लगें।

Questions :
(a) परोपकार से आप क्या समझते हैं? गद्यांश के अनुसार किन महापुरुषों ने अपने जीवन का त्याग परोपकार के लिये किया?
(b) प्रकृति के अंग किस प्रकार हमें परोपकार की शिक्षा देते
(c) परोपकारी मनुष्य का स्वभाव कैसा होता है?
(d) परोपकार मनुष्य का सबसे बड़ा धर्म किस प्रकार होता [4]
(e) गद्यांश के आधार पर बताइए कि परोपकार के महत्त्वपूर्ण अंग कौन-से हैं, किस-किस तरह से परोपकार किया जा सकता है? [4]
Answer 2.
(a) परोपकार प्रकृति का सहज स्वाभाविक नियम है। जलवायु, मिट्टी, वृक्ष, प्रकाश, पशु-पक्षी आदि प्रकृति के सभी अंग किसी-न-किसी रूप में दूसरों की भलाई में तत्पर रहते हैं। वृक्ष परोपकार के लिए फलते हैं, नदियाँ परोपकार के लिए बहती हैं। गाय परोपकार के लिए दूध देती है। यह शरीर भी परोपकार के लिए है। महर्षि दधीचि ने परोपकार वश देवताओं को वज्र बनाने हेतु अपनी अस्थियों का दान दे दिया था। गुरु तेग बहादुर ने परोपकार के लिए अपना शीश औरंगजेब को भेंट कर दिया था।
(b) प्रकृति के अंग जलवायु, मिट्टी, वृक्ष, प्रकाश, पशु-पक्षी आदि निःस्वार्थ भाव से दूसरों की भलाई में लगे रहते हैं।
(d) उदाहरणार्थ वृक्ष फल, नदी जल, सूर्य प्रकाश, वायु प्राणवायु आदि प्रदान कर परोपकार करते हैं।
(c) परोपकारी मनुष्य का स्वभाव नम्र तथा उसका हृदय सागर की भाँति विशाल होता है, जिसमें समस्त मानव समुदाय के लिए प्रेम से भरा स्थान रहता है। सारे विश्व को वह अपना परिवार समझता है। वास्तव में मनुष्य का सबसे बड़ा धर्म परोपकार है। परोपकारी मनुष्य के हृदय में सच्ची सेवा और त्याग की भावना होती है। वह मन्दिरों में जाकर पूजा व अर्चना करने का ढोंग नहीं करता। इसकी जगह वह किसी असहाय की सहायता करने में अधिक विश्वास करता है। उसका विश्वास हज या तीर्थयात्रा से ज्यादा असहाय लोगों की मदद करने में होता है। बिना किसी स्वार्थ के दूसरों के लिए कार्य करना ही सच्ची मानवता है। यह अनेक रूपों में देखी जा सकती है। शक्तिशाली होने पर दूसरों के द्वारा सताये जाने वाले व्यक्तियों की दुष्टों से रक्षा करना परोपकार है। धनवान धन से, विद्यावान विद्या से, आश्रयवान् आश्रय प्रदान कर, भूखों को भोजन प्रदान करके, बीमारों को औषधि प्रदान कर, दुःखी व पीड़ित भाइयों को धैर्य व सान्त्वना प्रदान कर, किसी भूले को सन्मार्ग दिखाकर संकटग्रस्त व्यक्ति को अच्छी सलाह देकर और अन्धों की लाठी बनकर मनुष्य परोपकार कर सकते हैं।

Question 3.
(a) Correct the following sentences : [5]
निम्नलिखित वाक्यों को शुद्ध करके लिखिए:
(i) तुम प्रातःकाल के समय उठकर क्या करते हो?
(ii) मेरी पढ़ाई में बहुत नुकसान हो रहा हैं।
(iii) वह विद्वान लड़की है।
(iv) हमने रात को खूब सोया।
(v) फूलों की सौन्दर्यता देखते ही बनती है।

(b) Use the following idioms in sentences of your own to illustrate their meaning :- [5]
निम्नलिखित मुहावरों का अर्थ स्पष्ट करने के लिए उनका वाक्यों में प्रयोग कीजिए :
(i) बाल बाँका न होना
(ii) मैदान मारना।
(iii) हाथ तंग होना।
(iv) घर सिर पर उठाना।
(v) खाक में मिलना।
Answer:
(a) (i) तुम प्रात:काल उठकर क्या करते हो?
(ii) मेरी पढ़ाई का बहुत नुकसान हो रहा है।
(iii) वह विदुषी लड़की है।
(iv) हम रात में खूब सोये।
(v) फूलों का सौन्दर्य देखते ही बनता है।

(b) (i) जिसकी रक्षा स्वयं भगवान करते हैं उसका कोई बाल भी बाँका नहीं कर सकता।
(ii) यद्यपि मोहन गिरने के कारण पीछे रह गया था तथापि तीव्र गति से भाग कर उसने मैदान मार लिया।
(iii) अभी बहन का विवाह होने के कारण राम के मातापिता का हाथ तंग हो गया है।
(iv) बालक को मनपसन्द खिलौना न मिलने के कारण उसने घर सिर पर उठा लिया।
(v) कुसंगति में पड़कर मेरे मित्र का जीवन खाक में मिल गया।

Section B is not given due to change in present Syllabus.

ISC Class 12 Hindi Previous Year Question Papers

ISC Home Science Previous Year Question Paper 2018 Solved for Class 12

Maximum Marks: 70
Time allowed: Three hours

• Candidates are allowed additional 15 minutes for only reading the paper. They must NOT start writing during this time.
• Answer Question 1 from Part I and five questions from Part II,
• The intended marks for questions or parts of questions are given in brackets [ ].

Part-I (20 Marks)
Answer all questions.

Question 1. [10 x 2]
(i) What is the difference between boiling and par-boiling ?
(ii) List any two disadvantages of washing cereals and fruits.
(iii) State two merits of microwave cooking.
(iv) List any two points of importance of a care label of a garment.
(v) Mention any two ill-effects of using pesticides on food.
(vi) Name two common problems of puberty.
(vii) List any two bactericidal methods of food preservation.
(viii) Name two metal contaminants.
(ix) Explain the term Ecomark.
(x) What is meant by dry-cleaning of clothes ?
Answer:

(ii) The two disadvantages of washing cereals and fruits are:

• When cereals like rice or cut fruits are washed, vitamin-B complex also washes away from them.
• After washing, food should be consumed immediately in order to avoid food spoilage which arises due to excess moisture content. Washing can affect textures and taste of the food too.

(iii) Two merits of microwave cooking are :

• Microwave cooking is done very quickly as compared to conventional cooking.
• Microwave cooking allows cooking in very less oil and enhances the flavor of food.

(iv) Two points of importance of care labeling of a garment are :

• color fastness,
• washing instructions.

(v) Two ill-effects of using pesticides on food or crops are :

• decreased nitrogen fixation,
• reduced growth of plant

(vi) Two common problems of puberty are

• acne,
• mood swings..

(vii) Two bactericidal methods that preserve food are

• Deep freezing
• Canning.

(viii) Two metal contaminants are :

• Lead
• Arsenic.

(ix) ‘Eco mark’ is a label given to an environment friendly product by Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). Products which meet certain environmental criteria and are ecologically safe are labelled and certified with ‘Ecomark’.

(x) Dry cleaning of clothes means cleaning of a garment or textile with the use of Tetrachloroethylene (perc) or petroleum solvents instead of regular washing methods that involve water and detergent.

Part-II (50 Marks)
Answer any five questions.

Question 2.
The science of food preparation is based on the understanding of the changes that occur in food during cooking. In this context, explain :
(a) The effects of cooking on carbohydrates and protein. [5]
(b) Five ways of enhancing nutritive value of food. [5]
Answer:
(a) Upon cooking, the complex structures of carbohydrates and proteins are broken into simpler structure. The starch in carbohydrates undergoes gelatinisation and the simpler sugars like glucose, undergo caramelisation or non-enzymatic browning reaction. The tertiary (complex) structure of proteins also breaks down. These changes make them tastier and easily digestible.

(b) The five methods which can be used to enhance the nutritive value of foods are :

1. Germination
2. Fermentation
3. Combining foods (Example : Cereals and Pulses for proteins)
4. Fortification
5. Enrichment

Question 3.
Preservation plays a very important role in avoiding food wastage. In this context, explain :
(a) The role of enzymes and moisture in food spoilage. [5]
(b) The use of salt as a natural preservative. [5]
Answer:
(a) Moisture allows the growth of microorganisms like bacteria and fungi. These micro-organisms multiply in food and excrete waste products. This causes undesirable changes in food like bad-odour. Thus, foods with excess moisture deteriorate quickly. To prevent this spoilage, drying method is used things like papad, herbs, spices, cereals, etc. Enzymes are catalytic chemicals that help the fruits and vegetables to ripen. At room temperature, this process of ripening continues, causing food spoilage. To avoid this change, food like fruits and vegetables can be stored in refrigerator.

(b) The moisture content of food is usually responsible for its spoilage. The higher the moisture in food, the more are the chances of bacterial and fungal growth in it. Salt has a characteristic of absorbing water. When salt is added to food, it takes up the excess moisture content, making it unavailable for micro¬organisms and thus, preventing their growth. In this manner, salt helps to prevent spoilage of food and acts as a preservative.

Question 4.
(a) List the factors that cause diarrhoea.. [5]
(b) Discuss the dietary treatment given to a diarrhoea patient. [5]
Answer:
(a) Some of the factors that cause diarrhoea are :
Bacterial and Viral infections : They are the most common cause of diarrhoea, with mild-to-moderate symptoms like frequent and watery bowel movements, abdominal cramps and a low-grade fever.

Reaction to certain medications : Reactions can cause diarrhoea which includes the overuse of antibiotics.

Intolerance or allergies to foodjs : Foods such as artificial sweeteners and lactose (the sugar found in milk) can cause diarrhoea.

Consumption of unhygienic food : Consumption of unhygienic food results in the stomach and intestine infection, which is one of the most common causes of diarrhoea.

Malabsorption syndrome : It is a situation in which the small intestine is unable to absorb enough nutrients can cause diarrhoea.

(b) For a patient with diarrhoea, soft, completely cooked and balanced diet is recommended. Food with excess fibres, nuts, spices and fats should be avoided. Lot of fluids, oral rehydration formula and water should be given. As the patient’s digestive system is disturbed, instead of giving large meals, small- frequents meals should be given. Soups, fruit juices, curd, buttermilk, lemonade, rice, etc. are easily digestible and can be given frequently. Freshly prepared homemade meals are best for the patients who are suffering from diarrhoea.

Question 5.
(a) List five health related problems resulting from toxic colouring in food. [5]
(b) Suggest five measures to prevent suffocation and choking in kids. [5]
Answer:
(a) Toxic dyes in food can cause health problems like:

1. Nausea, vomiting and stomach discomfort
2. Low blood pressure
3. Difficulty in breathing, swelling and rashes on skin
4. Kidney disorders
5. Cancer

(b) To prevent suffocation and choking in kids, following measures should be taken :

1. Small objects, electric cords, magnets, small toys like dice, jewellery, plastic bags and other similar items should be kept out of reach of kids.
2. The mattress and sheets in the crib should be tightly secured to avoid suffocation as they might roll over at night.
3. Keep stuffed and soft toys away from the child, once he/she is asleep.
4. Food should be cut in to small pieces. Foods that are consumed whole like popcorn, grapes, berries, etc. should be given only under the supervision of elders.
5. Drinking water should be given only in sipper bottles, until the age of 5 years.

Question 6.
(a) List any five advantages of packaged goods in comparison to loose commodities sold in the market. [5]
(b) Discuss any five responsibilities of a consumer. [51]
Answer:
(a) The five advantages of packaged goods over loose commodities are:
The packaging keeps the product clean and adulteration is almost impossible in packaged goods. On the other hand, loose sold products can easily get contaminated and adulterated.

Consumer can know the maximum retail price mentioned on label and the seller cannot change the cost of commodity to cheat the consumer.

The weight of packaged goods remains intact and the seller cannot cheat the consumer by giving lesser quantity.

The labels on package contain important information like ‘expiry date’, ‘how to use’, and other instructions for safety of the consumer. This is unavailable in loosely sold commodities.

Packaging prevents the goods from damage during transport and storage.

(b) Five basic responsibilities of a consumer or pilferage:
Use the product as instructed. For this, one has to read the instructions given in the manual or on the label carefully. Carelessness or ignorance can be dangerous to consumers, for which the manufacturer/seller is not responsible.

The proof of purchase and cash memo or invoice should be safely retained to make a claim on the seller/manufacturer.

The claim can be made only for the product and service in warranty or guarantee period. Unreasonable claims should be avoided by the consumer.

The bank account details should be kept confidential by all consumers.

Any unauthorized transactions should be immediately reported to the bank and police.

Question 7.
(a) List any five factors that influence the adolescents while choosing their career. [5]
(b) Explain the role played by schools in the social and emotional development of teenagers. [5]
Answer 7.
(a) The five factors that influence adolescents’ career choice are:

1. Personal factors : Interest, talent and marks scored.
2. Peer group and social factors : Career selected by friends and other young people.
3. Family and social influence : Role of parents, teachers and society, their encouragement to the child for a specific career choice.
4. Economic factors: Affordability of a specific educational facility.
5. Availability of a specific educational choice : Available of course in the suitable place or availability of migration to the required place for study of the desired career/course.

(b) As teenagers spend a lot of time of their day in school and are going through a period of changes, school plays an important role in then- social and emotional development. Peer groups, friends and teachers affect a teenager’s mindset, mood and attitude. Bullying friends and harsh teachers that embarrass or humiliate the teenager can give a negative push to his/her sensitive emotional state. Whereas, a positive and energetic surrounding in school can boost a teenager to a healthy emotional and social development. The basic social interactions are unavoidable at schools and the teenager learns to take initiative and make friends.

Question 8.
(a) Discuss the technique of storing a velvet garment at home. [5]
(b) How does the climate and occupation of individuals affect the choice of clothes ? [5]
Answer:
(a) Following points should be used while storing a velvet garment at home:

1. Velvet clothes should always be hung, not folded as folding leaves creases that are difficult to remove. .
2. To protect velvet garments from dust, cover the shoulders with cotton fabric.
3. To store them for a long period, always use a porous, washable fabric storage bag.
4. Do not use plastic as it can trap moisture which can damage fibers and promote growth of fungus in the damp areas.
5. Store velvet garments in a cool, dry area that has stable temperature.

(b) There are many factors that affect the selection of clothes, climate and occupation are two of them. Climate usually affects the choice for the requirement of comfort, convenience and to protect the body from harsh weather. For example, in summers, cool, soft and light- colored clothes having sweat absoring qualities are preferred whereas silk or heavy clothes are :
In winters, warm and woolen clothes which maintain warmth in the body are used.

In rainy season, moisture content increase in the weather, therefore, clothes made of nylon are preferred as they dry easily. On the other hand, occupation affects the choice of clothes with regards to comfort as well as suitability. For example, an air hostess and a nurse, both have the uniforms that are suitable for easy and quick movements. However, the material, color and overall appearance of both are largely different to suit their professions. Likewise, each occupation has a particular requirement for dressing that gives them a formal look.

Question 9.
Write short notes on any two of the following :
(a) Storage of eggs. [5]
(b) Preliminary treatment of food. [5]
(c) Use of Biogas. [5]
Answer:
(a) Eggs should be stored in their original carton in the refrigerator. This helps to reduce water loss and protect flavours from other foods from being absorbed into the eggs. Upon refrigeration, eggs last for 3-5 weeks. Freezing eggs, shell eggs and egg-products can be stored in the freezer for upto one year. However, sufficient care should be taken in defrosting the frozen egg and its products. Only required quantities should be defrosted • and the container should be placed in cold water to defrost. Refreezing of defrosted products should be avoided. Also, once thawed, the egg should be stored in refrigerator if not used immediately and shell be used within three days of defrosting.

(b) Preliminary treatment of food means the pre-processing steps involved in cooking process. These can be preparing or processing method that makes the further processing easier, quicker and simpler. It is also important for making the food product safe to eat. Some of the treatments are washing, peeling, chopping, cutting, grinding, etc. Cleaning methods make the food clean and safe for consumption. They help to get rid of dirt and pesticides that linger on the food surface. Chopping or grinding food reduces the time taken to cook in the further processes. Some other methods are soaking, germination and fermentation. These methods make the food more nutritious than its native form. Methods like soaking destroy the anti nutritional components in the food product, making it easier to digest. They also help to quicken the process of cooking rich flavored dishes.

(c) Biogas is an alternative source of fuel and manure. It is natural and safe for the environment, as well as human health. Following are some uses of biogas :
Use of biogas as a natural fertilizer : The slurry in the biogas is a very rich source of nutrients. It increases the crop yield to a considerable extent as compared to other fertilizers.

Use of biogas as a cooking fuel: Biogas can help to bring up a smoke-free and ash-free kitchen in rural areas. Chores of cutting wood can be avoided.

Use in electricity production : It is used in producing electricity. During this process, heat is also generated which can be used in water heating or other industrial processes that require heat.

As a fuel : Upon purification to bio methane, it can be used as a fuel for vehicles.

As a fertilizer : When biogas is broken down, it releases CO₂ which is a good fertilizer. It is also a raw-material for production of dry ice.

ISC Class 12 Home Science Previous Year Question Papers

ISC Chemistry Previous Year Question Paper 2012 Solved for Class 12

Maximum Marks: 70
Time allowed: 3 hours

• Answer all questions in Part I and six questions from Part II, choosing two questions from Section A, two from Section B and two from Section C.
• All working, including rough work, should be done on the same sheet as, and adjacent to, the rest of the answer.
• The intended marks for questions or parts of questions are given in brackets [ ].
• Balanced equations must be given wherever possible and diagrams where they are helpful.
• When solving numerical problems, all essential working must be shown.
• In working out problems use the following data:
  Gas constant R = 1.987 cal deg^-1 mol^-1 = 8.314 JK^-1 mol^-1 = 0.0821 dm³ atm K^-1 mol^-1. 1L atm = 1 dm³ atm = 101.3 J.
  1 Faraday = 96500 Coulombs, Avogadro’s number = 6.023 × 10²³

Part – I
(Answer all questions)

Question 1.
(a) Fill in the blanks by choosing the appropriate word/words from those given in the brackets: [5]
(Raoult’s, Arrhenius, lateral, sodium, magnesium, negative, positive, non-ideal, ideal, iron, copper, van’t Hoff, s, p, ethanol, ethanoic acid, methanoic acid, methanol, propanoic acid.)
(i) For a spontaneous change to take place, the ΔS of the system should be …………… and ΔG of the system should be ……….
(ii) Hydrolysis of methyl propanoate gives ……….. and …………
(iii) Solutions which strictly obey ………… law is called …………. solutions.
(iv) π bonds are formed by the ………… overlap of ………… orbitals.
(v) Zinc can displace ……….. from CuSO₄ solution, but cannot displace …………. from MgSO₄ solution.

(b) Complete the following statements by selecting the correct alternative from the choices given: [5]
(i) The quantity of electricity required to deposit 1.15 g of sodium from molten NaCl (Na = 23, Cl = 35.5) is:
(1) IF
(2) 0.5 F
(3) 0.05 F
(4) 1.5 F

(ii) When acetic acid is reacted with calcium hydroxide and the product is distilled dry, the compound formed is:
(1) Calcium acetate
(2) Acetone
(3) Acetaldehyde
(4) Acetic anhydride

(iii) The [OH^–] concentration of a weak base is given by:
(1) ck_b
(2) \(\sqrt{c k_{b}}\)
(3) \(\sqrt{k_{b} / c}\)
(4) \(\sqrt{k_{b}}\)

(iv) In a plot of log k vs 1/T, the slope is
(1) -E_a/2.303
(2) E_a/2.303R
(3) E_a/2.303
(4) -E_a/2.303R

(v) Among the following coordination compounds, the one giving a white precipitate with BaCl₂ solution is:
(1) [Cr(H₂O)₅Br]SO₄
(2) [Cr(H₂O)₅SCN]
(3) [CO(NH₃)₅SO₄] Br
(4) [Pt(NH₃)₆]Cl₄

(c) Answer the following questions: [5]
(i) A solution X is prepared by dissolving three moles of glucose in one litre of water and a solution Y is prepared by dissolving 1.5 moles of sodium chloride in one litre of water. Will the osmotic pressure of X be higher, lower or equal to that of Y? Give a reason for your answer.
(ii) Give one example (equation) of a homogeneously catalysed reaction and name the catalyst.
(iii) Write the formula of the product formed when formaldehyde reacts with ammonia and name the product.
(iv) If the ionization (dissociation) constant of acetic acid is ka, what will be the pH of a solution containing equal concentrations of acetic acid and sodium acetate?
(v) What is the electronic configuration of the chromium atom (Z = 24)? Give a reason for your answer.

(d) Match the following: [5]

(i) Nernst equation	(a) Water
(ii) Lactic acid	(b) Constant volume
(iii) Amphiprotic solvent	(c) Ammonia
(iv) Lewis base	(d) Optical isomers
(v) Isochoric process	(e) Electrochemical cells

Answer:
(a) (ii) methanol, propanoic acid
(iii) Raoult’s, ideal
(v) copper, magnesium.

(b) (i) (3) 0.05 F
(ii) (2) Acetone
(iii) (3) \(\sqrt{k_{b} / c}\)
(iv) (4) -E_a/2.303R
(v) (1) [Cr(H₂O)₅Br]SO₄

(c) (i) The osmotic pressure of X will be equal to that of Y.
Reason: Osmotic pressure is a colligative property. Its value depends upon the number of particles of solute present in the solution. 3 moles of glucose gives 3 moles of molecules (particles) in solution. 1.5 moles of NaCl, due to complete dissociation provides 3 moles of ions (particles) in solution.
Molar concentrations of solutions are the same and their osmotic pressures are also equal.

(ii) Hydrolysis of ethyl acetate catalysed by dil. H₂SO₄ to give ethanol and acetic acid.

(iii) Urotropine or hexamethylenetetramine having formula (CH₂)₆N₄ is formed.
(iv) For the equal concentration of acetic acid and sodium acetate in a solution, its pH will be given by

(v) Electronic configuration of Cr atom is 1s², 2s²2p⁶, 3s²p⁶d⁵, 4s¹
This is because in this electronic configuration d subshell is half-filled which is more stable configuration than normally expected i.e., 3d⁴4s².
(d) (i) (e)
(ii) (d)
(iii) (a)
(iv) (c)
(v) (b)

Part – II

Answer six questions choosing two from Section A, two from Section B and two from Section C.

Section – A
(Answer any two questions)

Question 2.
(a) (i) A solution of urea in water has a boiling point of 100.18°C. Calculate the freezing point of the solution. (K_f for water is 1.86 K kg mol^-1 and for water is 0.512 K kg mol^-1). [2]
(ii) A solution of lactose-containing 8.45 g of lactose in 100 g of water has a vapour pressure of 4.559 mm of Hg at 0°C. If the vapour pressure of pure water is 4.579 mm of Hg, calculate the molecular weight of lactose. [3]
(b) (i) The molecular weight of H₂S is more than that of H₂O, but H₂S is a gas and H₂O is a liquid. Explain. [2]
(ii) When potassium cyanide reacts with water, will the resulting solution be acidic, alkaline or neutral? Justify your answer. [2]
(c) What is the hybridization of the carbon atom in ethyne molecule? What is the H-C-H bond angle? [1]
Answer:
(a) (i) K_b = 0.512 K kg mol^-1
K_f = 1.86 K kg mol^-1
ΔT_b = 100.18° – 100° = 0.18
ΔT = K_b × molality
molality = 0.18/0.512
Now, ΔT_f = K_f × molality
\(=1.86 \times \frac{0.18}{0.512}=0.6539\)
Freezing point of solutions = 0 – 0.6539 = -0.6539
(ii) Weight of lactose w = 8.45 g
Weight of water W = 100 g
Vapour pressure of pure water (p°) = 4.579 mm of Hg
Vapour pressure of solution (p_s) = 4.559 mm of Hg
Now, according to Raoult’s’ law

The molecular mass of lactose is 348.

(b) (ii) KCN is a salt of a strong base and weak acid. It undergoes hydrolysis when dissolved in water to form weak acid HCN and strong base KOH.
\(\begin{array}{c}{\mathrm{KCN}+\mathrm{HOH} \rightleftharpoons \mathrm{HCN}+\mathrm{KOH}} \\ {\mathrm{H}^{+}+\mathrm{CN}^{-} \rightleftharpoons \mathrm{HCN} \text { (anionic hydrolysis) }}\end{array}\)
HCN is a weak acid because it gives less H⁺ ions in the solution while KOH is strong electrolyte and remains completely dissociated. Therefore, the resulting solution contains more OH^– ions and it is therefore alkaline.

Question 3.
(a) (i) State the second law of thermodynamics in terms of the entropy of the universe. [1]
(ii) Calculate the maximum work that can be obtained from the given electrochemical cell constructed with two metals M and N. [3 ]
\(\begin{array}{l}{\left[\mathrm{E}_{\mathrm{M}^{+}}^{o}+2_{/ \mathrm{M}}=-0.76 \mathrm{V}, \mathrm{E}_{\mathrm{N}^{+}+2 / \mathrm{N}}^{o}=0.34 \mathrm{V}\right]} \\ {\text { The cell reaction is } \mathrm{M}+\mathrm{N}^{+2} \rightarrow \mathrm{M}^{+2}+\mathrm{N}}\end{array}\)
(b) (i) To precipitate group III cations NH₄Cl should be added to the solution before the addition of ammonium hydroxide. Explain why. [2]
(ii) A study of chemical kinetics of the reaction A + B → products, gave the following data at 25°C: [2]

Find:
(1) The order of reaction with respect to A.
(2) The order of reaction with respect to B.
(3) The rate law.
(c) (i) What are F- centres in an ionic crystal?
(ii) Why are crystals having F-centres paramagnetic?
Answer:
(a) (ii) According to given cell reaction

(b) (i) To precipitate group III cations as hydroxides, a low cone, of OH^– is required because solubility products of group III hydroxides are low as compared to the hydroxides of higher groups. Presence of NH₄Cl which is a strong electrolyte suppresses dissociation of weak electrolyte NH₄OH by common ion effect and decreases OH^– ion concentration considerably.
\(\begin{array}{c}{\mathrm{NH}_{4} \mathrm{Cl} \rightleftharpoons \mathrm{NH}_{4}^{+}+\mathrm{Cl}^{-}} \\ {\mathrm{NH}_{4} \mathrm{OH} \rightleftharpoons \mathrm{NH}_{4}^{+}+\mathrm{OH}^{-}}\end{array}\)

(c) (i) F-centres: These are the anionic vacancies occupied by electrons. In ionic compounds having non-stoichiometric defects. These electrons remain delocalised and are responsible for imparting colours to crystals.

(ii) Due to presence of free impaired electrons occupying anionic vacancies a magnetic moment results by the spin of electron in a particular direction. The ionic crystals with F-centres, therefore, show paramagnetic behaviour.

Question 4.
(a) (i) The central atom of methane and water is in the same state of hybridization, but the shapes of the two molecules are different. Discuss. [2]
(ii) The conductivity of 0.2 M KCl solution is 3 × 10^-2 ohm^-1cm^-1. Calculate its molar conductance. [1]
(b) (i) Draw the valence shell molecular orbital diagram of the oxygen molecule and predict its magnetic nature. [2]
(ii) Calculate the solubility of lead chloride in water, if its solubility product is 1.7 × 10^-5. [2]
(Pb = 206, Cl = 35.5)
(c) For a crystal of diamond, state: [2]
(i) The hybridisation of the carbon atom.
(ii) The coordination number of each carbon atom.
(iii) The type of lattice in which it crystalises.
(iv) The number of carbon atoms presents per unit cell.
Answer:

(c) (i) sp³ hybridisation.
(ii) Coordination number is 4.
(iii) Type of lattice: Giant network type with the fee arrangement of C atoms.
(iv) The number of particles per unit cell is 4.

Section – B
(Answer any two questions)

Question 5.
(a) Write the formulae of the following coordination compounds : [2]
(i) potassiumtetracyanonickel (0)
(ii) triamminetrinitrocobalt (III)
(b) [CoF₆]^3- is a coordination complexion. [2]
(i) What is the oxidation number of cobalt in the complex?
(ii) How many unpaired electrons are there in the complex?
(iii) State the magnetic behaviour of the complex.
(iv) Give the IUPAC name of the complex.
(c) Draw the structural isomer of [Co(NH₃)₅NO₂)Cl₂ and name the type of isomerism. [1]
Answer:
(a) (i) K₄[Ni(CN)₄]
(ii) [Co(NH₃)₃(NO₂)₃]
(b) (i) [COF₆]^3-
x + (6 × -1) = -3
Oxidation number of Co, x = +3
(ii) 4 unpaired electrons.
(iii) The complexion is paramagnetic.
(iv) Hexafluorocobaltate (III) ion.
(c) Structural isomer → [Co(NH₃)₅Cl]Cl.NO₂
Type of isomerism → Ionisation isomerism.

Question 6.
(a) Give the equations for the conversion of argentite (Ag₂S) to metallic silver. [2]
(b) Give balanced equations for the following reactions: [3]
(i) Acidified potassium permanganate and oxalic acid.
(ii) Ozone and mercury.
(iii) The action of heat on a mixture of sodium chloride and concentrated sulphuric acid.
Answer:

Question 7.
(a) Explain why transition metals form complex compounds. [2]
(b) (i) What is the hybridisation of the chlorine atom in the ClF₃ molecule? [2]
(ii) Draw the structure of the molecule and state its geometry.
(c) Name the inert gases used for: [1]
(i) Filling sodium vapour lamps.
(ii) Obtaining light of different colours in neon signs.
Answer:
(a) Transition metals form complexes due to:
(i) Small size and high nuclear charge of these metals.
(ii) Availability of vacant d-orbitals of suitable energy to accommodate lone pairs of electrons donated by the ligands.
(b) (i) The hybridisation of the Cl atom in ClF₃ is sp³d.

(c) (i) Neon gas
(ii) Argon mixed with neon gas.

Section – C
(Answer any two questions)

Question 8.
(a) How can the follow ing conversions be brought about:
(i) Ethanol to methylamine. [3]
(ii) Benzene to phenol. [2]
(b) Complete the following reactions and name the reactions: [3]
(i) ………… + 3I₂ + 4KOH → CHI₃ + CH₃COOK + 3KI + 3H₂O
(ii) C₃H₇NH₂ + CHCl₃ + 3KOH (alc.) → ……….. + 3KCl + 3H₂O
(c) Name the type of polymerisation (addition or condensation) and name the monomers in each of the following polymers: [2]
(i) Protein.
(ii) Polyethene.
Answer:

(c) (i) Condensation polymerisation,
monomer → amino acids.
(ii) Addition polymerisation,
monomer → ethylene.

Question 9.
(a) (i) What type of isomers are glucose and fructose? [1]
(ii) Name the functional group common to both glucose and fructose.
(b) (i) Identify the products A, B and C: [3]

(c) Give balanced equations for the following reactions: [3]
(i) Benzaldehyde and hydroxylamine.
(ii) Benzoic acid and phosphorus pentachloride.
(iii) 1-butanol and hydrogen chloride.
(d) Give one good chemical test to distinguish between the following pairs of compounds: [3]
(i) Methanal and ethanal.
(ii) Urea and benzoic acid.
Answer:
(a) (i) Functional isomers
(ii) Alcoholic group
(b) (i) A → Benzoic acid, B → Benzene, C → 3, 5 dichloro benzoic acid.

(ii) X → alcoholic KCN, Y → LiAlH₄, Z → CH₃COCl.
(c) (i) C₆H₅CHO + H₂NOH → C₆H₅CH=NOH + H₂O
(ii) C₆H₅COOH + PCl₅ → C₆H₅COCl + POCl₃ + HCl
(iii) CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂OH + HCl → CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂Cl + H₂O
(d) (i) Ethanal, on warming with iodine and NaOH solution gives a yellow crystalline precipitate of iodoform. Methanal does not give this test.
(ii) Urea when heated just above its melting point and treated with alkali and a drop of dilute copper sulphate solution, gives violet colour. While benzoic acid does not give this test.

Question 10.
(a) An aliphatic hydrocarbon A on treatment with sulphuric acid in the presence of HgSO₄ yields a liquid B with molecular formula C₂H₄O. B on oxidation with acidified potassium dichromate yields C which gives effervescence with sodium bicarbonate. C, when treated with SOCl₂, gives D. WhenD reacts with ethanol it gives a sweet-smelling liquid E. E is also formed when C reacts with ethanol in the presence of cone. H₂SO₄. [4]
(i) Identify A, B, C, D and E.
(ii) Draw the structure of the isomer of compound B.
(iii) Write the balanced equation for the conversion of A to B.
(b) (i) The compound C₆H₁₂ shows optical isomerism. Draw the structural formula of the compound and name it. [1]
(ii) Name any three types of isomerisms that the compound with molecular formula C₄H₇Cl can give rise to. Also, represent the structures of the compounds relevant to these isomers. [3]
(c) Give equations to show what happens when a mixture of potassium cyanate and ammonium sulphate is strongly heated. Name the reaction. [2]
Answer:
(a) (i) A → Acetylene, B → Acetaldehyde, C → Acetic acid, D → Acetyl chloride, E → Ethyl acetate.
(ii) Isomers of acetaldehyde (CH₂=CHOH)

It is Wohler’s synthesis of urea.

ISC Class 12 Chemistry Previous Year Question Papers

ISC History Previous Year Question Paper 2018 Solved for Class 12

Maximum Marks: 80
Time allowed: Three hours

• Candidates are allowed additional 15 minutes for only reading the paper. They must NOT start writing during this time.
• Answer Question 1 (Compulsory) from Part I and five questions from Part II, choosing two questions from Section A, two
• questions from Section B and one question from either Section A or Section B.
• The intended marks for questions or parts of questions are given in brackets [ ].

Part—I (20 Marks)
Answer all questions.

Question 1. [20 x 1]
(i) What was the significance of Attlee’s Declaration of 20th February, 1947 ?
(ii) Name the Indian nationalist leader who played a vital role in the integration of princely states with the Indian Union.
(iii) Mention the principle on which the first general election in India (1952) was based.
(iv) With reference to the Congress party in the 1960s, what is meant by the term Syndicate ?
(v) What is the significance of the Historic Eight Documents ?
(vi) Who was the first non-Congress Prime Minister of India ?
(vii) Why was Operation Blue Star launched ?
(viii) What are the five principles of peaceful co-existence mutually agreed upon by India and China known as ?
(ix) Mention the controversial issue that led to the outbreak of the First Indo-Pak War (1948-1949).
(x) Name the Report (published in 1974) that deals with issues related to the status of women in India.
(xi) Name two alliances signed between Italy, Germany and Japan.
(xii) Explain the term island hopping with reference to the war in the Pacific.
(xiii) Why was there a temporary truce between the KMT and CCP in 1936 ?
(xiv) What part did the Mau Mau secret society play in the Kenyan struggle for freedom from British rule ?
(xv) Why did Stalin establish the Cominform ?
(xvi) Who introduced the policies of the Glasnost and Perestroika in the USSR ?
(xvii) Which organisation led the movement against communism in Poland ?
(xviii) Name the two democrat Presidents who were sympathetic to the demands of black Americans ?
(xix) Who wrote the book The Feminine Mystique that sparked off the Second Wave of American Feminism in the 20th century ?
(xx) What was the immediate reaction of the Arab states to the creation of the new
Answer:
(i) The significance of Atlee’s Declaration was that the Indians should settle their issues by 1947 and the British would leave India by July 1948. He also announced the appointment of Lord Mountbatten as Viceroy in place of Lord Wavell.

(ii) Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel played a crucial role in integrating the princely states with the Indian Union.

(iii) On the basis of the principle of ‘Universal Adult Suffrage’ the first general election in India was held.

(iv) The term ‘Syndicate’ was the informal name given to a group of powerful and influential leaders who controlled the Congress party. The party was led by Congress President K. Kamraj and included many powerful leaders like Atulya Ghosh, S. K. Patil, N. Sanjeeva Reddy.

(v) The significance of the Historic Eight Documents lies in the fact that these documents outline the ideological principles on which the Naxalite Communist movement in India was based.

(vi) Morarji Desai was the first non-Congress Prime Minister of India.

(vii) Operation Blue Star was an Indian military operation, which occurred in June, 1984. It was ordered by the then Prime Minister, Indira Gandhi, to flush out the militant members of the Khalistan who were hidden inside the holy Golden Temple in Amritsar.

(viii) Panchsheel Pact (1954) indicates the Five Principles of Peaceful Co-existence. These were first formally enunciated in the Agreement on Trade and Intercourse between the Tibet region of China and India.

(ix) The Kashmir conflict was the disputed issue that led to the outbreak of the first Indo-Pak War (1948-49).

(x) Towards Equality (1974) was the first Report that deals with the issues related to the status of women in India.

(xi) Anti-Comintern Pact (1936) and Tripartite Pact or Berlin Pact (1940) were the two alliances signed between Italy, Germany and Japan. ,

(xii) “Island Hopping” is the phrase given to the strategy employed by the United States to gain military bases and secure many small islands in the Pacific.

(xiii) The Second United Front was the brief alliance between the Chinese Nationalist Party (Kuomintang, or KMT) and Communist Party of China (CPC) to resist the Japanese invasion during the Second Sino-Japanese War, which suspended the Chinese Civil War from 1937 to 1941.

(xiv) Dominated by the Kikuyu tribe, Meru tribe and Embu tribe, the Mau Mau fought against the White European Colonist- settlers in Kenya, the British Army, and the local Kenya Regiment.

(xv) Stalin wanted to tighten his grip on the communist satellite states so he formed Come in form.

(xvi) Mikhail Gorbachev introduced the policies of Glasnost and Perestroika in USSR.

(xvii) Solidarity led the movement against communism in Poland.

(xviii) J. F. Kennedy and L. B. Johnson and Roosevelt were the two democrat Presidents who were sympathetic to the demands of black Americans.

(xix) Betty Friedan was an American writer, activist, and feminist who wrote the book The Feminine Mystique.

(xx) Violence erupted almost immediately, feeding into a spiral of reprisals and counter-reprisals. Israel was immediately attacked by neighboring Arab states.

Part-II (60 Marks)

Answer five questions in all, choosing two questions from Section A, two questions from Section B and one question from either Section A or Section B.

Section-A

Question 2.
(a) Why was there a change in the attitude of the British government towards India at the end of World War II? [6]
(b) List the main proposals of the Cabinet Mission Plan. [6]
Answer:
Following reasons were responsible for a change in the attitude of the British towards India after the World War II.

1. The collapse of British imperial power can be traced directly to the impact of World War II.
2. The catastrophic wars in Europe and Asia between 1940 and 1942, destroyed Britain’s financial and economic independence, which was the real foundation of it’s imperial system.
3. It also erased the old balance of power on which the British security —at home and abroad—had largely depended.
4. Although Britain was one of the victorious allies, the defeat of Germany had been mainly the work of Soviet and American power, while that of Japan had been almost entirely an American triumph.
5. Britain had survived and recovered the territory that was lost during the war, but its prestige and authority, not to mention its wealth, had been severely reduced.
6. The British found themselves locked into an imperial end game from which every exit was blocked except the trapdoor to oblivion.

(b) Following were the main proposals of the Cabinet Mission Plan.

1. There was to be a Union of India, embracing British India and the Indian states.
2. The Union, that is, the federal centre, should have exclusive control of foreign affairs, defence and communications.
3. Provinces were to have complete autonomy and were to exercise all powers except those vested in the centre.
4. The provinces of British India were to form three groups, Group A comprising the Hindu majority provinces of Madras, Bombay, C. P, U. P., Bihar and Orissa, Group B comprising the Muslim majority provinces of Punjab, the North-West Frontier Province, Baluchistan and Sind and Group C consisting of Bengal and Assam.
5. Each group was to settle its own constitution, the representatives of all of them together with the representatives of the Indian states who would join the Union were to meet in a Constituent Assembly to draft a constitution for the Union.
6. The entire set-up may, if thought necessary will be revived after ten years or periodically every ten years.

Question 3.
(a) Examine the role of the Syndicate in the appointment of Lai Bahadur Shastri as Prime Minister of India. [6]
(b) Give a brief account of the circumstances that led to the split in Congress, in 1969. [6]
Answer:
(a) Syndicate was the informal name given to a group of Congress leaders who were in control of the party’s organisation. It was led by K. Kamraj, former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu. When Nehru passed away, K. Kamraj, the President of the Congress party consulted party leaders, members of the syndicate and members of the Parliament.

The members of the syndicate convinced the leaders of the Congress party to come in favour of Lai Bahadur Shastri. As a result, he was unanimously chosen as the leader of the Congress parliamentary party and thus became the country’s next Prime Minister. He was a non-controversial leader from Uttar Pradesh who had been a minister in Nehru’s cabinet for many years. He was known for his simplicity and his commitment towards his principles. Thus, Lai Bahdur Shastri owed his position to the support he received from the Syndicate.

(b) The factional rivalry between the Syndicate and Indira Gandhi came out in the open in 1969. Following President Zakir Hussain’s death, the post of the President of India fell yacant that year. Despite Indira Gandhi’s reservations, the Syndicate managed to nominate her long time rival and the then Speaker of the Lok Sabha, N. Sanjeeva Reddy, as the official Congress candidate for the coming Presidential elections.

Indira Gandhi retaliated by encouraging the then Vice-President V.V. Giri to file his nomination as an independent candidate. After silently supporting V.V. Giri, Indira Gandhi openly called for a ‘conscience vote’ which meant that the MPs and MLAs from the Congress should be free to vote the way they wanted.

V.V. Giri won the election and the defeat of the official Congress candidate formalized the split in the party. The Congress President expelled the Prime Minister from the Party. By November 1969, the Congress group led by the Syndicate came to be known as the Congress (Organisation) and the group led by Indira Gandhi came to be known as the – Congress (Requisitionists).

Question 4.
(a) Trace the developments leading to the rise of the Naxal Movement in West Bengal. [6]
(b) What measures did the government adopt to suppress the Naxal Movement ? [6]
Answer:
(a) The term Naxalites comes from Naxalbari, a small village in West Bengal, where a section of the Communist Party of India (Marxist) CPI (M) led by Charu Majumdar, Kanu Sanyal and Jangal Santhal initiated an uprising in 1967. On 18th May 1967, the Siliguri Kishan Sabha, of which Jangal was the president, declared their support for the movement initiated by Kanu Sanyal, and their readiness to adopt armed struggle to redistribute land to the landless. The following week, a sharecropper near Naxalbari village was attacked by the landlord’s men over a land dispute. On 24th May, when a police team arrived to arrest the peasant leaders, it was ambushed by a group of tribals led by Jangal Santhal, and a police inspector was killed. This event encouraged many Santhal tribals and other poor people to join the movement and to start attacking local landlords.

1. A large number of urban elites were also attracted to the ideology, which spread through Charu Majumdar’s writings, particularly the ‘Historic Eight Documents’ which formed the basis of Naxalite ideology.
2. Practically all Naxalite groups trace their origin to the CPI (ML).
3. Around 1971 the Naxalites gained a strong presence among the radical sections of the student movement in Calcutta. Students left school to join the Naxalites.
4. Majumdar, to encrourage more students into his organisation, declared that revolutionary warfare was to take place not only in the rural areas as before, but now everywhere and spontaneously.
5. Majumdar declared an “annihilation line”, a dictum that Naxalites should assassinate individual “class enemies” (such as landlords, businessmen, university teachers, police officers, politicians of the right and left) and others.

(b) Government has adopted both violent and peaceful strategies to tackle threats posed by the Naxals. But lately it seems that the government is keener to follow peaceful strategy of development as a tool to dissuade potential recruits from joining armed struggle in Naxal hit areas.
Modernisation of Armed Forces : The Government closely monitors the situation and provides supplements and further coordinates their efforts in several ways. These include providing Armed Police Forces, modernisation and upgradation of the State Police and their Intelligence apparatus under the scheme for Modernisation of State Police Forces (MPF scheme). Moreover the government provided helicopters for anti-Naxal operations, assistance in training of State Police through the Ministry of Defence and further development of the Central Police Organisations and the Bureau of Police Research and Development.

Scheme of Special Infrastructure : To cater to the critical infrastructure gaps, that cannot be covered under the existing schemes. These relate to requirements of mobility for the police/security forces by upgrading existing roads, tracks in inaccessible areas, providing secure camping grounds and helipads at strategic locations in remote and interior areas, measures to enhance security in respect of police stations.

Central Scheme : Central Scheme for assistance to civilian victims/family of victims of terrorist attacks, Communal and Naxal violence is the broad aim of the scheme.

Integrated Action Plan : The Planning Commission implemented the Integrated Action Plan (IAP) for 78 Selected Tribal and Backward Districts for accelerated development. The aim of this initiative was to provide public infrastructure and services in contiguous districts. The nature of major projects taken up by the districts under the IAP include construction of school buildings / school furniture, Anganwadi Centers, drink ig water facilities, rural roads, Panel at Bhawans / Community Halls, go downs DS shops, livelihood activities, skill development / training’s, minor irrigation works, electric lighting, health centres/facilities.

Civic Action Programme : Under this scheme financial grants are sanctioned to CAPF’s in order to undertake civic action in the affected states. This was a successful scheme which aimed at building bridges between the local population and the security forces. The Government of India’s approach of focusing on development and security related interventions helped tackle the problem of LWE.

Question 5.
(a) State the objectives of the Khalistan Movement under the leadership of the Akali Dal. [6]
(b) Discuss the consequences of the Khalistan Movement. [6]
Answer:
(a) Objectives of the Khalistan Movement:

1. The transfer of the federally administered city of Chandigarh to Punjab.
2. The transfer of Punjabi-speaking and contiguous areas of Haryana to Punjab.
3. Decentralization of States under the existing constitution, limiting the Central Government’s role.
4. The call for land reforms and industrialization of Punjab, along with safeguarding the rights of the weaker sections of the population.
5. The enactment of an all India Gurudwara (Sikh house of worship) Act.
6. Protection of minorities residing outside Punjab, but within India.
7. Reservation of government’s recruitment quota restricting the number of Sikhs in armed forces.

(b) (1) Practically, the whole Union List and a good number of items of the Concurrent List were thus ousted from the control of the Central government.

2. The other Sikhs did not support the Akali demand. The Akhalis failed to win over the support of the Sikh President of India. They could not win over the Sikh Chief Minister of the state of Punjab to their side.

3. In the 1980s, some of the members of Khalistan turned to militancy.

4. This resulted in counter militancy operations by the Indian security forces.

5. In one such operation, Operation Blue Star in June 1984 Indian forces entered the Holy Golden Temple to overpower the militants who took shelter there. Death of Bhindranwale and Amrik Singh. The operation led to loss of lives on both sides. The Sikhs started widespread criticism of the Indian government. In the meantime, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi was assassinated.

6. There were large scale disturbances started and a number of Sikhs were killed.

7. After the assassination of Indira Gandhi an agreement called the ‘Punjab Accord’ or Rajiv – Longwal Accord took plate. Longowal was assassinated.

8. It was then decided that the AnandapurSaheb Resolution would be referred to the Sarkaria Commission. It was also decided that some Hindi-speaking areas of Punjab would be transferred to Haryana. The accord recognized the religious, territorial and economic demands of the Sikh that were thought to be non-negotiable under Indira Gandhi’s tenure.

9. Operation Black Thunder was launched by the Central Government inl988 to flush out remaining militants in a more organised way.

Question 6.
Discuss the causes and consequences of the Indio-Pak war of 1965. [12]
Answer:
The Indo-Pak War of 1965 was the culmination of a series of disputes between India and Pakistan.
Causes:
Partition of India : The partition of India even led to dispute over sharing of river waters. The water of nearly all the rivers – Indus, Chenab, Sutlej, Beas and Ravi flowed from India. In 1948 India stopped the water of these rivers.

Indus Water Treaty Dispute : A dispute ensued and the Indus Water Treaty of 1960 was signed between Nehru and Ayub Khan. After this Pakistan was to use waters of Jhelum, Chenab and Indus while India was to use the waters of Sutlej, Beas and Ravi.

Dispute over Border : The boundary commission tried to settle the border dispute. A dispute ensued over Rann of Kutch in 1965. Pakistan attacked near Kutch border. India referred the dispute to UN. Seeing this as India’s weakness, Pakistan tried to outrage Kashmir. On 5th August, 1965 Pakistan . stationed troops along the LOC.
Consequences:
Defeat of Pakistan : The war began following Pakistan’s Operation Gibraltar, which was designed to infiltrate irregular “Jihadi” forces into Jammu and Kashmir to precipitate an insurgency against the rule by India. Pakistan faced a shameful defeat in the war.

Tashkent Declaration : War ended in a United Nations mandated ceasefire and the subsequent issuance of the Tashkent Declaration.

Attitude of Pakistan : At the conclusion of the War, many Pakistanis considered the performance of their military to be positive. 6th September is celebrated as Defence Day i n Pakistan, in commemoration of successful defence of Lahore against the Indian Army.

1. After the Tashkent declaration the two nations got disillusioned and Z. A. Bhutto, Pakistani’s premier said that the Hindu Culture was determined to devour Islamic Culture.
2. Pakistan showed hard postures to solve Kashmir dispute.
3. Pakistan allowed China to use road in Gilgit, an area of Pakistan-occupied Kashmir.
4. Disputes even emerged over the use of Ganga waters and construction of Farakka barrage.
5. With this, the relations between the two countries further reached at its lowest level in 1971, which resulted in the emergence of a civil war in East Pakistan.

Section—B
Answer any two questions.

Question 7.
With reference to the aggressive foreign policies of Italy and Japan, explain how the following events made war more likely and worldwide in scope :
(a) Italy’s invasion of Abyssinia. [6]
(b) Attack on Pearl Harbour-motives, events and
impact. [6]
Answer:
(a) Italy’s Invasion of Abyssinia :
Italy, under the leadership of Benito Mussolini, advocated an aggressive foreign policy. It showed an unflagging interest in European diplomacy.

The sole ambition of Italy was to restrict the re-birth of German military power. As a matter of fact, Italy formed nexus with other European powers. Italy supported the Dollfuss government in Austria in 1934 when Austrian Nazis tried to crush the government with the clandestine German assistance.

Subsequently, Italy and France formed a Franco-Italian Alliance in 1935 to guarantee Austrian independence. Union of Austria with Germany (Anschluss) was forbidden in the Treaty of Versailles.

Italy negotiated the Stresa front that was formed in 1935 with the two democratic western powers, France and Britain.

However, there was a change in equations in the Italy’s foreign policy. Britain concluded a naval agreement with Germany without the acknowledgement of France and Italy.

In October, 1935, Italy invaded Abyssinia with the aim of forming a small African Empire, gaining prestige and trade. By this time, Mussolini made Italy a super imperialist power.

The main reason behind the invasion of Abyssinia was that he aimed to boost the popularity of the regime by providing an outlet for over-population in Italy. Abyssinia was the main target as it was the only independent country. At the same time, Abyssinian forces were poorly equipped and could not resist Italian attack.

The League of Nations took punitive measures against the unjust invasion of Abyssinia. However, the League could not maintain international collective security, which was one of the aspects of the League. Thus, the League failed to protect Abyssinia as Mussolini could not be deterred.

The second Italo-Abyssinian war was also called the Rape of Ethiopia, which lasted seven months in 1935-36. It is often regarded as precursor to World War-II and a demonstration of the inefficiency of the League.

(b) Attack on Pearl Harbour-motives, events and impact:
The Japanese government decided to attack Pearl Harbour after the United States cut off US oil exports to Japan in the summer of 1941. Japan relied on the United States for eighty percent of its oil, and without US oil supplies its navy would be unable to function. While attacking Pearl Harbour the Japanese hoped to cripple or destroy the US Pacific fleet so that the Japanese navy would have free reign in the Pacific and get the oil supply easily.

The United States also had an obvious interest in these natural resources, and in response to the Japanese aggression, the U.S. Congress placed restrictions on doing business with Japan. And, if that weren’t enough, Japanese assets in the United States were frozen.

President Roosevelt moved the US Pacific Fleet from California to Pearl Harbour in 1939. This move was a threat to Japan, who wanted to expand in the Pacific. Military leaders and politicians saw a war between the U.S. and Japan as inevitable, with the solution being to attack first. Japan did just that.

Events and Impacts : The American people were shocked, bewildered, surprised, and angered by the attack. On December 8th, President Roosevelt addressed a joint session of Congress in the Capital. In his address, Roosevelt asked Congress to declare war against Japan. Three days later, Japan’s allies Germany and Italy declared war on the United States, and Congress reciprocated the same day. All previous domestic opposition to US entry into the war ceased. The United States was now immersed in a war that it would conduct simultaneously in Europe and the Pacific.

Question 8.
(a) Give a brief account of the post-war struggle between the KMT and the CCP. [6]
(b) Explain the causes for the victory of the Communists. [6]
Answer:
(a)The end of the World War-II did not mark the end of conflict in China. However, the defeat of Japan sparked a race between the KMT and CCP to regulate vital resources and population centres in Northern China and Manchuria.

The CCP and the People’s Liberation Army (PLA; the name by which communist forces were now known) conquered mainland China and on October 1st, 1949, the People’s Republic of China was established, with its capital at Beijing (the city’s former name restored). The factors that brought this about were complex and subjected to widely varying interpretation, but the basic fact remained a communist military triumph growing out of a profound and popularly based revolution.

The process may be perceived in three phases: (1) from August 1945 to the end of
1946, the Nationalists and Communists raced to take over Japanese-held territories, built up their forces, and fought many limited engagements while still conducting negotiations for a peaceful settlement; (2) during 1947 and the first half of 1948, after initial Nationalist success, the strategic balance turned in favour of the Communists; and (3) the communists won a series of smashing victories beginning in the latter part of 1948 that led to the establishment of the People’s Republic.

(b) The causes for the victory of the Communists in China are enumerated as follows:
Chiang’s Kuomintang government was filled with incompetent and corrupt officials. The people especially hated the tax collectors, who were commonly called “blood-sucking devils.” Chiang himself held dictatorial powers, but his orders were often ignored. He had little success in rallying Chinese nationalism to win an unpopular war against the Communists.

Economic discontent in the cities led to thousands of labour strikes. Students, newspaper editors and intellectuals protested against Chiang’s Nationalist government. They demanded an end to the civil war and the creation of a government that included the Communists. The Nationalists responded with censorship, beatings, mass arrests and even assassinations. This repression drove many to the Communist’s cause.

The Nationalist government seemed to care only for city business interests and rural landlords while ignoring the suffering of the peasants. The corrupt government administrators helped landlords take back their lands that the Communists had handed over to the peasants. The government often punished peasants for participating in Mao’s land-distribution programs. Thus, the disgruntled peasants started to support the claims of the Communists.

Communist propaganda took full advantage of all the Nationalist failures. Mao focused on winning over the peasants to gain their support in the civil war. “The battle for China,” he said, “is a battle for the hearts and minds of the peasants.”

Question 9.
The basic cause of conflict lay in the differences of principles between the communist and democratic states. In this context, explain how the following events led to the development of the Cold War :
(a) The Truman Doctrine. [6]
(b) The Marshall Plan. [6]
Answer:
(a) The Truman Doctrine : The Truman Doctrine was an American foreign policy whose stated purpose was to counter Soviet geopolitical expansion during the Cold War. The Truman Doctrine implied American support for other nations which were allegedly threatened by Soviet communism. The Truman Doctrine became the foundation of American foreign policy and led to the formation of NATO in 1949, a military alliance that is still in effect.
As per Truman Doctrine, the policy of the United States was to support people who were resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures. Truman made a plea in the midst of the Greek Civil War (1946 – 9). He argued that if Greece and Turkey did not receive the aid, they would inevitably fall to communism with grave consequences throughout the region.

In fact, the Doctrine set a precedent for American assistance to anticommunist regimes throughout the world, no matter how undemocratic, and for the creation of a set of global military alliances directed against the Soviet Union.

In 1952, both Greece and Turkey joined NATO, a military alliance, to guarantee their stability.
The Truman Doctrine was informally extended to become the basis of American Cold War policy throughout Europe and around the world. It shifted American foreign policy towards the Soviet Union from detente to a policy of containment of Soviet expansion as advocated by diplomat George Kennan.

(b) The Marshall Plan : European integration after 1945 was aided by the Cold War. America extended massive financial help for reviving Europe’s economy under the Marshall Plan. The Marshall Plan, officially known as the European Recovery Program, was an American initiative to aid Western Europe, in which the United States gave over $13 billion in economic assistance to help rebuild Western European economies after the end of World War-II.

The plan was in operation for four years beginning on April 3, 1948. The goals of the United States were to rebuild war-tom regions, remove trade barriers, modernize industry, improve European prosperity and prevent the spread of Communism.

The Marshall Plan aid was divided amongst the participant states roughly on a per capita basis. A larger amount was given to the major industrial powers, as it was thought that their resuscitation was essential for general European revival.

About eighteen European countries received benefits of this plan. Although offered participation, the Soviet Union refused Plan benefits, and also blocked benefits to Eastern Bloc countries, such as Hungary and Poland. Under the Marshal Plan, the Organisation for European Economic Cooperation was established in 1948 to channel aid to the west European countries. It became a forum where the western European countries began to cooperate on trade and economic issues.

The Council of Europe, established in 1949, was another step forward in political cooperation. The process of economic integration of European capitalist countries proceeded step by step escalating the cold war.

Question 10.
(a) Give an account of the factors that led to emergence of the Second Wave Feminist Movement in the USA, in the 1960s. What was the impact on the status of women in America ? [6]
(b) Evaluate Dr. Martin Luther King’s role in the Civil Rights Movement in the USA. [6]
Answer:
(a) The women’s movement of the 1960s led to a new wave of feminism that addresses the national issues of gender.
Beginnings of the Second Wave : After a brief period of inertia, the women’s movement gained momentum with the onset of the 1960s. Betty Friedan’s book, The Feminine Mystique, helped pave the way for the new phase of women’s liberation. President John F. Kennedy organized the Presidential Commission on the Status of Women, which helped usher the changes such as the Equal Pay Act of 1963, making wage discrimination a federal crime, and the end of gender discrimination in federal workplaces. Moreover, women were included in the Civil Rights Act of 1964 when gender discrimination was outlawed in addition to racial discrimination.

As a result, three major campaigns launched during the decade to create what is known as the second wave of feminism. These campaigns were represented by individuals within the following classifications : Liberal Feminism, Radical Feminism and Conservative Feminism. These groups clashed throughout the 1960s and early 1970s over the roles and rights of women in the society, and the movement eventually came to a climax over the Equal Rights Amendment. Let’s take a look at those involved in the movement.

Liberal Feminism : The liberal feminists, sometimes known as social feminists, attempted to promote liberation and address the inequality between men and women through political tact and diplomacy. The National Organization for Women (NOW), founded in 1966, was a powerful political arm of the liberal feminists and was led by individuals such as Betty Friedan, who served as the President.

Radical Feminism : The radical feminists of the era supported a more revolutionary and militant agenda in regard to women’s liberation. Radical feminists, such as Shulamith Firestone and Judith Brown, believed that men, and the institutions created by men, had oppressed every aspect of the woman.

The Conservative Movement : The antithesis to the liberal and radical versions of the women’s liberation movement was the conservative feminist movement. Phyllis Schlafly’s writings in ‘A Choice, Not an Echo ’ became a leading platform for the conservative movement. The conservative movement rejected the idea of radical change in regard to socio-economic and gender equality. Instead, the conservatives believed in two principles : maintaining the status quo of female societal roles and self-fulfillment, which was considered more of a moderate approach.

Benefits to Women : It focused on discussing and changing a broad range of public and private injustices,
including: discriminatory laws and policies, sexuality and sexual identity; marriage and child-rearing workplace environment; reproductive rights and violence against women (rape and battering). Formation of local, state, and federal government groups on behalf of women as well as many independent organizations that fought for women, and human, rights human rights and women’s social and civil equality were now becoming a major part of the country’s political agenda.

It sought to create new, fully human and positive image of women in both pop culture and the media to fight the negative images and messages commonly in circulation.

Impact:

1. This wave saw the passage of the Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972.
2. The government through the different legislations has tried to do away with gender discrimination.
3. President J.F. Kennedy brought in the Equal Pay Act which was passed by the US Congress in 1963. According to this act, the employer may not pay lower wages to the employees of one gender that it pays to the other gender employees within the same establishment with equal skill, responsibility and similar working conditions.

(b) Martin Luther King led the Civil Rights movement in the United States from the mid- 1950’s until he was assassinated in 1968. He was involved in helping to orchestrate the Montgomery Bus Boycott. He was elected to lead the boycott because he was fresh and skilful at commanding an audience. The . boycott led to 382 days of avoiding the buses. In 1957, King, along with other associates, founded the Southern Christian Leadership Conference to organise a movement known as Black Churches. After 1960, King publicly encouraged students to use non-violent methods during the ‘sit-in’ protests.

‘The Student non-violent Coordinating Committee’ was formed out of this. In 1963, during the Birmingham, Alabama protests, he was arrested and jailed, and it was here he wrote out his theory of non-violence. After this, plans were made for a massive demonstration in Washington, where he delivered his ‘I have a dream’ speech. By 1968, the years of protesting were wearing thin on King. In the same year, while, he stood on a balcony of a Motel, he was shot and killed by James Earl Ray. The killing of the King, sparked riots and protests across the country. This made way for the emergence of Black Power.

Question 11.
With reference to the Israeli-Palestine conflict in the Middle East, discuss the causes, course and consequences of the Six Day War of 1967. [12]
Answer:
Between 1965 and 1967 Syria, with the aid of Russian advisers and military supplies, bombarded Israeli settlements in Galilee from gun emplacements on the Golan Heights. This culminated in a major air battle between Israeli and Syrian fighter planes on 7th April, 1967.

The Events of 1967 : In a surprise attack on 5th June, 1967 the Israeli air force destroyed the bulk of the Egyptian air force on the ground.
Israeli armoured forces started destroying the Egyptian tanks in the Sinai and took over Gaza and the greater part of the Sinai within two days.
At midnight on 8th June, a cease-fire came into effect among Israel, Jordan and Egypt.

Immediate Consequences : Israel got the possession of the Sinai desert up to the Suez Canal, the Gaza Strip, the West Bank, East of Jerusalem including the Old City and the Golan Heights. It announced a policy of territories for peace. It meant withdrawal of the war to secure borders to be negotiated for complete peace and recognition in exchange. In the meantime, there was a fierce battle as Israeli tanks climbed on the Golan Heights under the cover firing of Syria. On 10th June, it was captured by Israel and the war came to an end with a call for a cease-fire by the UN.

ISC Class 12 History Previous Year Question Papers

ISC Psychology Previous Year Question Paper 2019 Solved for Class 12

Maximum Marks: 70
Time allowed: Three hours

• Candidates are allowed additional 15 minutes for only reading the paper. They must NOT start writing during this time.
• Answer Question 1 from Part I and five questions from Part II,
• choosing two questions from Section A and three questions from Section B.
• The intended marks for questions or parts of questions are given in brackets [ ].

Part – I (20 Marks)
Answer all questions.

Question 1. [20]
Answer briefly all the questions (i) to (xx) :
(i) Define personality according to Cattell.
(ii) Give one characteristic of people with type A personality.
(iii) Who put forward the Two Factor Theory of Intelligence ?
(iv) Explain the term ego according to Freud.
(v) What are stressors ?
(vi) Explain the term modelling.
(vii) What is meant by ambivalent attachment ?
(viii) Explain the term consumer behaviour.
(ix) What is meant by matching an individual with a job ?
(x) . Who coined the concept of IQ ?
(xi) What is meant by the term social perception ?
(xii) Explain the term rehabilitation as a technique of Psychotherapy.
(xiii) Give the full form ofDSMIV.
(xiv) Mention any two classification of personality type accepted by Charak Samhita of Ayurveda.
(xv) What is meant by substance abuse ?
(xvi) Explain the term hypertension.
(xvii) What is meant by Primary Cognitive Appraisal ?
(xviii) Mention any one personality type put forward by Sheldon.
(xix) What is meant by the term growth with reference to human beings ?
(xx) What is displacement according to Freud ?
Answer:
(i) According to Raymond Cattell (1970), “Personality is that which permits a prediction of what a person will do in a given situation”

(ii) One characteristic of people with Type A personality is- Competitive drive, time urgency, impatient, ambitious, rigidly organized, (any one).

(iii) Charles Spearman in (1904) developed Two factor Theory of Intelligence.

(iv) According to Sigmund Freud, “ego is one of the components of the mind which works on the ‘reality’ principle. This component takes into account external reality in the expression of instinctive behaviour and aggressive urges arising from id.

(v) Stressors are factors that trigger or cause stress. For example: excessive noise, physical injury etc. Stressors can be physiological, environmental, social and psychological.

(vi) Modeling involves learning through observation and imitation of others. It is a technique based on social learning theory developed by Bandura. In this technique, the client tries to learn new skills, modify or unlearn maladaptive behaviours by watching any role model displaying the desired behaviour.

(vii) Attachment is an affectional and emotional bond that at first develops with one’s primary care givers. Ambivalent attach¬ment was given by Mary Ainsworth. In ambivalent attachment babies do not explore the environment. They stay close to their parents in the beginning. They show anger and resistive behaviour when the parent returns. They are not easily comforted, even when picked up by the parents. They show opposing tendencies of both clinging and resisting the parents. This style develops when parents them-selves are inconsistent in meeting the babies’ needs.

(viii) Consumer behaviour may be described as behaviour that is displayed by consumer while buying, collecting, evaluating the usefulness of any product. Consumer psy chologists try to find out the underlying cognitive processes that determine the consumers’ buying choices.

(ix) After completing the analysis of an indivi dual’s characteristics (testing individuals) and the specific nature of a job (job analysis), a career counselor selects and recruits the suitable person for the job, matching the person’s abilities with the job requirements.

(x) William Stem (1912) coined the concept of IQ.

(xi) Social perception is a process by which individuals seek to know and understand other persons. They draw inferences about other people depending upon the initial knowledge gained about them. Social perception is the central part of social thought and social behaviour.

(xii) Rehabilitation is the procedure of restoring an individual to their normal life after a period of disfavour. Rehabilitation involves engaging people in various creative, cultural and productive activities as well as vocational training. Rehabilitation is a welfare program that helps in recons¬truction of an individual’s social, economic, family and professional life.

(xiii) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders- Fourth Edition (1994), produced by American Psychiatric Association.

(xiv) Personality types according to Charak Samhita of Ayurveda are- Vata (air), Kapha ( water and earth), Pitta( Fire and water). [Any two]

(xv) Substance abuse is a maladaptive or pathological pattern of substance use (mainly alcohol and dmgs) that results in potentially hazardous behaviour such as driving while intoxicated and continued use despite social, psychological, occupational or health problem.

(xvi) Hypertension is also called high blood pressure. It indicates that blood pressure in the arteries is persistently elevated. It slowly damages various organs such as kidneys, brain and eyes.

(xvii) According to Lazarus, when a person confronts a new or changing environment they determine the meaning of the event, trying to judge the situation and it’s probable influences on them. This process is known as Primary cognitive appraisal. Events may be perceived as positive, negative or neutral in their consequences. Negative events are further appraised for their possible harm, threat or challenge,

(xviii) Personality type put forward by Sheldon is- Endomorph, Mesomorph, Ectomorph. [Any one]

Sheldon’s Classification:

Body Type	Body Characteristics	Personality Characteristics
Endomorphy	No muscle development etc. prominent stomach.	Takes everything easy, sociable and affectionate.
Mesomorphy	Balance between development of stomach and bones	Likes to work, interested in adventurous activities.
Ectomorphy	Weak, tall, thin	Pessimist, unsociable and alone

(xix) According to L.D. Crow and A.Crow (1962), “growth refers to structural and physiological changes”. It refers to quantitative changes such as change in height,weight.

(xx) Displacement is a defense mechanism of the ‘ego’. In this, the motive originally meant for one goal object is turned towards some other less anxiety and less threatening goal object. For example, a person who is angry on his boss vents the anger on the children at home or kicks the stray dog on road. This yields some relief for the pent-up tension.

Part — II (50 Marks)

Section — A
Answer any two questions.

Question 2.
(a) Discuss the Raven’s Progressive Matrices Test for measuring intelligence. [5]
(b) What is meant by Aptitude ? Mention four uses of aptitude test. [5]
Answer:
(a) Raven’s Progressive Matrices (RPM) is a non-verbal, culture fair group test. It was originally developed by John C.Raven in 1938.
Test description: RPM is constructed for groups ranging from 5 year olds to the elderly. In each matrix, the subject is asked to identify the missing element from the given options that completes the pattern. There are six to eight options given to choose from. There is no time limit to complete the task. It checks the individual’s eductive and reproductive ability.
Version : The matrices are available in three different forms for participants of different abilities. These matrices are :

Standard Progressive Matrices : This is the original form of the matrices made for average six years old to eight years old. It has five sets(From A to E) of 12 items each (numbered as A1 to A12,B1 to B12…). The items in each set are organized at an increasing difficulty level. The items are presented in black ink on a white background.

Coloured Progressive Matrices : These matrices are used for children aged from 5 to 11 years of age, the elderly and for people who have moderate to severe learning difficulties. They have sets A and B of the Standard Progressive Matrices in coloured format. Additionally it has another set of 12 items between the sets of A and B. The additional set is referred to as AB. Most of the items have a coloured background to make them visually stimulating for the target group. However, the last few items of Set B are presented in blackink against white background. If the participant performs better than the tester’s expectation then the participant is moved to do the sets C, D and E of the Standard Progressive Matrices.

Advanced Progressive Matrices : These matrices are used for adolescents and adults who show the signs of being above average intelligence. It has 48 items. It is presented as Set I, which has 12 subsets and Set II, which has 36 subsets. Items are presented in black ink on white background. The items in the set are arranged in increasing order of difficulty.

Underlying Factor : RPM measures the two main components of general intelligence, originally identified by Charles Spearman. These are :

• The clear thinking ability, with an ability to make sense of a complete situation called the eductive ability.
• The ability of storing and reproducing learnt information, known as reproductive ability.

(b) According to Freeman (1971), “An aptitude is a combination of characteristics indicative of an individual’s capacity to acquire (with training) some specific knowledge, skill or set of organized responses, such as the ability to speak a language, to become a musician , to do mechanical work.” An aptitude is thus a component of competency or a readiness for a certain kind of work at a certain level without prior learning experience. Hence it is innate by nature.
Aptitude is a primary determinant of success. Uses of Aptitude tests are as follows :

Learning ability of a learner can be measured, which would reflect overall future performances. This can help individuals select subjects he or she could pursue. It is the back bone of guidance services.

Employers can use aptitude tests to select individuals for various jobs. They can be used for placing the employees in various positions. Training programmes may be conducted based on the results of aptitude tests as it assesses differences in aptitude among individuals.

Aptitude tests can be used as a benchmark for admission of students in different profes¬sional courses like medicine, engineering.

High level of specific aptitude of a learner is called talent. If this talent is harnessed properly then it can reach great heights.

Question 3.
(a) Describe in detail the Big Five Factor model of Costa and McCrae. [5]
(b) Discuss the administration and scoring in Rorschach Inkblot Test. [5]
Answer:
(a) In psychology, the Five factor Model by Paul Costa and Robert McCrae (1992) are five broad dimensions or domains of personality that are used to describe human personality. This theory emerged as a model for understanding the relationship between personality and various academic behaviours. The Big Five factors is known by the acronym ‘OCEAN’ and is as follows:

Openness to experience (inventive / curious vs. consistent/cautious)- Openness is a general appreciation for art, emotion, adventure, unusual ideas, imagination, curiosity and variety of experience. People who are open to experience are intellectually curious, appreciative of art and sensitive to beauty. They tend to be more creative. They are more likely to hold unconventional beliefs. They have an ability to think in abstraction. People with low score on openness tend to have more conventional, traditional interests. They prefer the plain, straightforward and obvious over the complex, ambiguous and subtle. Closed people prefer familiarity over novelty; they are conservative and resistant to change .

Conscientiousness ( efficient/organized vs. easy-going/careless) : Conscientiousness is a tendency to show self-discipline, act dutifully and aim for achievement against measures or outside expectations. It influences the way in which we control, regulate and direct our impulses. It involves a tendency to be organized, dependable, dutiful, disciplined at one end and to be disorganized, impulsive , irresponsible and undependable at the other end.

Extraversion (outgoing / energetic vs. solitary/reserved) : Extraverion is characterized by positive emotions, surgency and the tendency to seek out stimulation and the company of others .The trait is marked by pronounced engagement with the external world. Extraverts enjoy being with people and are often perceived as full of energy. They tend to be enthusiastic, action-oriented. In groups they like to talk, assert themselves and draw attention to themselves.
Introverts,on the other hand, have lower social engagement and activity level than extraverts.

They tend to seem quiet, low-key, deliberate and less involved in the social world. Their lack of social involvement should not be interpreted as shyness or depression. Introverts simply need less stimulation than extraverts and more time alone. They may be very active and energetic, simply not socially.

Agreeableness (friendly/compassionate vs. cold/unkind): Agreeableness is a tendency to be compassionate and cooperative rather than suspicious and antagonistic towards others. Agreeable individuals value getting along with others. They are generally considerate, friendly, generous , helpful, and willing to compromise their interests with others. They have an optimistic view of human nature.

Disagreeable individuals place self-interest above getting along with others. They are generally unconcerned with others’ well-being and are less likely to extend themselves for other people. Sometimes their skepticism about others’ motives causes them to be suspicious, unfriendly and uncooperative.

Neuroticism (sensitive / nervous vs. secure / confident) : Neuroticism is the tendency to experience negative emotion« such as anger, anxiety or depression. It is sometimes called emotional instability. According to Eysenck’s theory of personality neuroticism is interlinked with low tolerance for stress or aversive stimuli. Those who score high in neuroticism are emotionally reactive and vulnerable to stress. They are more likely to interpret ordinary events as threatening. Their negative emotional reactions tend to persist for unusually long periods of time. These problems in emotional regulation can diminish the ability of a person to think clearly, make decisions and cope effectively with stress.

At the other end of the scale, individuals who score low in neuroticism are less easily upset and are less emotionally reactive. They tend to be calm, emotionally stable and free from persistent negative feelings.

The Big Five inventory can be administered by employers to job applicants. It is believed that the big-five traits are predictive of future performance outcomes.

o	C	E	A	N
Openness	Conscientiousness	Extraversion	Agree-ableness	Neuraticism
Curious	Dependable	Talkative	Kind	Nervous
Imaginative	Organized	Sociable	Cooperative       .	Moody
Creative	Reliable	Passionate	Sympathetic	Emotional
Complex	Ambitious	Assertive	Helpful	Insecure
Refined	Hardworking	Bold	Courteous	Jealous
Sophisticated	Persevering	Dominant	Warm	Unstable
NOT	NOT	NOT	NOT	NOT
Inquisitive	Careless	Quiet	Critical	Calm
Conventional	Sloppy	Shy	Antagonistic	Steady
Conforming	Inefficient	Inhibited	Callous	Relaxed
Simple	Negligent	Bashful	Selfish	At ease
Unartistic	Lazy	Reserved	Rude	Secure
Traditional	Irresponsible	Submissive	Cold	Contented

(b) Rorschach ink-blot test is a projective psychological test. Projective techniques are used in psychology for assessment of personality. In this technique, the individual projects his or her unconscious wishes or desires on an ambiguous stimuli. These techniques are widely used in mental hospitals and clinics to assess personality and underlying psychopathology especially in cases where patients are reluctant to describe their thinking processes openly.
Rorschach Inkblot Test is done to assess the structure of personality of an individual that includes personality characteristics, emotional functioning.
History : Swiss psychologist Hermann Rorschach (1921) presented a systematic approach in regard to an ink-blot test. After Rorschach’s death, the original scoring system of the test was improved by Bruno Klopfer and others.

Test description and administration: There are 10 official ink-blots, each printed on separate white cards, approximately 18 x 24 cm in size. Each of the ink-blots is bilaterally symmetrical. Five ink-blots are black, two are black and red and three are multi-coloured. The blots are completely unstructured, ambiguous and without any meaning.

The test is administered in the following sequence :
The cards are presented one at a time in a specified order. When the subject gets seated, the examiner gives him the first card with necessary instructions and asks him to say what he sees in it, what it looks like to him.

The subject is allowed as much time as he wants for a given card and is permitted to give as many responses as he wishes. He is also allowed to turn the card around and look at it from any angle he wants.

Besides keeping a record of the responses of the subject concerning these ink-blots on separate pieces of paper, the examiner notes the time taken for each response, the position in which the card is being held, emotional expression and other behaviours during the test.

After all the cards have been presented the second phase of inquiry which is intended to seek clarification or addition to the original responses follows.
Scoring, analysis and interpretation of the test:

The responses are scored on four categories :
Location refers to the part of the blot the testee focuses on. There can be five categories of responses. ‘W’ indicating the subject has seen the blot as a whole. ‘W’ indicating the subject has not seen the blot as a whole and concentrates on specific sections of the blot, ‘d’ indicating the subject focused on minor or less important components. ‘D’ indicating that the subject focuses on major significant details. ‘S’ indicating the subject response to white regions within the blot.

Contents refer to what the responses contain or the nature of the response. Some of the common contents are as follows :

1. Human forms are symbolized as H.
2. Animal forms are symbolized as A.
3. Animal details are symbolized as Ad.
4. Human details are symbolized as Hd.
5. Natural things such as river, meadows are symbolized as N.
6. Inanimate objects like lamp shade, pot are symbolized as O.

Originality refers either to popular (common occurrences) responses or original (which contains something new or is unusual) responses for each of the ten cards. Popular responses are shown as P and original responses are shown as O.

Determinants refer to how the blot is seen or perceived, i.e., it takes note of the manner of perception. The particular characteristics which helped the subject in deciphering the blot or deciding his manner of perception. The main determinants are- form of the blot shown as F, colour of the blot shown as C, perceived movement shown as M and shading of the blot shown as K.

Question 4.
(a) Name any two levels of intelligence below borderline with their IQ range. Describe two characteristics of each of the named levels of intelligence which lie below borderline level of intelligence. [5]
(b) Describe the Psychosexual stages of development of Freud. [5]
Answer 4.
(a) Mild mental retardation :IQ range: 55-69 (constitutes 85% of the total population with mental retardation).
Moderate mental retardation : IQ range : 40-54 (constitutes 10% of the total population with mental retardation)

Description:
Mild mental retardation:
Academics : Slow learners in school, repeats early grades but are educable. They are able to grasp concrete concepts much better than abstract concepts. They are able to read and write and solve simple mathematical problems. Comprehension comes from experience. Since their experience is limited, comprehension is limited. Sustaining attention for a long time becomes difficult for these children.

Social skills : Social adjustment is comparable to an adolescent ; they have friends and adjust fast.

Moderate mental retardation:
Academics : Inadequate academic skill, not educable but trainable. With early diagnosis , parental help and. adequate training most of them can achieve considerable independence in all spheres of life.

Social skills : Might have friends but face difficulty in social situations.

(b) According to Sigmund Freud, development of personality is based on the assumption of infantile sexuality. These stages are termed as ‘psychosexual’ because it is the sexual urges that drive the acquisition of psychological characteristics. Freud described a succession of stages revolving around body zones, namely mouth, anus and genitals and he termed these zones as erogenous zones.

Freud believed that if a child’s need at one of the psychosexual stages is either unsatisfied or over satisfied, fixation would take place, that is, the child continues to show attachment to an old stage even after moving to a new one, resulting in an immature personality develop¬ment and several psychological disorders. Libido is the form of psychic energy by which life instincts perform their work. Release of libido is closely related to pleasure. Description of the stages :

Oral stage : This is the first stage which lasts for about a year. In this stage, pleasure is centered in the region of the mouth. The infant first obtains sensual pleasure by sucking (swallowing) and later by biting. He/she is almost completely dependent upon their mother for sustenance. Thus, a feeling of dependence arises during this period.

Pleasure derived by swallowing may be displaced in later life by pleasure gained by acquiring knowledge or possessions. A gullible person, for example, is fixated at the oral incorporative level. Such a person will swallow almost anything he or she is told. It is also seen in concrete forms like smoking or psychological forms such as dependence. Biting or oral aggression may be displaced in the form of sarcasm and argumentativeness. It may produce a critical “biting” personality.

Anal stage : This is the second stage, which lasts till three years of age. This occurs when parents provide “toilet -training” to their children and teach them how to avoid prohibited behaviour related to excretion. The process of elimination becomes the primary focus of pleasure. It is associated with two types of stimulation around the anal region¬folding on” and “letting go”.

The first sub-stage involves pleasure around expulsion of feces (letting go). Freud maintained that fixation at these sub-stage results in adult characteristics of messiness and disorder, cruelty, destructiveness and temper tantrums. The second sub-stage involves pleasure from holding the feces (holding on), fixation at which results in excessive compulsiveness, over conformity, exaggerated self-control.

Fixation depends on the particular method of toilet training used by the mother. Extremely harsh toilet training, results in fixation at the second sub-stage (holding on). It may also make the child obstinate and stingy. In contrast, fixation stemming from very relaxed toilet training may result in people who are undisciplined, impulsive and extremely generous, i.e., fixation at the first sub-stage (letting go).

However if the mother praises the child when he or she excretes in the appropriate place, this may be the basis of creativity and productivity, (iii) Phallic stage : During this stage, sexual and aggressive feelings associated with the functioning of the genital organs come into focus. Personality development occurs in separate ways for boys and girls. In this stage, the child has sexual feelings for the parent of the opposite sex and hostile feelings for the parent of the same sex.

In case of a boy child, he wants to possess his mother and remove his father. These feelings express themselves through a child’s fantasy during masturbation and in the alteration of love and rebellious action towards the parents. This is known as ‘Oedipus Complex’. This stage is from three to five years and although it is modified and suffers repression after the age of five years, it still remains a vital force of personality throughout life.

The boy’s incestuous cravings for mother and his growing resentment towards father bring conflict with parents, especially the father. He imagines that his dominant rival (father) is going to harm him. His fear regarding what the father may do to him centers around harm to his genital organs because they are the source of lustful feelings. His fear that his father will remove the offending organ is known as ‘Castration anxiety’. This leads to three things :

1. Repression of sexual desires towards father and hostility towards mother.
2. Identification of the boy with the father.
3. Repression of Oedipus complex causes the superego to undergo its final development.

In case of the girl, she wants to possess the father and replace the mother. This is known as ‘Electra complex’. She exchanges her original love object (the mother) for a new love object (the father). This occurs because she realizes she does not have a protruding sex organ (the penis) instead she has only a cavity. Several important consequences follow this traumatic discovery :

1. She holds her mother responsible for this castrated conditioning, thereby weakening her feelings for the mother.
2. She transfers her love to the father because he has the valued organ.
3. She envies him as he has the organ. This is known as ‘Penis envy’. It is a female counterpart of ‘Castration anxiety’.

The girl’s Electra complex goes through some modification due to realistic barriers that prevent her from gratifying the sexual desires for father. It is resolved when the girl surrenders her sexual desires for her father and identifies once again with her mother.

Adult male fixated at phallic stage behave in a reckless manner and attempts all the time to assert their masculinity. In case of women, fixation results in flirtatiousness, seductive¬ness. Some women become excessively assertive. Fixation at this stage is considered to be a primary source of neurotic pattern.

Latency : Between the ages of 6 to 7 years the child passes through this stage. The child’s libido is now channelized through sublimation into non-sexual activities such as intellectual pursuits, athletics and peer relations. Latency can be viewed as a preparation for the final stage. The sexual instincts are dormant in this stage because of the development of the ego and superego and also due to physiological changes in the child’s body.

Genital stage : With the onset of puberty contes a resurgence of sexual and aggressive drives, with an increased awareness and interest in the opposite sex. During this stage, the reproductive organs mature, the endocrine system release sex hormones leading to a state of excitability and sexual activity. The early adolescents normally select their romantic partner. They mature into responsible social sexual beings and experience satisfaction through heterosexual relationships. If there is any traumatic experience in early childhood then development during this stage becomes difficult.

Section – B
Answer any three questions

Question 5.
(a) Discuss two eating’disorders as major concerns of adolescence. [5]
(b) Describe Piaget’s cognitive development during infancy. [5]
Answer:
(a) In adolescence different types of eating disorders are frequently observed. The most common eating disorders observed among adolescents are – anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa.

Anorexia Nervosa : The term anorexia nervosa literally means lack of appetite induced by nervousness. However, the root cause anorexia nervosa is an intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat, combined with a refusal to maintain even minimally low body weight.

Criteria for anorexia nervosa (DSM-IV-TR):
(1) Refusal to maintain a body weight that is normal for a person’s age and height (that is a reduction of body weight to about 85% of what would normally be expected).

(2) Intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat even though underweight.

(3) Distorted perception of body shape and size. This is known as body image distortion. It has been observed that this disorder is more common among female adolescents than male. The reason is girls have a greater societal pressure, influence of mass media to look attractive. They try to conform to an ideal body type, which is lean and thin like a fashion model.

(ii) Bulimia Nervosa : The word ‘Bulimia’ comes from the greek word ‘bous’ ( meaning ox) and ‘lumos’ (meaning hunger). It is meant to denote hunger of such proportion that the person can eat an ox.

Criteria for Bulimia nervosa (DSM-IV-TR):
(1) Recurrent episodes of binge-eating, i.e., uncontrolled and rapid intake of food.

(2) Recurrent and inappropriate efforts to compensate for the efforts of binge-eating to prevent weight gain.

(3) Typical strategies include- self-induced vomiting or misuse of laxatives, purging (cleansing the body from within).

(4) Self evaluation is excessively influenced by weight and body shape. This disorder is associated with a lack of self control to resist eating excessive amounts of food. This excessive food intake generally takes place during feelings of negative emotions like sadness, anxiety, anger.

Causes of eating disorder :
(1) Peer and media influences : There is an ideal body shape for women set by models in various magazines. Young adolescents are avis customers of such magazines.

(2) Body dissatisfaction : One consequence of socio-cultural pressure to be thin is that some young girls develop highly intrusive and pervasive perception regarding how ‘fat’ they are.

(3) Dieting : When people wish to be thinner, they go on a diet. But there is a difference between going on a supervised diet that is monitored by a therapist and going on a self- started diet that might be characterized by periods of fasting and over-eating.

(4) Genetics : Certain people may have genes that increase their risk of developing eating disorders. Biological factors, such as changes in brain chemicals, may play a role in eating disorders.

(5) Psychological health : People with eating disorders may have psychological and emotional problems that contribute to the disorder. They may have low self-esteem, perfectionism and troubled relationships.

Eating disorders can be treated through family therapy for adolescents or cognitive behaviour therapy which involves changing the behaviours and maladaptive styles of thinking.

(b) The first stage of Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development is the sensory-motor stage. During this stage (birth – two years), infants learn about themselves and their world through their developing sensory and motor activities. Six sub-stages of Piaget’s sensory motor stage are:

Use of reflexes (birth to one month) :
Infants exercise their inborn reflexes and gain some control over them. They do not grasp an object they are looking at. For example- Dory begins sucking when her mother’s breast is in her mouth.

Primary circular reaction (one month to four months) : Infants repeat pleasurable behaviour that first occurs by chance, such as thumb sucking. Activities focus on infant’s body rather than the effect of the behaviour on the environment. For example- when given a bottle, Jessie who is usually breast fed is able to adjust her sucking to the rubber nipple.

Secondary circular reaction (four months to eight months) : Infants become more interested in the environment. They repeat actions that bring interesting results such as shaking a rattle. Actions are intentional but not goal directed. For example- Benjamin pushes pieces of dry cereal over the edge of his chair tray one at a time and watches each piece as it falls on the floor.

Coordination of secondary schemes (eight months to twelve months) : Behaviour is more deliberate and purposeful(intentional) as infants coordinate previously learned skills and use previously learned behaviours to attain their goals, such as crawling across the room to get a desired toy. For example- Nancy pushes the button of her musical rhyme book and ‘twinkle twinkle little star’ plays. She pushes this button over and over again, choosing it instead of the buttons for other sounds.

Tertiary circular reactions (twelve to eighteen months) : Toddlers show curiosity and experimentation. They purposefully vary their actions to see results, such as shaking different rattles to hear their sounds. They actively explore the world. They try out new activities and use trial and error in solving problems. For example- When Tony’s elder sister holds his favorite board book up to his crib bars he reaches for it. His first effort to bring the book into his crib fails because the book is too wide. Soon Tony turns the book sideways and hugs it, delighted with his success.

Mental combinations (eighteen months to twenty four months) : Since toddlers can mentally represent events they are no longer confined to trial and error. Symbolic thought allows toddlers to begin to think about events and anticipate their consequences. For example- Jenny plays with her shape box searching carefully for the right hole for each shape, without trying and succeeding.

Other developments in the sensory-motor stage:
Object permanence : It develops gradually between three to six sub-stage. It is the understanding of an infant that an object or person continues to exist even when out of sight. This development in many cultures can be seen in the game of peek-a-boo.

Imitation : Piaget maintained that invisible imitation (imitation using a part of the body that a baby cannot see such as mouth) develops at about nine months after visible imitation- the use of hands or feet which babies can see.

Question 6.
(a) Discuss the different stages of the GAS model of stress. [5]
(b) Explain the following effective strategies of coping with stress. [5]
(i) Relaxation training.
(ii) Any three stages of yoga.
Answer:
(a) Hans Seyle (1956), after a lot of research concluded that during stress an organism is confronted with a threat. As a result a series of three closely related physiological processes occur, i.e., a cluster of non-specific responses are being made by the organism that helps it to adapt to stressors. Selye named this phenomenon as General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS).

The phenomenon included the following three stages of reaction :
Alarm stage : In this stage, an organism is suddenly exposed to a threatening and unfamiliar stimulus. This phase involves an immediate reaction to the stimulus. Secretion of adrenaline mobilizes glucose, providing the energy for ‘fight or flight’. The sympathetic division of autonomic nervous system gets activated and prepares the body for extensive action. So, there is an increase in blood pressure, glucose level, release of hormone (cortisol and adrenaline). Thus, in this stage the stressor upsets the homeostasis.

Resistance stage : It is a rebound phase to the stimulation. After the initial level of arousal, the body tunes up fast to react. It is observed that the symptoms that have appeared in the previous stage due to sudden of stimuli disappear in this stage. This is because the state of shock (fight or flight) has passed and the individual now knows that the stressor exists as well as body begins to repair itself. This indicates that the power of resistance has increased. However, the body is not able to cope with a new stressor very effectively during this time.

There are certain hormonal responses in the body at this stage known as the adrenocorticotropic axis to resist stress. If you overcome stress and the situation is no longer creating pressure on you then your body continues to repair itself until your hormone levels, heart rate and blood pressure reach a pre-stress state. If suppose, the stress continues for a prolonged duration and your body remains on high alert, then, your body adapts and learns how to live with higher stress level. In this stage, your body continues to secrete stress hormones and your blood pressure remains elevated. You think that you are managing stress well, but your body’s physical response is in different state. If the resistance continues for too long period then this can lead to the exhaustion stage.

Exhaustion stage : If the exposure to the stressor persists, gradually the body’s resistance breaks down. The resources that help the body to fight depletes continuously. Thus, the final stage of exhaustion sets in. If this stage prolongs, it results in burnout, i.e., a debilitating psychological condition brought on by excessive stress which results in depleted energy reserve, lowered resistance to illness, increased dissatisfaction and pessimism. In this stage the body’s capacity to respond to the stressors collapse.

(b) Relaxation training : To effectively reduce stress, it is necessary to activate the body’s natural relaxation responses through techniques such as deep breathing, rhythmic exercise etc. Stressors activate our nervous system disrupting the homeostasis. Relaxation techniques can restore homeostasis by producing the relaxation responses, a state of calmness. Few most popular relaxation techniques are as follows :
Deep breathing meditation : This is a technique that is easy to learn and can be practiced almost anywhere. It involves long, slow and deep breaths.

Progressive muscle relaxation : This involves a two-step process in which one has to systematically tense and relax different muscle group. This leads to the relaxation of both mind and body.

Body scan meditation : This is a relaxation technique that helps the person to feel and be aware of the various sensations that occur throughout the body.

Mindfulness : The process of focusing and becoming aware of all internal and external experiences of the present moment is termed as mindfulness. It is believed that by staying calm and focused on the present moment may improve our mental well-being.

Creative Visualization : This involves imagining a scene, which makes the individual feel relaxed, free from anxiety and tension. This process has to be guided by a therapist.

Yoga : Yoga has eight stages. These stages serve as guidelines on how to live a meaningful and purposeful life. They serve as codes of moral and ethical conduct and self discipline. They even help to direct one’s attention towards their health and the spiritual aspects of the nature.

1. Yama : Behaving in accordance to the ethical standards.
2. Niyama : Maintaining self-discipline.
3. Pranayama : Breathing exercise that improves the functioning of respiratory system, thus rejuvenating the mind and body.
4. Asanas : Assuming various postures to improve functioning of various physiological systems to maintain homeostasis.
5. Pratyahara : Withdrawing our awareness from external objects and turns them inward. This withdrawal allows the person to observe his habits that may be detrimental to his health and likely to interfere with his inner growth.
6. Dharna : Focusing or concentrating of mind on a particular object.
7. Dyan : Meditation, i.e., prolonged concentration.
8. Samadhi: Prolonged meditation when one loses sense of time and place. [Any three]

Question 7.
(a) Explain the biological psychodynamic and sociocultural view of abnormal behaviour. [6]
(b) Give two causes and two symptoms of each of the following[4]
(i) Antisocial personality disorder.
(ii) Dependent personality disorder
Answer:
(a) According to the modem psychologists, there are various perspectives which delineate the causal factors of abnormal behaviour. Some of the viewpoints are as follows :

Biological or medical perspective : This perspective tries to explain abnormal behavior in terms of some anomalies in the biological / physiological systems in the body.
It mainly takes into consideration four factors :

1. Damage/malfunctioning of brain and nervous system
2. Infection/physical illness.
3. Neurotransmitters and hormonal imbala¬nces.
4. Faulty genes.

For example : Low levels of activity of neurotransmitter GABA may lead to anxiety disorders. Certain dysfunctions in various parts of brain like frontal lobe, limbic system are linked to schizophrenia.

Psychodynamic perspective : According to this view, abnormality is an outcome of conflicts between unconscious desires and conscious motives. The unconscious includes all hurtful memories, forbidden desires, unresolved conflicts and experiences. They originate from primitive, sexual and aggressive instincts. Individuals need to keep these primitive impulses hidden from one’s consciousness. If such matters seeps into the person’s conscious mind the mind will be flooded with profound anxiety. This anxiety gets manifested in the form of various psychological disorders. Thus, according to this perspective, psychological disorders are outbursts of various primitive, forbidden conflicts in different ways that were repressed in the unconscious.

Social-cultural perspective : According to this perspective, abnormal behaviours develop due to the adverse effects of society on the person rather than the person himself. Various societal frameworks such as family dynamics, cultural expectation, societal biases cause abnormality. Different socio-cultural factors like poverty, unemployment, less stimulating or negative environment, inadequacy of scope of education and prejudice play a significant role in causing mental disorders. Profound malnutrition, lack of educational and health facilities, poor mental support and a lack of sympathy during childhood makes individuals prone to stress and other psychopathologies.

(b) Anti-social Personality Disorder- Symptoms- (According to DSM-IV-TR)
(i) A pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others occurring since age 15 years as indicated by atleast three of the following :

1. Failure to consider social norms and repeated law breaking.
2. Deceitfulness.
3. Impulsivity or failure to plan ahead.
4. Irritability and aggressiveness.
5. Reckless disregard for safety of self or others.
6. Consistent irresponsibility.
7. Lack of remorse.

Causes :
(i) Biological factors :
Genetic influences : There is moderate heritability for anti-social or criminal behaviour. Researchers found that individuals with low MAO-A activity are more likely to develop Anti-social personality disorder, if they had experienced early maltreatment.

Neurological factors : Certain brain areas like temporal lobe and pre-frontal cortex regulate mood and behaviour. Serotonin is the neurotransmitter that can be linked with impulsive and aggressive behaviour.

Psychosocial factors : Low fear hypothesis : Research suggests that psychopaths have low trait anxiety and show poor conditioning of fear. They are slow at learning and stop responding in order to avoid punishment.

Emotional deficits : There is a more general difficulty among psychopaths to process and understand the meaning of emotional stimuli. There is a lack of empathy.

Early parental loss, rejection and inconsistency : The aggression is a result of damaging effects of parental rejection, abuse and neglect accompanied by inconsistent discipline.

Dependent Personality Disorder (According to DSM-IV-TR) Symptoms :
(i) A pervasive and excessive need to be taken care of that leads to submissive and clinging behaviour and fear of separation as indicated by at least five of the following :

1. Difficulty making everyday decisions without advice or assurance from others.
2. Need others to take responsibility for major areas of life.
3. Difficulty expressing disagreement with others because of fear of loss of support.
4. Difficulty initiating project.
5. Goes to excessive lengths to obtain nurturance or support from others.
6. Feels uncomfortable or helpless when alone.
7. Urgently seeks another relationship when a close one ends.
8. Unrealistic preoccupation with fears of being left to take care of himself/herself.

Causes:
Biological factors:
1. Genetic and personality factors : There may be a very small genetic influence on depen¬dent personality trait. Personality traits such as neuroticism and agreeableness are predominant in dependant personality disorder, have a genetic component.

Psycho-social factors:
1. Environmental factors : People with partially genetic based predisposition to dependence and anxiousness may be prone to adverse effects of parents who are authoritarian and over protective (not promoting autonomy and individuation) in their child, instead reinforcing dependent behaviour.

2. Cognitive factors-Cognitive theorists describe the underlying maladaptive schemas as involving core beliefs about weakness and competence and needing others to survive such as “I am completely helpless”, “I can function only if I have access to somebody competent”.

Question 8.
(a) What is meant by bias ? With the help of two examples each, explain self-serving bias and counterfactual thinking. [5]
(b) Discuss any three causes of prejudice. Also, suggest two ways of missing prejudice. [5]
Answer 8.
(a) Biases in attribution are errors committed while ascribing the reasons behind other’s and our own behaviour. Attribution biases are mostly cognitive and perceptual in nature.
1. Self-serving bias : This bias involves ascribing all successes (positive events) to internal (own character) or dispositional causes and all failures (negative events) to external causes. It mainly occurs because we expect to succeed in life. Then we tend to ascribe our successes to internal causes.
For example:

a person getting a promotion ascribes it to his hard work, sincere efforts to each deadlines, dedication and commitment towards work (Internal causes). The same person when refused promotion may ascribe it to unfair boss, flaws in the management, luck (External causes).

After a football team has soundly beaten an opponent, usually we hear from the opponent that it was bad luck, the field conditions were poor (External causes). On the other hand, the team who has won does not believe it was bad luck at all. They think they are better. The tendency to take credit for success and deny responsibility for failure is known as the self- serving attributional bias.

2. Counterfactual thinking : Counter- factual thinking is so named as it includes thoughts that is ‘counter to the facts’ i.e., different from reality. It is the tendency to judge any situation in life by thinking about a perfect alternative to it. Counterfactual thinking are those thoughts which make the person think over the differences in his/ her situation if things had occurred differently in her past. It is described as ‘what might have been if… ’ thought process.
For example :

Suppose a person takes an important exam and gets a score of C, much lower than what the person expected. Thoughts that usually come to most people in such a situation is ‘what might have been’ receiving a higher grade and reflect on how they could have obtained that better outcome. “If only I would have studied more or come to classes more often”, may be the thoughts. The person may actually formulate plans to do better the next year.

Athletes who win bronze medals at the Olympics report that they often imagine not winning any medal at all. Both negative and positive feelings are
generated through counterfactual thinking. When a person imagines better outcomes than actually what has occurred, he/she experiences negative feelings of regret, envy (upward counterfactual thinking). On the contrary, when the person imagines worse outcomes than actually what has occurred they may experience positive feelings of satisfaction (downward counterfactual thinking).

Counterfactual thinking can also help individuals understand why negative or disappointing outcomes occurred. This in turn can help people plan changes in behaviour or adopt new strategies that can improve our future performances. By engaging in counter- factual thinking an individual can learn from past experiences and can make profit from their mistakes.

(b) Prejudice is the negative attitude towards members of a particular social group based on their membership to the particular social group. There are several causes of prejudice- psychological, social and cultural.
They are as follows :
Social learning: Children acquire prejudices either by hearing or observing their parents, teachers, friends or others expressing prejudiced ideas and views. Children are adept in learning the prejudices when they are being rewarded or approved by others for expressing these views. Mass media like television,movies and newspaper play an active role in shaping the prejudices. For example often films portray a particular ethnic group in a negative light thereby leading to development of prejudice.

Realistic Competition: Prejudice emerges from competition among different groups with respect to various opportunities and valued resources such as adequate living, proper job, educational prospects, health facilities and other desirable commodities. This view proposed that various competitions lead to rivalry, hatred, prejudice and inter-group conflicts within the society. This fact serves the basis of ‘Realistic Conflict Theory’ (Bobo, 1983). This theory states that when compe¬tition increases the members of different groups start to view others as enemy. They see themselves as morally superior. Gradually competition turns into prejudice.

Social categorization: Another important cause of prejudice is categorization or labeling. People typically divide the social world into two discrete categories- ‘Us’ and ‘Them’. People are segregated as either belonging to their own group, termed as n- group or belonging to another group, termed as out-group. Such distinctions are based on many dimensions such as religion, race, age, sex, ethnic background, occupation, income and many other ways. Studies also indicate that the human mind usually views the members of the ‘us’ group more favourably than the members of the ‘them’ group. Generally people develop prejudice against the members of the ‘out-group’.

Ways of resisting prejudice are as follows :
Inter-group contact- Direct contact with members of other groups (out-group) help to combat stereotypes and resist prejudice. This fact is suggested by what is called contact hypothesis. It states that there are several reasons that prove proper contact with members of other groups may be effective in reducing prejudice against them. This is because increased contact between people belonging to different groups allows them to identify the similarities between them. These similarities generate positive feelings and likings towards the people of other groups.

Even increased contact with out-group members help in altering the stereotypes when sufficient stereotypes inconsistent information is received. Also intergroup contact help to negate the rigid belief associated with stereotypes that all members of the stereotyped group are similar. Intergroup contact may resist prejudice under certain conditions like :

• The groups interacting must belong to more or less same social status.
• The contact between them must involve cooperation and interdependence.
• Each group must view the members of out-group as typical to their respective group.
• Contact must ensure that each group gets to know the members of out-group individually.

Propaganda and education : Propaganda through newspaper, radio, television, movies is effective in reducing prejudice. Studies reveal that speakers are more effective than printed material; rational appeal is more effective than emotional appeal; oral propaganda is more effective in small groups than in large groups. Propaganda is more effective when the speaker is prestigious. Education makes people tolerant, socially adjusted and adaptive with all groups. Education enables a person to judge each and every individual as a human being having positive qualities. Thus educated people are more receptive to propaganda and are more flexible than less educated people.

Question 9.
Write a short note on any two of the following : [5 x 2]
(a) Obsessive Compulsive Disorder.
(b) Role of a counselor is dealing with individuals.
(c) Phobia.

Answer 9.
(a) Obsessive Compulsive Disorder : It is defined by the occurrence of unwanted and intrusive obsessive thoughts that are usually accompanied by compulsive behaviors performed to neutralize the obsessive thought. Criteria for Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (According to DSM-IV-TR)

Obsession is defined by :

• Recurrent and persistent thoughts that are intrusive and cause anxiety.
• Intrusive thoughts come frequently and . trigger extreme anxiety that gets in the way of day-to-day functioning.
• Person attempts to suppress, ignore or neutralize them by some other thought or action.
• Person recognizes thoughts are a product of his/her own mind.

Compulsion is defined as :

• Repetitive behaviors (hand washing, ordering, checking) or mental acts (praying, counting). The person feels driven to perform in response to obsession.
• Behaviors or mental acts aim at preventing or reducing distress.

1. Person recognizes that the obsessions and compulsions are excessive and unreasonable.

2. Obsessions and compulsions cause marked distress and interfere significantly with normal functioning.
Causes:

Biological factors:
(i) Genetic influences : Evidence from twin studies reveal a moderately high concordance rate for monozygotic twins and a lower concordance rate for dizygotic twins.

(ii) Abnormalities in brain function : PET scans have shown that people with OCD have abnormalities in the active metabolic levels in the caudate nucleus, the orbital frontal cortex and cingulated cortex.

(iii) The role of serotonin : Current evidence suggest that increased serotonin activity and sensitivity of some brain structure to serotonin are involved in OCD symptoms.

Psychosocial factors: (i) Behavioral viewpoint: According to O.H. Mower’s two-process theory of avoidance learning, neutral stimuli become associated with frightening thoughts or experiences through classical conditioning and elicit anxiety. For example – touching a doorknob or shaking hands might become associated with the ‘scary idea’ of contamination. Once learned such avoidance responses are extremely resistant to extinction.

(ii) Cognitive biases and distortions : People with OCD seems to have difficulty blocking out negative irrelevant input or distracting information so they may attempt to ‘suppress’ negative thoughts stimulated by this information. Trying to suppress negative thoughts may paradoxically increase their frequency.

OCD is also caused by the faulty belief where a person believes that having a thought about doing something (for instance killing a person) is equivalent to doing it (having killed a person). This is known as thought-action fusion. This belief keeps increasing the anxiety due to expectation of causing harmful consequences. This impels the person to engage in various compulsive behaviours to reduce the likelihood of any harmful consequences.

Psychodynamic perspective : This view suggests that obsessions and compulsions stem from unconscious conflicts arising when primitive Id impulses are conflicting with socially acceptable behaviours. Since the conflict is highly distressing the person may resort to something more manageable, like an intrusive thought or an associated compulsive behaviour.

(b) Counseling is an interactive process conjoin-ing the counselee, who needs assistance and the counselor, who is trained and educated to give assistance.
Role of counselor in dealing with indivi-duals :
Counseling deals with wellness, personal growth, career and pathological concerns. In other words, counselors work in area that involve relationships.

Counseling meets the requirement of a wide spectrum of people. Clients have developmental or situational concerns that require help in regard to adjustment or remediation.

Counseling is intended to help the individuals to realize their potentials and to make optimum contributions to the growth of society.

Counseling aims at providing assistance to teachers in their efforts to understand their students.

Counseling aims at developing in student’s qualities such as perseverance, dedication, sincerity, devotion, positive outlook, respect for views of others.

Currently counseling is also successful to rehabilitate criminals and prevent criminal tendencies and delinquency if detected early. Vocational counseling is provided to criminals to rehabilitate them.

The common areas of counseling are as follows:
Child counseling : Counseling dealing with different problems of a child, such as learning difficulties, temper tantrums, conduct problems, lack of concentration, inadequacy in cognitive, perceptual or social development, emotional disturbances and child abuse.

Parental or family counseling : The main aim is to resolve the problematic issues pertinent in the family of the client. Parental counseling is an extended part of child counseling. It helps to improve parent-child relationship.

Academic and school counseling : This deals with school children regarding their academic difficulties, relational problems with teachers, classmates, career issues and personal problems.

Workplace counseling : It aims to assist both the employer and the employee by intervening with an active problem-solving approach. It helps in increasing productivity of an organization.

Couple counseling : This helps couples of any type to realize and resolve their conflicts and improves their relationship. It enables the couples either to make thoughtful decisions about rebuilding the relationship or getting separated.

Group counseling : People suffering from the same or similar problems get together and share their problems and coping mechanism that they use. They sense a feeling of having a support system. Popular group therapies are seen in the form of alcoholic anonymous, or support group for cancer patients.

Geriatric counseling : This helps to manage problems arising in and from old-age.

Counseling of delinquents : Counseling the delinquents involve addressing the emotional, behavioural and personality issues of the delinquents.

Career counseling : This helps the individual in their decision for the right choice of career or vocational course.

Sports counseling : This area is mainly concerned with the physical health, mental functioning and performance of a sports person.

Counseling for mental health issues : Counseling is also used to treat and alleviate mental disorders, adjustment problems and emotional disturbances.

Phobia is an anxiety disorder. It means extreme and irrational fear of some specific object or situation that leads to avoidance to these objects or situation by the person. According to DSM-IV- TR There are three kinds of phobia- specific, social and agora-phobia.

Criteria for specific phobia- (according to DSM-IV-TR):

• Marked and persistent fear that is excessive and unreasonable caused by the presence or anticipation of a specific object or situation.
• Exposure to phobic stimulus provokes an immediate anxiety response or panic attack.
• Person recognizes that the fear is excessive or unreasonable.
• Phobic stimuli is avoided or endured with intense anxiety.
• Symptoms interfere significantly with normal functioning.
• Duration of at least six months.

Criteria for social phobia : (according to DSM-IV-TR)

• Marked or persistent fear of one or more social situations in which the person is exposed to unfamiliar people or possible scrutiny of others.
• Exposure feared social situation provokes anxiety or panic.
• Person recognizes the fear to be excessive or unreasonable.
• Feared social or performance situation is avoided or endured with great distress or anxiety.
• Symptoms interfere significantly with normal functioning. Agoraphobia- the Greek word ‘Agora’ means public places of assembly.

Criteria for agoraphobia:

• Anxiety about being in places from which escape might be difficult or in which help may not be available.
• Situations are avoided or endured with marked distress.

Causes:
Biological factors :
Genetic factors : Genetic and temperamental variables affect the speed and strength of conditioning the fear. Several studies have suggested, a moderate genetic contribution in the development of phobias. Behaviourally inhibited children who are shy, timid and easily distressed are likely to develop phobias from different objects or situations.

Psychosocial factors:
1. Psychodynamic perspective : According to this viewpoint phobia is represented as a defense against anxiety that stems from repressed impulses from the Id. It is too dangerous to know the repressed Id impulses the anxiety is displaced on to some external object/ situation that has some symbolic relationship to real objects of anxiety.

2. Phobias as learned behaviour : The principle of classical conditioning appear to account for the acquisition of irrational fears and phobias. The fear response can readily be conditioned to previously neutral stimuli when these stimuli are paired with traumatic or painful events. Once acquired phobic fears would generalize to other similar situations or objects.

3. Vicarious conditioning of phobic fears :
People learn irrational phobic fears simply watching a phobic person. This can be distressing to the observer and can result in fear being transmitted from one person to another through vicarious or observational learning. For example- A boy who has witnessed his grandfather vomit while dying developed a strong and persistent vomiting fear.

4. Evolutionary preparedness : Humans seem to be evolutionarily prepared to rapidly associate certain objects such as snakes, spiders, water and enclosed spaces with frightening or unpleasant events. This preparedness occurs because certain objects or situations posed real threat to our early ancestors. Thus the prepared fears are not inborn rather they are easily acquired and resistant to extinction.

On the other hand social phobia is a result of dominance hierarchies, a common form of social arrangement among animals. Domi¬nance hierarchies are established through aggressive encounters between members of a social group and a defeated individual typically displaces fear and submissive behaviour but rarely attempts to escape the situation completely. Social phobias are evolutionary basis to acquire fears of social stimuli that signal dominance and aggression from other humans.

5. Cognitive factors : Beck suggested that people with social phobia tend to expect that other people will reject or negatively evaluate them. This leads to a sense of threat from people around them.

ISC Class 12 Psychology Previous Year Question Papers

ISC Geography Previous Year Question Paper 2016 Solved for Class 12

(Maximum Marks: 70)
(Time allowed: Three hours)

(Candidates are allowed additional 15 minutes for only reading the paper.They must NOT start writing during this time.)

• Answer Section A and B from Part I which are compulsory.
• Answer any four questions from Part II.
• Sketch maps and diagrams should be drawn wherever they serve to illustrate your answer.
• The intended marks for questions or parts of questions are given in brackets [ ].

PART – I (30 Marks)
Answer all questions.
SECTION – A

Question 1. [10 x 2]
(i) State the latitudinal and longitudinal extent of India.
(ii) Mention any two characteristic features of the Peninsular Plateau of India.
(iii) The diagram given below represents the Punjab Plain. Study the diagram and answer the questions that follow :

(a) Name any two of the rivers numbered 1, 2,3 and 4.
(b) Name any two of the five doabs marked A, B, C, D and E.
(iv) Differentiate between inter-state migration and intra-state migration.
(v) Explain the following :
(a) Inshore fishing
(b) Deep sea fishing
(vi) Mention the two environmental concerns with regard to the use of conventional energy resources.
(vii) What is Geographic Information System (GIS) ? How is it useful ?
(viii) Name any two minor industrial regions of India.
(ix) (a) Define industrial clusters.
(b) State any two indices used to identify industrial clusters.
(x) State the latitudinal and longitudinal extent of Chhattisgarh.
Answer:
(i) 8°4′ North to 37°6′ North latitude and 68°7′ East to 97°25′ East longitude.
(ii) Peninsular Plateau is the oldest landmass of India. General elevation is 600-1000 metres and slopes down to 500 metres in the north. The general slope of this plateau is from west to east. It consists of Igneous and
Metamorphic rocks.

(iii) (a) Jhelum , Chenab, Ravi & Beas
(b) A. Sind Sagar Doab
B. Chaj Doab
C. Rechna Doab
D. Bari Doab
E. Bist or Jullundur Doab

Iinter Migration
When people migrate from one state to another. e.g., W.B. to Maharashtra, UP to Tamil Nadu, etc.

Intra-State Migration
When people migrate within the same state. e.g., Kanpur to Varanasi, Ahmedabad to Vadodara , etc.

(v) Inshore Fishing : Fisherman fishes only five to eight kms from Shore. Fishing is done by small boats which run on petrol shellfish and seaweed are also caught.
Deep Sea Fishing : It is done far from the shore in the deep sea. Fishing is done in large vessels. The trawlers and junks are diesel powered with on-board refrigerating plants.

(vi) (a) Burning of coal leaves a large residue of ash which is a cause of environmental concern if disposal is not done properly.
(b) The use of petroleum fuel causes pollution to the atmosphere.
(c) The use of nuclear minerals may cause harmful radiation to environment if safe waste disposal is not done.

(vii) GIS is a system for capturing, storing, checking, integrating, manipulating, analysing and displaying data, which are spatially in reference to the Earth. This is normally considered to involve a spatially reference computer database and appropriate application software.

(viii) Mumbai – Pune Industrial Region.
Bengaluru – Tamil Nadu Industrial Region.

(ix) (a) Industrial clusters are groups of interrelated industries that drive wealth creation in a region, primarily through export of goods and services.

(b) The two indices are :
1. Quantum of power used for
2. Total Industrial Output.
(x) 17° 46′ N to 24°05′ N latitude.
80° 15′ E to 84° 20′ E longitude.

SECTION – B

Question 2. [10]
On the outline map of India provided :
(a) Mark and name the major river which flows
(b) Mark and label the Thal Ghat gap in Western Ghats.
(c) Shade and label the 68°7’E longitude.
(d) Mark the Khasi hills. industrial purposes.
(e) Shade and name the main area of Arid forests.
(f) Mark the capital city of Bihar.
(g) Shade and name the main state for the cultivation of jute.
(h) Mark the Kalpakkam Nuclear Power station.
(i) Mark and name the first oil refinery of India.
(j) Trade the North-South Corridor and name any one terminal city. through Assam.
Note : All the map work, including legend (Index) should be done on the map sheet only.
Answer:

PART-II (40 Marks)
Answer any four questions.

Question 3.
(a) Give any three differences between Eastern Coastal lowland and Western Coastal lowland. [3]
(b) Study the climatic data provided in the table below for a city A in India and answer the questions that follow : [3]

T = Mean monthly temperature in degree Celsius (°C).
R = Average monthly rainfall in millimetres (mm).
(i) Account for the maximum rainfall in the months of October-November.
(ii) Account for the low rainfall in city A during the months of June to September.
(c) In the Brahmaputra river basin, floods are almost an annual feature. Give two reasons to explain why. [2]
(d) With reference to Forest Conservation Movement, explain the Chipko Movement. Give the reason for its success. [2]
Answer:
Western Coastal Lowland

1. Placed between the Western Ghats and the Arabian sea.
2. Narrow lowland 64 averaging km.
3. Many small and quick streams run off the plain and cannot form deltas.
4. Presence of considerable number of lagoons at the end part of this plain.
5. The plain passes through many coasts resulting in formation of many ports.

Eastern Coastal Lowland

1. Placed between the Eastern Ghats and Bay of Bengal.
2. Comparatively broader lowland averaging 80-100 km.
3. Big rivers like Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Cauvery run off this plain and form deltas.
4. In comparison few number of lagoons are present.
5. Does not pass through coasts and hence not many ports are found.

(b) (i) Retreating Monsoon and Northeast Monsoon.
(ii) As the city is located in the eastern coast it receives very low rainfall from the Bay of Bengal Branch of Southwest Monsoon as it runs parallel to the coast.

(c) The cause of floods in this river basin is heavy rainfall of around 250 cms at the time of rainy season. Besides, due to formation of silt by the river Brahmaputra along with its tributaries, the water cannot pass through and thus floods take place. Along with this, due to earthquakes the water level varies and due to this hindrance in the level of water inundation takes in a lot of areas. Also, landslides occur frequently and the big rock mass which falls, creates a temporary dam. The adjoining areas are covered under water and in course of time it vents due to water pressure resulting in a lot of areas getting flooded.

(d) Chipko movement means people sticking to the tree. Chipko movement was a movement that took place to save trees by the people living in the Garhwal Himalaya. Chipko, literally means to stick with their arms spread around the trees trunks in the Garhwal Himalayas. Reasons for Success are : Hundreds of men, women and children clung to the trees when the loggers came to cut the trees. The loggers were challenged to first kill the people and then cut the trees. So, the loggers had to withdraw themselves without cutting the trees.

Question 4.
(a) Explain the meaning of the following terms : (2]
(i) Birth rate
(ii) Migratory growth of population
(b) Discuss one positive and one negative social consequence of migration. [2]
(c) Study the streams of migration from the given diagram and answer the questions that follow : [3]

(i) In which stream of migration is the number of female migrants the highest ? What is the reason for the high rate of migration amongst females, in the stream mentioned by you?
(ii) Give a reason for the high rate of migration amongst males, from rural to urban areas.
(d) (i) What is Star shaped pattern of settlement ? Name a state in India where this pattern of settlement is generally found. [3]
(ii) What are slums ? What is the reason for their growth ?
Answer:
(a) (i) Birth Rate : Birth rate is the number of live births in a year per thousand of mid-year population.
(ii) Migratory Growth of Population : The growth of population caused by migration of people is known as migratory growth of population.

(b) Positive Consequence : People migrate to other city or state or to overseas to earn, send remittance to their families at home, resulting in economic prosperity. Negative Consequence: Uncontrolled migration causes, overpopulation and hence growth of slums in cities. It puts tremendous pressure on the infrastructures.

(c) (i) Rural to Rural : Girls marry and migrate to their in law’s house after marriage. The whole female population migrate to short and long distances.
(ii) Migration amongst males from rural to city is due to very limited employment and educational opportunities at rural areas.

(d) (i) When streets emerge from a common centre, a Star shaped pattern of settlement takes place. Tamil Nadu is an example of this type of settlement.
(ii) The Slum Act of 1956 defines slums as substandard structure of housing, overcrowding, lack of ventilation, poor sanitary facilities, all conspiring to promote slum life which defies health and morals.

Question 5.
(a) (i) Define sustainable development. [3]
(ii) Mention any two reasons for low percentage of area sown more than once in India.
(b) State any two advantages of using sprinkler irrigation.
(c) State two geographical conditions essential for the construction of canal irrigation. [2]
(d) Explain any three reasons why irrigation is necessary for profitable farming in India. [3]
Answer:
(a) (i) Sustainable development is the development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
(ii) Low percentage of area sown more than once is due to infertile soils, lack of moisture and not much use of fertilizers and manures.

(b) In Sprinkler Irrigation as water is supplied by means of pipes no water is lost by seepage and also there is no scope for loss of water by evaporation due to direct watering on the fields.

(c) Canal Irrigation can be done in areas of low level relief, deep fertile soils, perennial source of water and extensive command area.

(d) Three reasons of necessity of Irrigation :
(i) Due to irrigation high yielding crops are grown even when there is low and uncertain rainfall.
(ii) Irrigation enhances agricultural productivity and it also promotes stability in production of crops.
(iii) The nature of certain crops (Rice, Sugarcane, Jute) is such that they require large quantities of water for their growth. Irrigation fulfills the water requirement of such crops.

Question 6.
(a) Explain the following types of farming : [2]
(i) Crop rotation
(ii) Crop combination
(b) (i) What are the climatic conditions required for wheat cultivation in India ? [3]
(ii) Name the two main wheat growing areas of China.
(c) Explain any two reasons for the underdevelopment of fishing industry in India. [2]
(d) (i) Differentiate between metallic minerals and non-metallic minerals. Give an example of each.
(ii) Which is the leading state for iron ore production in India ?
Answer:
(a) (i) Crop Rotation : The growing of one variety of crop after the other. Pulses or any leguminous crop is grown after cereal crops. High fertilizer intensive crops like sugarcane or tobacco are rotated with cereal crops.
(ii) Crop Combination : Growing of different crops in the same field at the same time is known as crop combination.

(b) (i) Climate Conditions required for Wheat Cultivation in India : For wheat cultivation, a temperature of 10°C at the time of sowing and 15°C – 20°C at the time of ripening. Also, annual rainfall of 50 – 70 cm is required for wheat cultivation. Fertile alluvial soil or mixed soil in plains land or gentle slope is ideal for wheat cultivation. Isohyets of 100 cm is the limit of wheat production.
(ii) The two main wheat growing areas of China are the Great Plain including Wei Ho Valley and the Shantung Peninsula.

(c) India has tropical climate wherein the fish cannot be preserved for a long period. Huge expenses are incurred on refrigeration and deep freezing as a result the price of the fish in the market increases. There are not many gulfs, bays, estuaries and backwaters unlike Norway as such there is scarcity of fishing grounds.

(d) (i) Metallic Minerals

1. Metallic minerals are those which upon melting become metals and are ductile & malleable.
2. These metals are with igneous associated with rocks and are sedimentary rocks usually hard. and are not usually hard.

Non-Metallic Minerals

1. Non-metallic minerals are those which do not contain metals and hence are non ductile and non malleable.
2. Non metallic minerals are associated

(ii) Leading state for Iron ore production in India is Odisha.

Question 7.
(a) Mention any three factors that affect inland water transport in India. [3]
(b) Explain why : [3]
(i) Large area of Western Rajasthan lacks rail transport.
(ii) Northern Plains have a dense network of road and rail transport.
(ii) Pipelines are more suitable for the transportation of petroleum.
(c) (i) Where is the New Mangalore Port located ? [2]
(ii) What is the chief importance of this port ?
(d) State two ways in which cellular phones are an important means of communication. [2]
Answer 7.
(a) Three factors affecting inland water transport are :

1. The rivers and canals should have regular flow of sufficient water.
2. Due to silting of river bed, the depth of water is reduced and hence creates problem for navigation. Also, desilting of river bed is costly.
3. If in the river course there are waterfalls and sharp bends there is obstruction in the development of waterways.

(b) (i) Economically backward areas like Western Rajasthan lacks railways transport due to sandy tracks where construction is difficult and expensive.
(ii) Northern plains have dense network of roads and railway because of high population density and the plain leveled lands.
(iii) Pipelines are the most convenient, economical mode of transporting petroleum as it can be laid through difficult terrains as well as under water. It involves low energy consumption and is eco-friendly.

(c) (i) New Mangalore Port is located in the southern end of Karnataka coast.
(ii) The chief importance of this port is the export of iron ore from Kundremukh mines.
(d) Due to cellular phones all types of mobile services like voice & non-voice messages, data services and PCOs use all types of network equipment inclusive of circuit and/or packet switches which meet the required standard.

Question 8.
(a) Discuss the two factors which influence the location of Sugar industry in Maharashtra. [2]
(b) Enumerate three factors favouring the location and growth of Hindustan Steel Plant at Durgapur. [3]
(c) (i) Which is the first fertilizer plant that was set up in India after independence ? [2]
(ii) Why are the fertilizer industries located near the oil refineries ?
(d) (i) Define Tourism.
(ii) Give two reasons as to why domestic tourism is an important segment of the tourism industry. [3]
Answer:
(a) Two factors influencing the location of Sugar industry in Maharashtra are :
(i) Maharashtra has 162 days of crushing period, longer than other states.
(ii) Sugar mills are integrated in a cooperative system and use bagasse as fuel instead of coal. This state has the advantage of higher recovery rate of 11.6%.

(b) Three factors favouring location and growth of Hindustan Steel Plant are :
(i) The Hydroelectricity required for the plant is readily available from DVC.
(ii) Iron ore is available from Bolani and Mayurbhanj mines.
(iii) Water is available from Durgapur Barrage across the Damodar river.

(c) (i) The Fertilizer Corporation of India was the first fertilizer plant set up in India after Independence.
(ii) About 70% of the plants producing nitrogenous fertilizer use naphtha of the oil refineries as their basic raw material. This is why fertilizer plants are located near the oil refineries.

(d) (i) Travelling to less disturbed or polluted natural areas with a view to study, admire and enjoy the beautiful aspects of a place along with the flora and fauna and the cultural beauty (past and present) located in these areas is called tourism.
(ii) Domestic tourism contributes to national integration and creates employment opportunities.

Question 9.
(a) Explain the following terms briefly : [3]
(i) Regional development
(ii) Multi-level planning
(iii) A Planning region
(b) Give a reason for the following : [3]
(i) Bengaluru is known as the Electronic Capital of India.
(ii) Chhattisgarh is the ‘Rice Bowl of India.
(iii) Haldia Port was developed to support Kalkzata Port
(c) (i) Name the two main districts for silk production in Chhattisgarh. [4]
(ii) State two characteristic features of the silk industry in Chhattisgarh.
Answers:
(a) (i) Regional development means economic, social and political development of a region of the country or a large area in a state which is less developed.
(ii) Multi-level planning is planning for a diverse number of regions which group to form a system and subsystems. There are several layers of planning providing the structure for higher level planning and a hierarchy for lower planning also.
(iii) A planning region is a self-made living organism having a lifetime which helps in promoting life in that region and creates a unifying force that helps the region to be a unified regional space and fosters regional planning.

(b) (i) Bengaluru is the biggest centre of production of electronic goods. It has factories for TV, Radio, Mobile and Computer sets and also makes items for P&T, defence, railway and metrological department.
(ii) Chhattisgarh basin is the main rice producing region in the state of Chhattisgarh. It accounts for 8.5% of rice producing area of India.
(iii) Haldia port has been developed on the confluence of rivers Hugli and Haldi about 105 km downstream from Kolkata. Its main purpose is to release congestion at Kolkata. It receives larger vessels which otherwise would have to go to Kolkata.

(c) (i) Silk in Chhattisgarh comes from Bastar and Bilaspur districts.
(ii) 1. Sericulture is a labour intensive industry and therefore provides employment to many people in Chhattisgarh.
2. In Chhattisgarh, silk is produced by small units, individual farm families in regions of rural population.

ISC Class 12 Geography Previous Year Question Papers

ISC History Previous Year Question Paper 2010 Solved for Class 12

Maximum Marks: 80
Time allowed: Three hours

• Candidates are allowed additional 15 minutes for only reading the paper. They must NOT start writing during this time.
• Answer Question 1 (Compulsory) from Part I and five questions from Part II, choosing two questions from Section A, two
• questions from Section B and one question from either Section A or Section B.
• The intended marks for questions or parts of questions are given in brackets [ ].

Part-I
Answer all questions

Question 1. [20]
(i) State one action taken by Tllak to arouse the feeling of Nationalism among the people
(ii) Name two well-known revolutionary organisations in Bengal and Maharashtra (one each).
(iii) Who led the deputation of Muslims that met Lord Minto in 1906 ?
(iv) Why did the Indians resent the Rowlatt Act of 1919 ?
(v) Which incident led to the suspension of the Non-cooperation Movement by Gandhiji ?
(vi) What was the impact of the Poona Pact of 1932 ?
(vii) Write the expanded forms of AITUC and AIKS.
(viii) When and in which year was the Quit India Resolution passed ?
(ix) Mention any two proposals contained in the Indian Independence Act.
(x) Give the name of the agreement signed by India and Pakistan relating to sharing of river waters.
(xi) What was the purpose of the Dopolavaro set up by Mussolini ?
(xii) State one way in which Hitler eliminated unemployment in Germany.
(xiii) Mention one economic problem that led to the rise of militarism in Japan.
(xiv) What was the Pact of Steel ?
(xv) What was the significance of the Battle of El Alamein in 1942 ?
(xvi) Mention any one primary objective of the EEC.
(xvii) Under which provision was the position of the United Nations General Assembly strengthened ?
(xviii) Name two founder members of ASEAN.
(xix) Why was the World Zionist Organization formed ?
(xx) Who was the chief of the PLO when it was formed ?
Answer:
(viii) The Quit India Resolution was passed on 8 August, 1942.

(ix) The two proposals contained in the Indian Independence Act were :

• The princely states were given the choice to join either of the Dominions or to retain their independence.
• Pakistan was to comprise of territories of Sind, British Baluchistan, North Western Frontier Province, the West Punjab and East Bengal.

(x) Indus Waters Treaty (1960) was the name of the agreement signed by India and Pakistan relating to sharing of river waters.

(xii) Created even more jobs – money spent on manufacturing weapons, tanks, ships & aircraft. Heavy industry especially benefited. 1933-39 production of coal & chemicals doubled, oil and iron & steel trebled and iron ore extraction increased five-fold. Expansion of army created more jobs – from 100,000 in 1933 (the limit set by Versailles Treaty) to 900,000 by 1938.

(xiii) This world-wide depression led to a collapse of international trade because each country raised protective tariffs to protect her own interests. This development was fatal to Japan’s economy which depended heavily on export trade. Thus, between 1929 and 1931, Japan’s exports dropped by 50%, unemployment reached 3 million, and peasants real income dropped one-third as a result of falling prices for silk. Then, there was a failure of rice crop in 1932. Such rural distresses intensified the discontents of the army officers, many of whom had connections with the rural population. The people lost faith in democratic means and strengthened the case of militarism.

(xiv) The pact of steel, known formally as the pact of friendship and Alliance between Germany and Italy, was a military and political alliance between the kingdom of Italy and Nazi Germany.

(xv) The Second Battle of El Alamein pushed all German forces out of North Africa and opened up the way for the invasion of Sicily and Italy. It was a major defeat for Rommel’s Desert Army. Winston Churchill was quoted as saying: “before Alamein we never won a battle, after Alamein we never lost one”.

(xvi) The EEC (European Economic Community) was formed in 1958 after the Treaty of Rome by six countries- Federal Republic of Germany, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, France and Italy. Their goals were to achieve a new age of peace, democracy, cooperation and economic union and prosperity between the European nations and citizens after the World War II.

(xvii) Uniting for Peace Resolution 1950 was the provision which strengthened the position of the United Nations General Assembly.

(xix) The World Zionist Organization was founded as the Zionist Organization in 1897. It changed its name to World Zionist Organization in lanuary, 1960. The Zionist Organization served as an umbrella organization for the Zionist movement, whose objective was the creation of a Jewish homeland in Palestine.

(xx) Yasser Arafat was the chief of the PLO when it was formed.

Part-I

Section—A

Question 2.
(a) Describe the causes and circumstances that the closing decades of the 19th and early years of the 20th century. [10]
(b) What were the motives of Lord Curzon behind the partition of Bengal ? [6]

Question 3.
(a) What was the impact of the First World War on Indian Politics ? [10]
(b) What were the activities of the Home Rule League ? [4]
(c) Name two prominent leaders of the Ghadar Party. [2]

Question 4.
(a) . What were the events which led to the Jalianwala Bagh massacre ? [4]
(b) Why did Mahatma Gandhi support the Khilafat Movement ? [2]
(c) Discuss the development of the Non-cooperation Movement. [10]

Question 5.
On August 8, 1940, a new policy called the ‘August Offer’ was announced. In this context, answer the following questions :
(a) What was the chief proposal of the ‘August Offer’ ? Why was the August Offer rejected by the Congress ? [4]
(b) What was the importance of the Lahore Session of 1940 ? [4]
(c) Why did the Cripps Mission come to India ? What were the proposals of the Cripps Mission? Why were the proposals rejected by almost all the Indian political parties ? [8]
Answer:
(a) In June 1940, Quaid-e-Azam and M. A. Jinnah had made some proposals, for bringing cooperation between the League and the Government. In these proposals, Jinnah had demanded that the Muslim leadership should be treated equally in the matter of authority and control in the Central and Provincial Governments.

The Viceroy had rejected all the proposals made by Quaid-e-Azam. But neither Quaid-e- Azam nor the British Government was disheartened by the lack of any agreement between the Congress and the League or between the Govem-ment and the League or Congress. On 8 August, 1940, the British Government made a significant pronouncement which came to be known as the August Offer.

The Offer contained the following points :
The British Government had decided not to postpone either the expansion of the Executive Council or the establishment of War Advisory Council which would more closely associate the public opinion with the conduct of war.

To remove the doubts of the Indian people it stated, no constitutional change, interim or final, will be undertaken by Parliament unless there had been antecedent agreement not only between the geographical units but also between the main social elements both as to manner of framing the constitution and the constitution itself. The safeguard of the rights of minorities and untouchable communities was also assured.

The work of constitution framing was not possible during the war. The representative body for this purpose would be set up after the conclusion of the war.

It was also assured that the Great Britain still offered Dominion Status to India. In the beginning, the Muslim League accepted the offer, as they were happy with the assurance that no future constitution would be framed without their approval. However, they made it clear that the partition of India was the only solution to future constitutional problems. Later, both the Muslim League and Congress rejected the offer. Congress wanted the transfer of power to occur at once; the problem of establishing Hindu-Muslim parity was to be postponed until after the war.

The British wanted to win the war first and transfer the power afterwards, while the Muslim League insisted on an immediate Hindu-Muslim settlement. Thus, when the Viceroy formed a National Defence Council in 1941, Quaid-e- Azam ordered all members of the Muslim League to resign from it.

(b) At a League conference in Lahore in 1940, Jinnah said: “Hindus and the Muslims belong to two different religions, philosophies, social customs and literature. It is quite clear that Hindus and Muslims derive their inspiration from different sources of history. They have different epics, different heroes and different episodes. To yoke together two such nations under a single state, one as a numerical minority and the other as a majority, must lead to growing discontent and final destruction of any fabric that may be so built up for the Government of such a state.”

At Lahore the League formally recommitted itself to creating an independent Muslim state called Pakistan, including Sindh, Punjab, Baluchistan, the North West Frontier Province and Bengal, that would be “wholly autonomous and sovereign.” The resolution guaranteed protection for non-Muslim religions. The Lahore Resolution was adopted on March 23, 1940, and its principles formed the foundation for Pakistan’s first constitution. Talks between Jinnah and Gandhi in 1944 in Bombay failed to achieve agreement. This was the last attempt to reach a single-state solution.

(c) In December 1941, the Japanese attacked an American naval base in Hawaii, and the United States entered the war against Japan, Germany
and Italy. Japan won a series of dramatic victories in the Western Pacific. Malaya and Singapore were overrun, and the retreating Anglo-Indian army surrendered Rangoon without a fight in early March. Soon the Japanese were at India’s eastern frontier, and an invasion of the country seemed imminent.
For some time the United States had been pressing Britain to satisfy Indian demands for self-government. But Britain’s Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, was dead-set against this.

But in March 1940, while Japanese troops were advancing through Burma, it became clear to Churchill that he would have to make some gesture, both to gain the support of the Indian people, and also to satisfy his American allies.

Late in March, Churchill sent Sir Stafford Cripps, a socialist member of the war cabinet, to negotiate with Indian leaders on behalf of the Government. Cripps brought a new set of proposals. The Government promised ‘the earliest possible realization of self-government in India1. A ‘new Indian union’ would be created which would be a ‘dominion, associated with the United Kingdom and the other dominions by a common allegiance to the Crown, but equal to them in every respect, in no way subordinate1 to them.

India would be able to frame its own constitution after the war. A new central executive council would operate till then. The net result of this would be that ‘in place of the majority of British members in the existing executive council, there would be an executive council composed of Indians alone, this statement was given by the current Congress President Abul Kalam Azad. This would mean that India would enjoy a significant measure of self-government .even before the conclusion of the war.

In exchange of these concessions, the British asked for India’s support in its war effort. Leaders of the principal sections of the Indian people were invited to give their active and constructive help in the discharge of a task. This task was vital and essential for the future freedom of India, namely the defeat of the Axis dictatorships. A few leaders of Indian opinion responded favourably to Cripps’s proposals. M. N. Roy, who was the Head of the Radical Democratic Party, supported them on the grounds that the defeat of the axis was the most important thing at the moment. But practically every other shade of opinion in India found the proposals unacceptable.

Most parties doubted the truth of Britain’s declared intention to share executive power. They could see that the Indian members of the proposed council could be prevented from taking part in the decision-making process. This happened especially in the critical area of defence. The clause that permitted provinces to break away from the proposed union was very clear. It can be explained as in the eyes of Congress leaders, ‘a severe blow to the conception of Indian unity’, for it admitted the possibility of a separate Muslim state. Muslim leaders felt that the mere possibility was not enough. They claimed that partition was ‘the only solution of India’s constitutional problem.’

These were not the only reasons the Cripps offer was rejected. The Indian people were not ready to trust a country that for almost two centuries had betrayed their confidence. It was too late for everything.

Section—B

Question 6.
(a) Examine the events from 1921 on wards, that culminated in Mussolini becoming the Prime Minister of Italy in October, 1922. [8]
(b) Discuss the main features of the Fascist state under Mussolini. [8]

Question 7.
(a) What is meant by the term appeasement ? Why did Britain and France follow this policy towards Germany ? [10]
(b) Explain the vital role played by the Battle of the Atlantic. [6]
Answer:
(a) Appeasement is a diplomatic policy of making political or material concessions to an enemy power to avoid war. This term is often in context with a country’s foreign policy. Actually appeasement was followed by Britain first and later on by France.

The purpose of this policy of Britain was to avoid war with aggressive powers such as Germany, Italy and Japan by giving way to their demands, provided the demands were not too unreasonable.

The appeasement policy was seen during the Jews and young plans which tried to appease Germany. During this period there was vague feeling that war could be avoided at all cost.

Hitler violated the clauses of the treaty of Versailles; the League of Nations appeared to be helpless. Britain thus, volunteered, by personal contacts with leaders, to settle disputes.

The Italian victory at Abyssinia was a grave blow to the League of Nations because this action of Italy proved the ineffectiveness of collective security system. Actually Britain and France were not militarily and economically prepared for war and were anxious to avoid any action which might provoke Italy into war with them. Germany occupied Rhineland, ignoring the treaty of Versailles. Britain and France protested only and it revealed again the weakness of Britain and France.

Question 8.
‘The basic cause of conflict lay in the difference of principles between the communist and the democratic states’. In this context, explain how the following events led to the development of the cold-war :
(a) The Potsdam Conference. [4]
(b) The Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan.
(c) The Communist takeover of Czechoslovakia. [4]
(d) The Berlin Blockade. [4]
Answer:
(b) The Truman Doctrine : On February 21, 1947, the British Government informed the United States that it would no longer be capable of supporting its aid to Greece and Turkey, two west controlled nations which geographically fell within the natural sphere of Soviet influence. Turkey was under heavy Soviet pressure, being a powerful place from which to gain influence over the Mediterranean Sea. The Soviet Union was not, however, responsible for the civil unrest in Greece, but this fact was either missed or simply overlooked.

Fearing that Soviet power would expand, Marshall, Acheson, and Kennan recommended to the President that America pick up where Britain was leaving off. Truman agreed, and the Truman Doctrine, was put into place. In reality, the Truman Doctrine only covered Greece and Turkey, but the philosophy itself was enduring beyond only these two. The Truman Doctrine might be considered the official “declaration of cold war” that got the Cold War underway.

The Marshall Plan : Greece and Turkey were not the only countries faltering in the post World War II environment. It was because of Britain’s decline that the Truman Doctrine was necessary, and now it was necessary to recover Britain as well. Americans believed that all of Europe was susceptible to Soviet subversion, and that the problem was economic in nature. They threw more money.

European workers were demoralized, food was scarce, equipment was out of repair, and the European economy was in the crapper. Inclement weather worsened the situation. As is the case in any country suffering from harsh economy from this point onward, the Socialist Party, at this time the Communist Party, was growing in strength. The United States feared that if things continued as they were, Communism would spread throughout Europe, Northern Africa, and the World. The duty to contain Communism had just become more important.

Marshall created a plan to offer aid to any European country that wanted it, including Russia, as pjjmeans to combat communism. Before it was ever taken to a vote in America, the Soviet Union withdrew from the delibera-tions and refused aid, correctly seeing that it was an attempt to undermine Soviet power. It was not easy to get through Congress, but in 1948 a civil unrest in Czechoslovakia sparked a war scare and the proposal was passed with a heavy majority. American money fostered the industrialization of Europe and effectively neutered Communist influence outside of the Soviet Union’s sphere of control.

(c) During the summer of 1947, the Communists began a campaign of political agitation and intrigue that gave them complete control of the Czech Government in Feb., 1948. In March, Jan Masaryk, the non-Communist foreign minister, died in suspicious circumstances. After the adoption of a new constitution (Benes resigned rather than sign it), a new legislature was elected and enacted a program for nationalizing the economy was formulated and enacted. Czechoslovakia became a Soviet- style state.

Political and cultural liberty was curtailed, and purge trials were conducted from 1950 to 1952. Riots occurred in 1953, reflecting economic discontent. A very modest liberalization trend begun in response but was reversed in Nov. 1957, when Antonin Novotny became President. In 1960, a new constitution was enacted. Another cautious movement toward liberalization was initiated in 1963. Restrictions on the press, education, and cultural activities were eased, and local authorities received increased economic autonomy. Profit considerations were introduced into the economy. Czechoslovakia became celebrated internationally for its experimental theater work and its many fine films. But political power remained the exclusive possession of a small circle in the Communist party.

That factor, the sluggishness of the economy (despite the reforms), and Slovak resentment over Novotny’s Czech-dominated administration, produced the startling developments of 1968. Alexander Dubcek, a Slovak, replaced Novotny as party leader in January; Ludvik Svoboda became President in March. Under Dubcek, in what is known as Prague Spring, democratization went further than in any other Communist state. Press censorship was reduced, and the restoration of a genuinely democratic political life seemed possible. Slovakia was granted political autonomy.

Seriously alarmed at what it construed to be a threat to Soviet security and to the supremacy within the USSR of the Soviet Communist party, the USSR with some of its Warsaw Pact allies invaded Czechoslovakia in Aug., 1968. Dubcek and other leaders were taken to Moscow. Despite opposition by the populace, the USSR forced the repeal of most of the reforms. A revised constitution was promulgated. (Slovakian autonomy was retained.) In Apr., 1969, Dubcek was replaced as party leader, and in June, 1970, he was expelled from the party.

In the early 1970s there were many efforts to stamp out dissent, including mass arrests, union purges, and religious persecution. The repressive policies and rigid Soviet-style economic policies continued throughout the 1970s despite inflation and a sluggish economy. In 1977, the appearance of a declaration of human rights called Charter 77, which was signed by 700 intellectuals and former party leaders, instigated further . repressive measures.

Question 9.
The partition of Palestine and the creation of . Israel became the bone of contention between Arabs and Jews. In this context :
(a) Discuss the causes, events and results of the Six Day War. [10]
(b) Explain how religious differences were responsible for the outbreak of the civil war in Lebanon. [6]
Answer:
(a) In May 1967, Egypt and Syria took a number of steps which led Israel to believe that an Arab attack was imminent. On May 16, Nasser ordered a withdrawal of the United Nations Emergency Forces (UNEF) stationed on the Egyptian-Israeli border, thus removing the international buffer between Egypt and Israel which had existed since 1957. On May 22, Egypt announced a blockade of all goods bound to and from Israel through the Straits of Tiran. Israel had held since 1957 that Egyptian blockade of the Tiran Straits would justify Israeli military action to maintain free access to the port of Eilat. Syria increased border clashes with Israel along the Golan Heights and mobilized its troops.

The U.S. feared a major Arab-Israeli and superpower confrontation and asked Israel to delay military action pending a diplomatic resolution of the crisis. On May 23, U.S. President Lyndon Johnson publicly reaffirmed that the Gulf of Aqaba was an international waterway and declared that a blockade of Israeli shipping was illegal. In accordance with U.S. wishes, the Israeli cabinet voted five days later to withhold military action.

The U.S., however, gained little support in the international community for its idea of a maritime force that would compel Egypt to open the waterway and it abandoned its diplomatic efforts in this regard. On May 30, President Nasser and King Hussein signed a mutual defense pact, followed on June 4 by a defense pact between Cairo and Baghdad. Also that week, Arab states began mobilizing their troops. Against this backdrop, Nasser and other Egyptian leaders intensified their anti- Israel rhetoric and repeatedly called for a war of total destruction against Israel.

Arab mobilization compelled Israel to mobilize its troops, 80 percent of which were reserve civilians. Israel feared slow economic strangulation because long-term mobilization of such a majority of the society meant that the Israeli economy and polity would be brought to a virtual standstill. Militarily, Israeli leaders feared the consequences of absorbing an Arab first strike against its civilian population, many of whom lived only miles from Arab- controlled territory. Incendiary Arab rhetoric threatening Israel’s annihilation terrified Israeli society and contributed to the pressures to go to war.

Against this background, Israel launched a preemptive strike against Egypt on June 5, 1967 and captured the Sinai Peninsula and the Gaza Strip. Despite an Israeli appeal to Jordan to stay out of the conflict,”Jordan attacked Israel and lost control of the West Bank and the eastern sector of Jerusalem. Israel went on to capture the Golan Heights from Syria. The war ended on June 10.

Israel did indeed simultaneously attack Egypt, Syria, Jordan and Iraq on June 5, 1967. It had little choice. For weeks leading up to that day, Israel’s Arab enemies upped the temperature by amassing troops on the borders of the tiny Jewish state, while threatening murder and mayhem.

ISC Class 12 History Previous Year Question Papers

ISC History Previous Year Question Paper 2011 Solved for Class 12

Maximum Marks: 80
Time allowed: Three hours

• Candidates are allowed additional 15 minutes for only reading the paper. They must NOT start writing during this time.
• Answer Question 1 (Compulsory) from Part I and five questions from Part II, choosing two questions from Section A, two
• questions from Section B and one question from either Section A or Section B.
• The intended marks for questions or parts of questions are given in brackets [ ].

Part—I
Answer all questions.

Question 1. [20]
(i) Why did the Japanese victory in the Russo- Japanese War (1905) lead to the rise of radical nationalism in India ?
(ii) Give any two examples of industries set up by Indian nationalists during the Swadeshi and Boycott Movement.
(iii) Name the two Acts passed by the British in 1919, that reflected the dual policy followed by them in India.
(iv) Name any two prominent leaders among the pro-changers in the Congress.
(v) Where and why did Mahatma Gandhi launch his first great experiment in Satyagraha in India ?
(vi) Who was the President of the All-India States Peoples ’ Conference in 1939 ?
(vii) Which event after the Second World War, convinced the British that they could no longer depend on the loyalty of the armed forces in India ?
(viii) Name any one outstanding Congress leader among women, during the freedom movement.
(ix) On what grounds did Jinnah justify his two- nation theory ?
(x) Which state decided to join the Indian Union after an armed incursion supported by Pakistan in 1947 ?
(xi) Mention any two adverse effects of the Great Depression of 1929 on the Italian economy ?
(xii) Who passed the Enabling Law ? What was its significance ?
(xiii) What agreements did
(a) Mussolini and
(b) Hitler sign with the Pope in order to gain his support ?
(xiv) Why is the Battle of Britain regarded as the first major turning point in the Second World War ?
(xv) Why was the formation of NATO a highly significant development in the context of American foreign policy ?
(xvi) What effect did the Abyssinian War have on Mussolini’s relationship with Hitler ?
(xvii) State one reason for the ‘thaw’ in the Cold War.
(xviii) Why is it necessary to increase the number of permanent members in the Security Council ?
(xix) What was Britain’s main objection to joining the EEC in its formative years ?
(xx) Why did the Arabs consider the Sykes-Picot Treaty, a breach of faith by the British Government ?
Answer:
(vi) Jawaharlal Nehru.

(vii) There was a revolt of the Indian naval ratings at Mumbai in February 1946, they fought a 7 hour battle with the army and navy and had surrendered only when asked to do so by the national leaders. There were also widespread strikes in the royal Indian air force. The Indian signal cops at Jabalpur also went on strike.

(ix) Jinnah justified his Two Nation theory by declaring that the real aim of the Congress was not independence but a Hindu Raj, hostile to Muslim minorities.

(x) Kashmir decided to join the Indian Union after an armed incursion supported by Pakistan in 1947.

(xii) The enabling Act was an amendment to the German constitution which was passed by Hitler. It basically gave Hitler dictator powers and the right to enact laws without involvement of the German Reichstag. It was combined with the previous by passed Reichstag fire decree, which transferred state rights to the central government.

(xiii) In July 1933, Hitler and pope signed a concordat, according to which the church renounced guaranteed the right to free worship to circulate Pastoral Epistles, to maintain catholic schools and property. Mussolini signed the Lateran treaty in 1929 which made Vatican City a separate independent state, recognized Catholicism as the state sponsored religion and gave the church 750 million lire in compensation for the Vatican loss of sovereignty over the Papal States in the 1800’s.

(xiv) When the British did not surrender, Hitler called off the attack and went on to invade Russia thus, opening war on both fronts. Germany’s failure in the Battle of Britain thus, became one of the major reasons for the ultimate German defeat. This was Hitler’s first defeat.

(xv) The NATO was formed primarily to oppose the Russian influence in Western Europe, thus, the formation of NATO was highly significant in the context of American foreign policy.

(xvi) Italy had full admiration of Germany for her! role during Abyssinia conquest. Italy cartie closer to Germany and made understanding with Hitler by forming the Rome-Berlin axis. So, in the Seccyid World War Mussolini joined Germany and declared war on Britain and France.

(xvii) The death of Stalin in 1953 was probably the starting of the ‘thaw’ in the cold war because new leaders came to the forefront in Russia.

(xviii) The necessity is felt to increase the number of permanent members in Security Council to restore harmony and ensure wider cooperation and goodwill with third World Nations.

(xx) Arabs thought British Government played a double role by assuring the Arabs an independent Arabia and the Jews a homeland in Palestine. So, they
consi-dered the Sykes-Picot Treaty, a breach of faith by the British Government

Part-II

Section—A

Question 2.
Several factors were responsible for the communalisation of Indian politics (1885-1919). In this context, discuss :
(a) The initial rejection of Western education by
(b) The communal tinge in the ideas and activities of certain radical nationalist leaders. [6]
(c) The views of Sayyid Ahmad Khan after the establishment of the Indian National Congress. [6]

Question 3.
(a) Why was the Simon Commission sent to India ? [6]
(b) Give an account of the significant Indian Muslims developments in the National Movement from the Lahore Session of the Congress in 1929 to the suspension of the Civil Disobedience Movement in 1931. [10]

Question 4.
With reference to the Government of India Act, 1935, discuss :
(a) The elections of 1937. [4]
(b) The achievements of the Congress ministries. [8]
(c) The causes for the rift between the Muslim League and the Congress. [4]
Answer:
(a) In the elections under the Government of India Act, 1935, the mandate of the people came in favour of the Congress. The Congress swept the polls ,so far as general Hindu seats were concerned. Out of the 38 seats reserved for the labour, the Congress contested 20 seats and won 18 seats. Of the 482 seats reserved as Muslim seats, the Congress contested 58 seats and won only 26 seats. For commerce and industry, 56 seats were reserved. The Congress won only 3 seats. In five provinces, Congress had a clear majority.

In Bengal, NWFP, Assam and Bombay, the Congress emerged as the single largest party. Thus, the Congress formed ministries in 7 provinces out of 11 provinces. Coalition ministries were also formed in 2 other provinces. Only Bengal and Punjab had non-Congress ministries. On the other hand, the performance of Muslim League was not better. The Muslim League could not get a single seat in NWFP. In Punjab, the Muslim League got only 2 seats out of the 84 reserved seats.

(b) The major achievement of Congress Ministries were : 1. Reduction of the salaries of the ministers, 2. Welfare scheme for the tribals, 3. Jail reforms and, 4. Declaration of Fundamental rights. Although the Congress formed ministries in different provinces, they actually failed to introduce land reforms. The Marxist writers highlight that the zamindars and landlords had influence on the Congress. Naturally, the Congress ministries did not want to alienate this class. On the other hand, in UP, most of the talukdars were Muslims and land reform would affect their interests and they might side with the league. Congress required the cooperation of all the sections including the landed aristocracy. Though the people had great expectations, the Congress ministries were not destined to rule for long. The Congress ministries resigned in November 1939, on the war issue.

(c) In the Round Table Conference, it was taken for granted that the main communities, particularly, the Hindus and the Muslims, would be represented in the provincial ministries. But after the spectacular victory, the Congress did not accommodate any other group like Muslim League in any ministry. This became an important issue in UP when the Congress assumed the office. The Congress offered two seats to the Muslim league on certain conditions which the League rejected outrightly. The Muslim community felt that they had no political future as long as the Congress was in power. The Muslim League then accused the Congress of discrimination against the. minorities.

The Muslim League then appointed a committee to collect information on the subject. The Report of the committee contained a long list of charges against the Congress. Thus, throughout the 27 months of Congress rule in provinces, the League carried on intense anti-Congress propaganda. The charges of the League included failure to prevent communal riots, ban on Bakra eid cow slaughter, singing of Vande Mataram on public occasions, encouragement of Hindi at the cost of Urdu and discrimination towards the Muslims. The Congress denied the charges of the Muslim League but the Muslims now started to think that the Congress was going to introduce a ‘Hindu Raj’ against the interest of the Muslims.

Question 5.
(a) Give an account of Government repression of the Revolt of1942. [6]
(b) Discuss the revival of the INA and its contribution to India’s struggle for freedom under the leadership of Subhash Chandra Bose. [10]
Answer:
(a) The Government mobilised all its forces to suppress the Quit India Movement of 1942. The authorities adopted some common methods like arrests, detentions, flogging, firing and punitive fines. The press was completely muzzled. By the end of 1943, throughout India, the official figures for arrests stood at 91,836. The number of people killed in police firing was 1060 by 1943. Apart from the Government figure, many more had died and became wounded by police torture. In Midnapore, the Government forces had burnt 31 Congress camps and 164 private houses. The Government even used aeroplanes to gun down demons-trators at least in 5 places in Bihar, Orissa and Bengal. The Government also collected punitive fines from the residents of the areas affected by the Quit India Movement.

Question 6.
(a) Explain the circumstances that prompted the British to send the Cabinet Mission Plan to India. [6]
(b) State six major provisions of the Cabinet Mission Plan. [6]
(c) What were the reactions of the : [4]
(i) Congress to the proposals of the Cabinet Mission Plan ?
(ii) Muslim League to the proposals of the Cabinet Mission Plan ?
Answer:
(a) In July 1945, the Labour Party came to power in Britain and hopes were raised for an early settlement of the Indian question. To solve the Indian deadlock, the British Prime Minister Clement Atlee, decided to send a special mission to India in March 1946, consisting of three British Cabinet members Patrick Lawrence, Stafford Cripps and A.V. Alexander.

The objective was to find out ways and means for a negotiated settlement to transfer power to the Indian people. The Cabinet Mission held extensive discussion with the Congress, the Muslim League and other Indian political groups, but failed to reach any agreed settlement on the constitutional issue. Jinnah stood firm on his demand for Pakistan, while Congress vigorously opposed the two-nation theory of Jinnah. The Cabinet Mission also rejected the idea of two sovereign states because that would not solve the problem of the minorities.

Section—B

Question 7.
(a) The Wall Street Crash of 1929 dealt a severe blow to the Weimar Republic Explain.
(b) Mention the two main economic aims of the Nazi State. What policies did the Nazis follow to achieve these aims ? [8]
(c) Why were Hitler’s policies popular with the :
(i) Workers.
(ii) Wealthy industrialists.
Answer:
(b) (i) Full employment : The idea that everyone should have a job. By 1939, there was virtually no unemployment in Germany.
(ii) To maintain the support of the population. (.i.e., feeding the population, providing basic needs).
(iii) To make Germany a global military and industrial superpower.
(iv) Hitler’s economic reforms.
(v) He introduced five year plans to have greater production.
(vi) Factories were set up to provide work to the labourers.
(vii) Industrialist and agricultural production and trade were encouraged.

A food corporation was established to control food production, its pricing and distribution. Price controls were introduced and incentives were provided for workers.

Imports and exports were controlled to maintain favorable trade balance. The production of heavy armaments, airplanes and naval ships on a large scale was increased.

(c) Reasons for popularity of Hitler’s policy with the workers :

• Capitalists were encouraged to increase production and strikes were banned.
• Imports and exports were controlled to maintain favorable trade balance.
• It also encouraged factory owners to improve conditions for workers for example : improved canteens, toilets and sometimes even sports facilities.

Reasons for popularity of Hitler’s policy with the industrialists :

• He encouraged agriculture production.
• A food corporation was established to control food production its pricing and distribution.
• He concentrated on building infrastructures which in turn helped in building the import and export.

Question 8.
The 1930’s witnessed the collapse of the international order. In this context, explain :
(a) The ideological, economic and political ‘ reasons for the rise of militarism in Japan. [10]
(b) The declaration of a ‘New Order in East Asia’ and its impact. [6]

Question 9.
(a) Give an account of the events that led to the American entry into the Second World War. [4]
(b) Discuss the contribution of the US to the victory of the Allies in the Pacific with reference to : [6]
(i) The battle of Midway Island.
(ii) The island-hopping campaign.
(c) Explain any three reasons for the defeat of the Axis powers. [6]
Answer:
(a) During the Second world War, Americans wanted to help Britain in all possible ways. In March 1941, the US Congress empowered the US Government to help the warring states with arms against the Axis power by passing the Lend lease Act. America thus became the ‘Arsenal of Democracy’. As a result, from 1941 America with her huge armaments came forward to help the Allied powers against Hitler. In 1941 in the North-Atlantic Conference, Roosevelt and Churchill accepted the Eight Point Programme of War Aims for the Second World War. Till the end of the war, they tried to observe those principles.

(b) At ‘Midway Island’ in the Pacific in June 1942, the Americans beat off a powerful Japanese attack. The Japanese forces became weaker due to the loss of their aircraft carriers and strike aircrafts, especially dive bombers. Gradually, America recovered the Pacific Islands. The struggle continued through 1943 and 1944 by a process known as ‘Island Hopping’ by which America recovered the Pacific Islands gradually. In this way, Midway became a crucial turning point in the battle of the Pacific.

(c) The reasons for the defeat of the Axis powers in the Second World War : There were many reasons for the defeat of the Axis powers in the war which are given below :
Americans helped Britain and other Allied powers in all possible ways. In March 1941, the U.S. Congress empowered the U.S. Government to help the Allied Powers with arms against the Axis Powers by passing the ‘Lend-lease Act’. America thus, became the ‘Arsenal of Democracy’. As a result from 1941, America with her huge armaments came forward to help the Allied powers against Hitler. In 1941, in the North-Atlantic Conference, Roosevelt and Churchill accepted the Eight point Programme of war aim for the Second World War. Till the end of the war, they tried to observe those principles.

The combined resources of America, Russia and Britain were so great that it was impossible for the Axis powers to win. The Russians reconstructed their industries and continued production of war material to a large extent. It has been estimated that, by 1944 they had four times as many tanks as the Germans and could put twice as many men in the field. America manufactured over 70,000 tanks and 20,000 aircrafts a year, with which the Germans and the Japanese could not compete at all.

The Axis Powers also made a number of tactical mistakes which proved detrimental to them. For example, Japan failed to realise the importance of aircraft carriers and concentrated more and more on battleships. Japan did not possess the reserves of men and materials to meet the counter attacks which she deliberately invited. On the other hand, the United States was in a position by December 1941, to produce new ships, aeroplanes, guns and trained men in unlimited number. Hitler made a blunder by starting a winter campaign in Russia. As a result, the German army faced a terrible loss of manpower. In Normandy also the German army had to face terrible losses. The retreat in Normandy thus, led to disasters in other battle-fields.

While declaring the war, Hitler and his advisers failed to understand that the war against Britain would involve the whole British Empire and its resources. Thus, the war for Germany became too stretched defeat. Japan also made the same mistake. In the opinion of the military historian Liddel Hart, they became stretched out far beyond their basic capacity for holding their gains.

Question 10.
The American policy of preventing the spread ‘ of Communism in South-East Asia ended in complete failure. In the context of the Vietnam War explain :
(a) The Tonkin Gulf incident (1964). [4]
(b) Reasons for the failure of the U.S. [4]
(c) Effects of the war. [4]
(d) Any four reasons for detente in the early 1970’s. [4]
Answer:
(a) The Gulf of Tonkin incident, or the USS Maddox incident involved what were originally claimed to be two separate conformations involving North Vietnam and the United States in the waters of the Gulf of Tonkin. On August 2,1964, the destroyer USS Maddox, while performing a routine patrol, was attacked by three North Vietnamese Navy torpedo boats.

A sea battle resulted in which the Maddox fired over 280 3″ and 5″ shells. Four USN F-8 Crusader jet fighter bombers also engaged in the firing of the Vietnamese boats. One US aircraft was damaged, and four North Vietnamese tarpedo boats were damaged resulting in casualties of four North Vietnamese sailors and wounding of six others. There were no US casualities. The second Tonkin Gulf incident was originally claimed by the US National security Agency to have occurred on August 4, 1964, as another sea battle.

The outcome of these two incidents was the passage of the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution by the US Congress which granted President Lyndon B. Johnson the authority to assist any Southeast Asian country whose Government was considered to be jeopardized by the “Communist aggression”. The resolution served as Johnson’s legal justification for deploying US continental forces and the commencement of open warfare against North Vietnam.

(b) The reason for the US failure in Vietnam was the fact that there was no defined enemy. People of both the North and South Vietnam were so intermingled with those with whom they did not agree that it was difficult to determine as to who was the enemy. As also the fact that what pressed America into conflict was their paranoia about a mass scale spread of communism.

America suffered heavy losses which were unnecessary and highly disagreed upon by the American people who only supported the war because of their widespread fear of the communist ideology they knew nothing about. The other major cause was the long duration of the war which caused the Americans to lose faith in it, rather they became fed-up with it. Anti war protests in Washington D.C. also added fuel to the fire. To -win a war your country needs to be behind you, which it was not.

(c) The new American President Richard Nixon, changed the policy. The New Policy was Vietnamisation. The Americans would train the South Vietnamese army to take care of the defence of South Vietnam. Nixon also began heavy bombing on North Vietnam once more but all attempts failed. At the end of 1972, the Vietcong exercised their control over the entire western half of the country. Nixon was under tremendous pressure, both at home and abroad, to withdraw from Vietnam. Finally, a cease-fire was arranged in January, 1973.

It was agreed that the American troops would be withdrawn from Vietnam and both North and South Vietnam would respect the frontier along the 17th parallel (line of 17° latitude between North and South Vietnam). But still the Vietcong continued the attack and Saigon, the majority of South Vietnam was occupied in 1975. Vietnam at last became united and free from foreign intervention. The United Vietnam came under a Communist Government. Thus, the American policy of preventing the spread of communism in South East Asia ended in failure.

(d) The world ‘detente’ means the condition of relaxation of international tensions among nations leading to thaw in the cold war. It means decline in the tensions of cold war. The first sign of real detente between East and West came in the early 1970s, stimulated probably by the continuing fear of nuclear war and the horrors of Vietnam.

There were specific motives of the different powers for detente. China was anxious about her isolation in international politics and worsening relations with Russia. America felt that the policy she persuaded in Vietnam had to be revised and a policy of peaceful co¬existence needs to be adopted. Russia had also changed her thinking. She wanted to reduce expenditure on defence so as to increase the standard of living of the Russian people and that of people in the satellite states. There was unrest in Poland in the early 1970’s which threatened to destabilize the communist bloc. At that time, Russia was on bad terms with China.

Willie Brandt, the Vice-Chancellor of West Germany, wanted to develop better relations with the East European countries through the policy known as Ostpolitik. The most important factor was the fear of the Western States who were worried that they would be in the front line if nuclear war broke out.

Question 11.
(a) Why was the idea of greater cooperation in Western Europe supported by many European leaders after the Second World War ?
(b) Briefly outline the events that led to the signing of the Treaty of Rome in 1957. [8]
(c) Comment on the expansion of the EC in 1973.
Answer:
(a) After the Second World War, with the gradual deterioration in relations between the Western Powers and Soviet Russia, there began a move for European integration. The chief objective was to strengthen the political, economic and social ties of Europe in the face of dispute and struggle between America and Russia. There were many reasons for this attempt of integration of the European states.

The first step towards economic integration of Europe was the Benelux Customs Convention of 1944. The Governments of Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxemburg agreed to set up the Benelux Customs Union. Under its terms, the tariff walls among the signatory states were abolished and free trade began. In the post-war Europe, it was the first attempt to bring about integration among the European states through trade and customs.

(b) The Treaty of Rome was the founding treaty of European Economic Community (EEC) signed in 1957 by heads of Government of France, Belgium, Luxemburg, West Germany, The Netherlands and Italy. The treaty was the result of eleven years of efforts to reconstruct the European continent after World War II. The European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) which was formed in the treaty of Paris in 1951, laid the ground for EEC, by opening the market for those products between several countries in continent Europe.

The treaty of Rome adopted many of institutional structures of the ECSC but set out to have greater reach. It tried to combine federalist and inter-governmental ideas. The original idea was conceived by Jean Monnet, a senior French civil servent. It was announced by Robert Schuman, the French foreign minister in a declaration on 9 May, 1950. The aim was to pool Franco-German Coal and Steel Production. The underlying political objective of the European Coal and Steel Community was to strengthen the Franco-German cooperation and banish the possibility of war.

France, Germany, Italy, Belgium, Luxemburg and the Netherlands began negotiating the treaty. The treaty establishing the ECSC was signed in Paris on 18 April, 1951.

Partly, with the aim of creating a federal Europe, two further communities were proposed, again by the French, a European Defence Community (EDC) and a European Economic Community (EEC). But while the treaty for the latter was in the process of being drawn up by the Common Assembly, the ECSC parliamentary chamber, the EDC was rejected by the French parliament.

Jean Monnet, who was the leading figure behind the communities and who was now the president, resigned in protest, and began work on alternative communi-ties based on economic integration rather than political integration.

As a result of energy crises, the Common Assembly proposed extending the power of the committee to other sources of energy. However, Monnet desired a separate committee to cover the nuclear power. Louise Armand was put in charge of a study into prospect of nuclear energy use in Europe. The report concluded further nuclear development was needed to reduce dependence on oil producers.

The Benelux states and Germany were also keen on creating a general common market. In the end Monnet proposed creating both as separate communities. As a result of the Messina conference of 1955, a preparatory committee (Spaak Committee) was formed under the chairmanship of Paul-Henri Spaak. The Spaak report drawn up by the Spaak committee was accepted at the Venice Conference (29th and 30th May 1956) where the decision was taken to organise an inter¬governmental conference. The report formed the cornerstone of the inter-governmental conference on the Common Market at Val Duchesse in 1956.
The conference led to the signing on 25 March, 1957, of the Treaties of Rome at the Palazzo dei Conservatori on Capitoline Hill in Rome.

(c) In 1962, at the Commonwealth Prime Ministers’s Conference in London, the proposal of Britain’s entry into the Common Market was strongly opposed. France strongly opposed Britain’s entry into European Economic Community and the Common Market. President De Gaulle was not happy about Britain’s American connection. He apprehended that Britain’s membership would allow America to dominate European affairs. He said that it would produce “a colossal Atlantic grouping under dependence and control.” He was probably annoyed that Britain without consulting France, had agreed to receive Polaris Missiles from America. He was also furious because America did not make the same offer to France.

On the other hand, Britain believed that De Gaulle’s real motive was to dominate the community. With Britain’s arrival, she would have a serious rival. Finally, on January 1, 1973, Britain entered the EEC and this was made possible by the resignation of De Gaulle in 1969 and the next French President Georges Pompidou’s more friendly attitude towards Britain. Edward Health, the Conservative Prime Minister of Britain, pressed Britain’s claims strongly for joining the EEC. He was the successful Prime Minister who finally took Britain into Europe.

ISC Class 12 History Previous Year Question Papers