ICSE Class 10 History Goyal Brothers Solutions Chapter 5 Factors Leading to the Formation of The Muslim League

Goyal Brothers Prakashan Class 10 History Solutions Chapter 5 Factors Leading to the Formation of The Muslim League

Question 1.
Why did the British follow the policy of ‘Divide and Rule’ in India?
Answer:
The British followed the policy of divide and rule because they wanted to keep themselves in power by causing disagreements within various sections who might otherwise unite against the rulers.

Question 2.
What led to an arousal of Hindi-Urdu Controversy in 1900?
Answer:
The petitions in UP could be submitted to the offices and courts in Urdu alone. But, by the Government instructions on 8th April, 1900 offices and courts should entertain petitions written in Hindi, too. This led to a controversy between the Hindus and the Muslims, which embittered relations between the two communities.

Question 3.
Who led the Muslim Deputation that waited upon the Viceroy on Oct. 1, 1906?
Answer:
Aga Khan, head of the Ismaili sect of the Muslims, led the Muslim Deputation.

Question 4.
Mention any two demands made by the Muslim Deputation in 1906.
Answer:

1. Separate Electorates
2. Greater representation in Civil, Military and Judicial Services.

Question 5.
Name the Viceroy, who was responsible for granting separate representation to the Muslims in 1909?
Answer:
Lord Minto, the Viceroy was responsible for granting separate representation to the Muslims in 1909.

Question 6.
What is meant by Separate (Communal) Electorate?
Answer:
Separate (Communal) electorate means that the Muslims would vote for Muslim candidates and the Hindus for the Hindu candidates. Hence, communities were to serve as the basis for representations.

Question 7.
When was the Muslim League formed? Who presided over its first Session at Dhaka?
Answer:
Muslim League was founded on December 30, 1906. Its first session at Dhaka, was presided over by Nawab Salimullah Khan.

Question 8.
Who presided over the League’s Session at Amritsar in 1908?
Answer:
Syed Ali Imam, presided over the League’s session at Amritsar in 1908.

Question 9.
Mention any two objectives of the Muslim League as laid down in its Constitution?
Answer:
The objectives of the League were laid down as follows :

1. To promote among Indian Muslims feeling of loyalty towards the British Government.
2. To protect the political and other rights of the Muslims and to present before the government their aspirations in moderate language or early Nationalist Language.

Question 10.
Who founded ‘Majlis-i-Ahrar’?
Answer:
‘Majlis-i-Ahrar’ was founded by M. Rashid Ahmad.

Question 11.
Name two nationalist Muslims associated with the Ahrar Movement.
Answer:

1. Habibur Rahman
2. Abul Kalam Azad

Question 12.
Why were the Muslims treated with suspicion by the British after the Revolt of 1857?
Answer:
The British treated Muslims with suspicion because they held them guilty of the Revolt of 1857.

Question 13.
Give an example to show that the British encouraged communal and separatist trend in Indian politics.
Answer:
The Partition of Bengal in 1905 showed that British encouraged communal and separatist trend in Indian politics.

Question 14.
How did the communal bias in the History textbooks cause communalism in India?
Answer:
The History textbooks, contained material which encouraged religious intolerance. On one hand, Muslims were projected as intolerant oppressor who used their power to crush Hindus and on the other hand, incited Muslims by claiming them to be descendants of the Turks and the Mughals who had captured India from the Hindus. Such lessons in the textbook caused communal hatred.

Question 15.
Give one example to show that the Assertive nationalists gave their nationalism a religious tinge.
Answer:
Bal Gangadhar Tilak’s promotion of Shivaji and Ganpati festivals clearly reflect that the Assertive nationalists gave nationalism a religious tinge.

Question 16.
Why did Sir Syed Ahmad Khan advise the Muslims not to join the Congress?
Answer:
Sir Syed Ahmad Khan advised the Muslims not to join Congress because he feared that after independence, the Hindus would play a dominant role in political, economic and social affairs of the land.

Question 17.
Who founded the Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College at Aligarh?
Answer:
Sir Syed Ahmad Khan founded the Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College at Aligarh in 1875.

Question 18.
What was the object of the Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental Defence Association founded in 1893?
Answer:
The main objectives of the Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental Defence Association was :

• To promote loyalty towards the British.
• To prevent Muslims from participating any political Movement.

Question 19.
What was the main demand of the Muslim League in the early years of its formation?
Answer:
In the early years of the foundation of Muslim League, their main demand was greater representation of the Muslims in all services, Civil and Military.

Question 20.
In what way did the economic backwardness of the Muslim community lead to the growth of communalism in India?
Answer:
Educational backwardness led to inferior economic positions. Muslims lacked special training to get government job or jobs connected with medicine, law and education. Hence, British sowed the seeds of communalism by making them believe that supporting the government was the surest way to get jobs and honours.

Question 21.
How did the general economic backwardness of the country lead to the growth of communalism in India?
Answer:
General economic backwardness of the country led to intense competition for jobs. While, far-sighted Indians knew that only independence could liberate them from economic ailments. However, others talked of reservation of jobs for various communities or castes.

Structured Questions

Question 1.
There were many events and factors which finally led to the formation of the Muslim League in 1906. In this context describe :
(a) Rift caused by the Hindu-Urdu Controversy
(b) The Aligarh politics
(c) The Movement against the Partition of Bengal.
Answer:
(a) The seeds of Communalism had been sowed by the British through the ‘policy of Divide and Rule’. The Hindu-Urdu Controversy in 1900, added fuel to the fire. In UP, then known as United Province, all the petitions to the court had been written in Urdu. However, responding to the protest of the Hindus, the government passed an order on 8th April, 1900 that government offices and law-courts should also entertain petitions written in Hindi i.e., Devanagri Script.

This angered the Muslims, who called the protest meetings in different parts of the country. The Hindus, too held meetings to meet the challenge. However, the controversy, which continued for months worsened relations between the two communities.

(b) After the death of Sir Syed in 1898, Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk led the Aligarh Movement. When the Hindi-Urdu controversy raged, he was the Secretary of the M.A.O. College Trust. He had severely criticised the Government order granting equal status to Hindi and Urdu in U.P. The Lt. Governor of U.P., A. Macdonell, demanded that he should either resign from the Secretaryship of the Trust or separate himself from the agitation against the Government order.

The Nawab cooled down for the time being. But other Muslim leaders were angry and upset and put forward the suggestion of establishing a political organisation of the Muslims.

(c) The Anti-Partition Movement witnessed a united front against the government. However, the British was eager to prevent the Muslim from joining the national struggle. It soon won over Nawab Salimullah of Dhaka, and as days passed by, more and more persons from the Muslim upper class came under the influence of the British.

On the whole, government tried to secure the support of Muslims on the ground that the new province would be muslim majority region. Thus, this new factor was to have a drastic effect on relations between the two communities.

Question 2.
A Muslim Deputation with Aga Khan as their leader was received by Lord Minto on October, 1, 1906. In this context answer the following questions :
(a) What four demands did the Address presented to the Viceroy contain?
(b) What assurance did the Deputation have from the Viceroy?
(c) What impact did Viceroy’s promise have on Morley-Minto Reforms?
Answer:
(a) A Muslim deputation led by Aga Khan firstly demanded that Muslims must get due representation in the Provincial as well as Imperial Legislative Councils through separate electorates. Secondly, the representation should be based on their position in India rather than on numerical strength.

Thirdly, they demanded due representation of Muslims in Municipal and District boards along with senate and the syndicates of Indian universities. Fourthly, they demanded for greater representation in Civil, Military and Judicial services. Lastly, they asked for help in founding a Muslim University which would be a centre of religious, cultural and intellectual life.

(b) Lord Minto, the Viceroy gave an assurance that the political rights and interests of Muslims would be duly safeguarded. It seemed that Minto has engineered the deputation and created gulf between the two communities by encouraging separate electorates. Much against the wishes of Lord Morley, Secretary of state, Minto succeeded in providing for separate electorates for the Muslims in the Morley-Minto Reforms of 1909.

(c) As per the assurance given by the Viceroy, Lord Minto to the Muslim deputation, Morley-Minto Reforms of 1909 provided for separate representation of the Muslim Community in the Imperial as well as Provincial Legislature Councils. The system of ‘separate representation’ implied that the Muslims would vote for Muslim candidates, and the Hindus for the Hindu candidates.

The principal was clever more on the part of British to struck a fatal blow to the unity of India. From the day of that decision, the country knew no communal peace, separate electorates slowly but steadily led to the partition of India some forty years later.

Question 3.
The All-India Muslim League was established at a meeting held in Dhaka on December 30, 1906. In this context, describe :
(a) Aims and Objectives of the League
(b) Two direct results of the formation of the League.
Answer:
The Muslim League, a central organisation of Muslims was founded with an objective:
(a)

• To promote feeling of loyalty among the Muslims towards the British Government. Also, to dissipate the misconception hatched by the British for the Indian Muslims.
• To protect the political and other rights of the Muslims and to place their needs and aspiration before the government in mild and Early Nationalists language.
• To prevent the rise of any feeling of hostility between Muslims and other communities, without affecting the aforesaid objectives of the league.

(b) The leaders of the League advised Muslims to shun the national movement. The Muslim League was an outright loyalist, who asserted that the Muslim-interests were different from those of the Hindus. In this way, the policies of the Muslim League weakened the Nationalist sentiments and opposed such national movement as the Swadeshi and Boycott.

Secondly, the British were successful in sowing seeds of conflict between the two communities. They welcomed the formation of League in the hope that it would provide an effective answer to the Congress.

Question 4.
With reference to the picture given below answer the following questions :

(a) Identify the person.
Answer:
Sir Syed Ahmad Khan.

(b) Name the College which became the centre of a movement called the Aligarh Movement.
Answer:
MohammedanAnglo-Oriental College.

(c) He urged Muslim not to join the congress and to be loyal to the British. Why did he take this course of action?
Answer:
Sir Syed feared that when British withdrew, the Hindus would play a dominant role in political, economic and social affairs of the land.

(d) What was the object of the Anglo-Oriental Defence Association?
Answer:
The main objectives of the Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental Defence Association was :

• To promote loyalty towards the British.
• To prevent Muslims from participating in any political Movement.

Question 5.
With reference to the picture given below answer the questions that follow :

(a) Identify the person.
(b) Which sect of the Muslims was headed by him?
(c) What role did he have in the Deputation that waited upon the Viceroy Lord Minto in 1906?
(d) What assurance did the Viceroy give to the Delegation?
(e) What role did the Muslim League play in its early years?
Answer:
(a) AgaKhan.

(b) Aga Khan Head of the Ismaili Sect of the Muslims.

(c) A Muslim Deputation, consisting of prominent persons from many Provinces, waited upon the Viceroy on 1st October, 1906. It was led by Aga Khan. He was head of the Ismaili sect of the Muslims. The Muslim leaders made the following demands.
Separate Electorates :
The Muslims should be given the right of sending their representatives to the Provincial Councils and Imperial Legislative Council through separate communal electorates.

(ii) Weightage in Representation :
The representation to the Muslim Community should be determined not by their numerical strength. It should be in accordance with the position they occupied in India about a hundred years ago.

(iii) Separate Representation in the Municipal and University Bodies :
There should be some scheme for giving adequate representation to the Muslims in Municipal and District Boards and the Senates and Syndicates of Indian Universities.

(iv) Greater Representation in Civil, Military and Judicial Services :
There should be greater representation of the Muslims in all services – civil and military. Further, there should be Muslim judges in every High Court.

(v) The Founding of a Muslim University: The Deputation asked for help in founding a Muslim University. The Address concluded with the words that ‘the bond of loyalty” united the Muslims and the British in India.

(d) Lord Minto gave an assurance that the political rights and interests of Muslims would be duly safeguarded. Such an assurance gave rise to the suspicion, said Kulke and Rothermund, that “the deputation of 1906 was somehow invited, rather than simply received by the Viceroy.”

(e) Role of the League were as follows :
(i) To promote among Indian Muslims feelings of loyalty towards the British Government. The League would also remove misconception that may arise as to the intentions of Government in relation to Indian Muslims.

(ii) To protect the political and other rights of the Muslims and to place their needs and aspirations before the Government in mild and moderate language.

(iii) To prevent the rise of any feeling of hostility between Muslims and other communities, without adversely affecting the aforesaid objectives of the League.

Extra Practice Questions

Question 1.
Why did the British change their policy towards Muslims later?
Answer:
The Congress, which started as an All India Organisation to create a broad-based freedom struggle, now turned into major force in the struggle for Independence. Thus, the British tried to appease Muslims in order to counter Congress. They began to follow the policy of Divide and Rule to sustain their rule in India.

Question 2.
How did the misinterpretation of the Indian history by the British historians cause communalism?
Answer:
The British historians divided the Indian history into Hindu and Muslims periods. In the Hindu period Muslims were dubbed as foreign invaders who settled in India as conquerors. In the Muslim period, they identified the Muslims as rulers and the Hindus as a subjugated people.

The fact the Muslims enjoyed complete religious freedom in the Non-Muslim state of the Rajputs, Marathas and Sikhs was not emphasized. Thus, the historians misinterpreted facts to sow the seeds of communalism.

Question 3.
What was the object of the Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College founded in 1857?
Answer:
The Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College aimed at:

• To popularise scientific and Western Learning among the Muslims.
• To promote loyalty towards the British and win their favours.

Question 4.
What w as the theme of Aligarh Movement in 1875?
Answer:
The theme of the Aligarh Movement was “loyalty, approval and support of Government”.

Question 5.
When and by whom was United Indian Patriotic Association founded?
Answer:
United Indian Patriotic Association was founded in 1888 by Sir Syed Ahmad Khan with the help of Raja Sher Prasad of Benaras.

Question 6.
Who was Mr. Beck? Name any one mischief done by him.
Answer:
Mr. Beck was the principal of M.A.O. College, at Aligarh, who tried to bring about change in the liberal views of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan.

Question 7.
Where and when was the constitution of league formed?
Answer:
The league’s constitution was formed in 1907 at Karachi.

Question 8.
When did the 1st session of league held after the formal adoption of the constitution and who presided over it?
Answer:
The 1st session, after the formal adoption of the constitution was held in December 1908 at Amritsar under the Chairmanship of Syed Ali Inam.

Question 9.
Which Committee under Lord Minto, made recommendations on increase in the size of the Legislative Council?
Answer:
The Arundale Committee made recommendations on increase in the size of the Legislative Council.

Question 10.
Who was the new principal of M.A.O. College?
Answer:
Mr. Archbold was the new Principal of M.A.O. College.

Question 11.
When and by whom was the partition of Bengal annulled?
Answer:
The partition of Bengal was anulled in 1911 by lord Hardinge.

Question 12.
When was the Lucknow pact Signed?
Answer:
The Lucknow pact also known as Congress League Accord was signed in 1916.

Question 13.
Discuss the provision of the Government of India Act of 1909. Why was it criticised?
Answer:
The Indian Councils Act of 1909, popularly known as the Morley- Minto reforms had the following provisions :

• The number of members of the Central Legislative Council was increased from 16 to 60, but the number of official members (32) still remained more than the number of the non-official members (28).
• The strength of the members of the Provincial Councils was also increased.
• The members of the Legislative Councils were to be elected by the indirect system of election.
• The elections were to held on the basis of communal representation.
• Only the rich people could vote because the qualification for voting was very strict.
• The powers and functions of the Legislative councils were increased.
• An Indian member was added to the Viceroy’s Executive Council,
• The strength of the members of the Executive Councils of Bombay, Bengal and Madras was raised to 4.

It was criticised on the grounds that :

• it failed to provide a responsible government, it sowed the seeds of Communalism through the system of separate electorates.
• there was no direct link between the voters and the people because the elections were held indirectly.
• qualification for voting had been very strict.

ICSE History and Civics Class 10 Goyal Brothers Prakashan Solutions